Ruby

Optimized forwarding callers and callees

This patch optimizes forwarding callers and callees. It only optimizes methods that only take ... as their parameter, and then pass ... to other calls.

Calls it optimizes look like this:

def bar(a) = a
def foo(...) = bar(...) # optimized
foo(123)

def bar(a) = a
def foo(...) = bar(1, 2, ...) # optimized
foo(123)

def bar(*a) = a

def foo(...)
  list = [1, 2]
  bar(*list, ...) # optimized
end
foo(123)

All variants of the above but using super are also optimized, including a bare super like this:

def foo(...)
  super
end

This patch eliminates intermediate allocations made when calling methods that accept ....
We can observe allocation elimination like this:

def m
  x = GC.stat(:total_allocated_objects)
  yield
  GC.stat(:total_allocated_objects) - x
end

def bar(a) = a
def foo(...) = bar(...)

def test
  m { foo(123) }
end

test
p test # allocates 1 object on master, but 0 objects with this patch

def bar(a, b:) = a + b
def foo(...) = bar(...)

def test
  m { foo(1, b: 2) }
end

test
p test # allocates 2 objects on master, but 0 objects with this patch

How does it work?¶

This patch works by using a dynamic stack size when passing forwarded parameters to callees.
The caller's info object (known as the "CI") contains the stack size of the
parameters, so we pass the CI object itself as a parameter to the callee.
When forwarding parameters, the forwarding ISeq uses the caller's CI to determine how much stack to copy, then copies the caller's stack before calling the callee.
The CI at the forwarded call site is adjusted using information from the caller's CI.

I think this description is kind of confusing, so let's walk through an example with code.

def delegatee(a, b) = a + b

def delegator(...)
  delegatee(...)  # CI2 (FORWARDING)
end

def caller
  delegator(1, 2) # CI1 (argc: 2)
end

Before we call the delegator method, the stack looks like this:

Executing Line | Code                                  | Stack
---------------+---------------------------------------+--------
              1| def delegatee(a, b) = a + b           | self
              2|                                       | 1
              3| def delegator(...)                    | 2
              4|   #                                   |
              5|   delegatee(...)  # CI2 (FORWARDING)  |
              6| end                                   |
              7|                                       |
              8| def caller                            |
          ->  9|   delegator(1, 2) # CI1 (argc: 2)     |
             10| end                                   |

The ISeq for delegator is tagged as "forwardable", so when caller calls in
to delegator, it writes CI1 on to the stack as a local variable for the
delegator method. The delegator method has a special local called ...
that holds the caller's CI object.

Here is the ISeq disasm fo delegator:

== disasm: #<ISeq:delegator@-e:1 (1,0)-(1,39)>
local table (size: 1, argc: 0 [opts: 0, rest: -1, post: 0, block: -1, kw: -1@-1, kwrest: -1])
[ 1] "..."@0
0000 putself                                                          (   1)[LiCa]
0001 getlocal_WC_0                          "..."@0
0003 send                                   <calldata!mid:delegatee, argc:0, FCALL|FORWARDING>, nil
0006 leave                                  [Re]

The local called ... will contain the caller's CI: CI1.

Here is the stack when we enter delegator:

Executing Line | Code                                  | Stack
---------------+---------------------------------------+--------
              1| def delegatee(a, b) = a + b           | self
              2|                                       | 1
              3| def delegator(...)                    | 2
           -> 4|   #                                   | CI1 (argc: 2)
              5|   delegatee(...)  # CI2 (FORWARDING)  | cref_or_me
              6| end                                   | specval
              7|                                       | type
              8| def caller                            |
              9|   delegator(1, 2) # CI1 (argc: 2)     |
             10| end                                   |

The CI at delegatee on line 5 is tagged as "FORWARDING", so it knows to
memcopy the caller's stack before calling delegatee. In this case, it will
memcopy self, 1, and 2 to the stack before calling delegatee. It knows how much
memory to copy from the caller because CI1 contains stack size information
(argc: 2).

Before executing the send instruction, we push ... on the stack. The
send instruction pops ..., and because it is tagged with FORWARDING, it
knows to memcopy (using the information in the CI it just popped):

== disasm: #<ISeq:delegator@-e:1 (1,0)-(1,39)>
local table (size: 1, argc: 0 [opts: 0, rest: -1, post: 0, block: -1, kw: -1@-1, kwrest: -1])
[ 1] "..."@0
0000 putself                                                          (   1)[LiCa]
0001 getlocal_WC_0                          "..."@0
0003 send                                   <calldata!mid:delegatee, argc:0, FCALL|FORWARDING>, nil
0006 leave                                  [Re]

Instruction 001 puts the caller's CI on the stack. send is tagged with
FORWARDING, so it reads the CI and copies the callers stack to this stack:

Executing Line | Code                                  | Stack
---------------+---------------------------------------+--------
              1| def delegatee(a, b) = a + b           | self
              2|                                       | 1
              3| def delegator(...)                    | 2
              4|   #                                   | CI1 (argc: 2)
           -> 5|   delegatee(...)  # CI2 (FORWARDING)  | cref_or_me
              6| end                                   | specval
              7|                                       | type
              8| def caller                            | self
              9|   delegator(1, 2) # CI1 (argc: 2)     | 1
             10| end                                   | 2

The "FORWARDING" call site combines information from CI1 with CI2 in order
to support passing other values in addition to the ... value, as well as
perfectly forward splat args, kwargs, etc.

Since we're able to copy the stack from caller in to delegator's stack, we
can avoid allocating objects.

I want to do this to eliminate object allocations for delegate methods.
My long term goal is to implement Class#new in Ruby and it uses ....

I was able to implement Class#new in Ruby
here.
If we adopt the technique in this patch, then we can optimize allocating
objects that take keyword parameters for initialize.

For example, this code will allocate 2 objects: one for SomeObject, and one
for the kwargs:

SomeObject.new(foo: 1)

If we combine this technique, plus implement Class#new in Ruby, then we can
reduce allocations for this common operation.

Co-Authored-By: John Hawthorn [email protected]
Co-Authored-By: Alan Wu [email protected]