Department of Civil Engineering
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BOMBAY
CE223 - Fluid Mechanics
(Batch 2019-20, Section 1)
Tutorial – 4 (Fluid Dynamics)
4.1 The siphon, shown in the following figure, has a nozzle 150-mm long attached at the exit end.
The diameter of the nozzle is 150 mm and the pipe diameter is 250 mm. The head losses
from 1 to 2 is 1.5 V2/2g, from 2 to 3 it is 0.8 V2/2g and through the nozzle is 0.05 Vj2/2g, where
V is the velocity in the pipe and Vj is the exit velocity of the nozzle. Calculate the discharge
and the pressures at section 2 and 3.
Problem 4.1
Solution:
Consider the nozzle end as point 4
Applying Bernoulli equation between point 1 and 4
2
P1 v12 P4 v j
z1 z4 hL
g 2 g g 2 g
P1 = 0 atm pressure, V1 ̴ 0 and P4 = 0. Substituting all the values
v 2j v 2j v2 v2
z1 0.05 1.5 0.8 0.15
2g 2g 2g 2g
1.05 𝑣𝑗2 = 4.3𝑔 − 2.3𝑣 2 (1)
Applying continuity equation between 2 and 3
𝐴2 𝑉2 = 𝐴4 𝑉𝑗
1
Department of Civil Engineering
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BOMBAY
CE223 - Fluid Mechanics
(Batch 2019-20, Section 1)
Tutorial – 4 (Fluid Dynamics)
(𝜋/4) ∗ (0.252 ) ∗ 𝑉 = (𝜋/4) ∗ (0.152 ) ∗ 𝑉𝑗
Vj = 2.77 V (2)
Substituting (2) in equation (1)
V = 2.018 m/s and Vj = 5.59 m/s
Discharge
𝜋 2
𝑚3
𝑄 = ∗ 0.25 ∗ 2.018 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟗
4 𝑠
Applying Bernoulli equation between 1 and 2
P2 v2 v2
z1 z 2 1.5 Where z1 =2 and z3 = 3 m
2g 2g
P2 = -1.518 m (Vacuum)
Applying continuity equation between 3 and 4
𝑃3 𝑣 2 𝑃4 𝑣𝑗2
+ + 𝑧3 = + + ℎ𝐿 + 𝑧4
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
𝑃3 𝑣 2 𝑣𝑗2 𝑣𝑗2
+ +0 =0+ + 0.05 − 0.15
𝛾 2𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔
Putting the values, v=2.014 m/s 𝑣𝑗 = 5.595 𝑚/𝑠
P3 = 1.308 m (Gauge)
1 𝑉2
4.2 Taking losses as 0.2 2𝑔 , find the discharge through the venturimeter, laid on a horizontal
plane and inclined at an angle of 300 with the horizontal.
2
Department of Civil Engineering
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BOMBAY
CE223 - Fluid Mechanics
(Batch 2019-20, Section 1)
Tutorial – 4 (Fluid Dynamics)
Solution: Problem 4.3
𝑉2
Given ℎ𝐿 = 0.2 2𝑔
Also from continuity equation
𝐴1 𝑉1 = 𝐴2 𝑉2
𝑉2 = 4𝑉1
𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑣12
− + 𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = 15.2
𝛾 𝛾 2𝑔
Since it is in horizontal plane z1 = z2 = 0
𝑣2
0.2=15.22𝑔1
𝑣1 = 0.508m/s
Q = 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 0.0359 m3/s or 35.9 lit/sec
4.3 A circular jet of water leaves a stationary nozzle horizontally, with a speed of 40 m/s. It strikes
a vane tangentially and is turned through 60 o upward from the axis of the jet. If the nozzle
has a diameter of 10 cm, determine the force experienced by the vane,
a) if it is held stationary, and
b) b) if it moves away from the nozzle at a uniform speed of 10 m/s.
3
Department of Civil Engineering
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BOMBAY
CE223 - Fluid Mechanics
(Batch 2019-20, Section 1)
Tutorial – 4 (Fluid Dynamics)
Solution:
a) Fixed vane
Fx Q(V cos V )
Fy Q(V sin 0)
𝜋
Q = AV = 4 ∗ . 12 ∗ 40 = 0.314 m3/s
Fx = -6280 N and Fy = 10877 N
Resultant force F = √𝐹𝑥 2 + 𝐹𝑦 2 = 12559.8 N
c) Moving vane
Fx ao vr (vr cos vr )
Fx ao vr (vr sin 0)
𝜋
𝑎𝑜 = area of jet nozzle= 4 ∗ 0.102 𝑚2
𝑣𝑟 = (𝑣𝑜 − 𝑢)=40-10 m/s=30 m/s
𝑣𝑜 = absolute velocity of jet
u = curved vane moving velocity
Fx = -3534.3 N
Fy = 6121.6 N
F =√𝐹𝑥 2 + 𝐹𝑦 2 = 7068.6 N
4.4 A circular pipe 30 cm in diameter, laid on a horizontal plane, carries water and takes a 60 o
turn. The two pressure gauges installed at the beginning and end of the bend record
4
Department of Civil Engineering
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BOMBAY
CE223 - Fluid Mechanics
(Batch 2019-20, Section 1)
Tutorial – 4 (Fluid Dynamics)
pressures of 1500 N/m2 and 1400 N/m2, respectively. The head loss in the bend is 0.2(V2/2g).
Find the resultant force that acts on the bend and its direction of action.
B
Problem 4.7
Solution: Rx
Given
𝑉2
Head loss = 0.2 2𝑔 Ry
Applying Bernoulli’s theorem at 1 and 2
V1 = V2
Thus from gauge readings we have the head loss i.e. pressure head difference at bend as
𝑃1 −𝑃2 𝑉2
= 0.2 2𝑔
𝛾
V = 1 m/s
By applying momentum equation at ends of pipe A and B (atmospheric pressure)
−𝑅𝑥 = 𝜌𝑄(𝑉2 cos(60) − 𝑉1 )
Rx = 35.34 N
In y direction
−𝑅𝑦 = 𝜌𝑄(𝑉2 sin(60) + 0)
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Department of Civil Engineering
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BOMBAY
CE223 - Fluid Mechanics
(Batch 2019-20, Section 1)
Tutorial – 4 (Fluid Dynamics)
Ry = -61.21 N
𝑅 = √𝑅𝑥2 + 𝑅𝑦2 = 70.68 𝑁
Direction of force is
𝑅𝑦
tan−1 ( ) = −60°
𝑅𝑥
4.5 Determine the magnitude and direction of the force exerted by the water on the Y-junction
of the figure. Both branches have a velocity of 10.0 m/s, discharge to the atmosphere. The
axes of the pipe and both the nozzles lie in a horizontal plane. The head loss at the junction
is 10 cm of water and the pipe friction is negligible.
Problem 4.9
Solution:
Consider the control volume and reaction forces on the fluid in the control volume.
𝜋
𝐴1 = ∗ 0.152 = 0.01767 𝑚2
4
𝜋
𝐴2 = ∗ 0.0752 = 0.004417 𝑚2
4
6
Department of Civil Engineering
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BOMBAY
CE223 - Fluid Mechanics
(Batch 2019-20, Section 1)
Tutorial – 4 (Fluid Dynamics)
𝜋
𝐴3 = ∗ 0.12 = 0.007854 𝑚2
4
𝑉2 = 𝑉3 = 10 𝑚/𝑠
𝑄1 = 𝑄2 + 𝑄3 = 𝐴1 𝑉1
𝑄2 = 𝐴2 𝑉2 = 0.0442 𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑄3 = 0.07854 𝑚3 /𝑠
0.0442 + 0.07854
𝑉1 = = 6.94 𝑚/𝑠
0.01767
Applying Bernoulli’s equation at 1 and 2
𝑃1 6.942 102
+ = + 0.1
𝛾 2𝑔 2𝑔
P1= 26899.2Pa
Applying momentum eq in x direction
𝑃1 𝐴1 − 𝑅𝑥 = 𝜌(𝑄2 𝑉2 cos(30) + 𝑄3 𝑉3 cos(15) − 𝑄1 𝑉1 )
Rx =185.7 kN
Similarly
−𝑅𝑦 = 𝜌(𝑄2 𝑉2 sin(30) − 𝑄3 𝑉3 sin(15))
Ry =-17.72 N
R=186.54 N
The direction of force is
7
Department of Civil Engineering
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BOMBAY
CE223 - Fluid Mechanics
(Batch 2019-20, Section 1)
Tutorial – 4 (Fluid Dynamics)
𝑅𝑦
tan−1 ( ) = −5.45°
𝑅𝑥
4.6 Find the discharge through a 10 cm diameter external mouthpiece flowing under a head of
2.0 m. What will be the pressure at the vena-contracta? Adopt a value for CC as 0.70.
Solution:
Applying Bernoulli principle
P1 v12 P v2
z1 2 2 z 2 hL
g 2 g g 2 g
Energy loss for a converging flow is negligible, the diverging flow losses energy
So, Energy loss can be estimated by treating the flow as a sudden expansion
(𝑣1−𝑣2 )2
ℎ𝐿 = 2𝑔
2
v2 1 v2 1
hL 2 1 0.183 2
2 g Cc 2g
3
𝑃1 𝑣2 𝑃2 𝑣2 2
+ 2𝑔1 + 𝐻 = + 2𝑔2 + ℎ𝐿
𝛾 𝛾
2 𝑉2 𝑣2
0+0+2=0+2𝑔 + 0.183 2𝑔2
V2 = 5.757 m/s
Discharge at the mouthpiece, Q = ao * V2 = 0.045 m3/s
𝑉2 5.757
𝑉3 = = = 8.224 𝑚/𝑠
𝐶𝑐 0.7
At section 1 and 3
P1 v12 P v2
z1 3 3 z3 hL
g 2 g g 2 g
𝑣32 𝑃3
𝐻= +
2𝑔 𝛾
8
Department of Civil Engineering
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BOMBAY
CE223 - Fluid Mechanics
(Batch 2019-20, Section 1)
Tutorial – 4 (Fluid Dynamics)
Substituting V3 and H=2
Pressure head = -1.45 m
4.7 . A 1200 kg car stands on a hydraulic jack as shown. Find the time needed to bring the car
down, if oil is drained out of a 5 cm diameter orifice. Assume C d for the orifice to be 0.7 and
neglect the weight of the piston
Problem 4.4
Solution:
We have the relation, 𝑄 ∗ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐴 ∗ 𝑑ℎ [𝑄 = 𝑉⁄𝑡] (1)
Discharge through orifice = √2𝑔ℎ (2)
Equating (1) & (2) we get, 𝐶𝑑 . 𝐴𝑜 ∗ √2𝑔ℎ ∗ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐴 ∗ 𝑑ℎ
𝐴 2.5 1
𝑑𝑡 = 𝐶 ∫ 𝑑ℎ (3)
2𝑔 0
𝑑 ∗𝐴𝑜 ∗√ √ℎ
Applying Bernoulli equation between tank and orifice
Neglecting zero terms
9
Department of Civil Engineering
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BOMBAY
CE223 - Fluid Mechanics
(Batch 2019-20, Section 1)
Tutorial – 4 (Fluid Dynamics)
𝑃
𝑧+𝛾=ℎ (4)
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠∗𝑔 1200∗9.81
Here, 𝑃 = = = 117720 Pa
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 0.1
𝑃
= 15𝑚
𝛾
Substituting in in eq (4)
z + 15 = h
h = z +15 or dh = dz
substituting in eq 4
2.5
𝐴
𝑡= ∫ (𝑧 + 15)−1/2 𝑑𝑧
𝐶𝑑 𝐴0 √2𝑔 0
0.1 ∗ 2
= 𝜋 [(17.5)0.5 − (15)0.5 ]
2
0.7 ∗ 4 ∗ 0.05 √2 ∗ 9.81
𝑡 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟏𝟗 𝒔𝒆𝒄
4.8 A cylindrical tank 1 m in diameter is provided at the bottom with a circular rounded orifice 10
cm in diameter, having 𝑐𝑑 = 0.85. The tank is supplied with water at the rate of 𝑄𝑖 =
50 𝑙𝑖𝑡/𝑠. Find the steady state water depth in the tank. If the supply tap is turned off
suddenly, how long will it take from then on to empty the tank?
Solution:
Given Q= 50 lit/s
Orifice Discharge Q =√2𝑔ℎ ∗ 𝐴𝑜 ∗ 𝐶𝑑
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴𝑜 = ∗ 0.12 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = ∗ 12
4 4
𝜋
0.050=√2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ ℎ* 4 ∗ 0.12 ∗ 0.85
10
Department of Civil Engineering
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BOMBAY
CE223 - Fluid Mechanics
(Batch 2019-20, Section 1)
Tutorial – 4 (Fluid Dynamics)
h=2.86m
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴𝑜 = ∗ 0.12 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 = ∗ 12
4 4
Substituting all values, h = 2.86 m at steady state depth
Now the time taken to empty tank
Qdt=Adh
𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝐴𝑜 ∗ √2𝑔ℎ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐴𝑑ℎ
𝐴𝑑ℎ
∫ 𝑑𝑡 = ∫
𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝐴𝑜 ∗ √2𝑔ℎ
2𝐴√ℎ
t=𝑐
𝑑 ∗𝐴𝑜 ∗√2𝑔
2∗12 ∗√2.86
= 0.12 ∗0.85∗ (Refer problem 3)
√2∗9.81
= 89.8 s
4.9 A hydraulic jump, assisted by a two-dimensional block, is formed on a horizontal bed as
shown in the diagram. Estimate the force F D in KN/m width on the block. The unit discharge
q = 6.64 m2/s and the depths before and after the jump are 0.5 m and 3.6 m respectively.
11
Department of Civil Engineering
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BOMBAY
CE223 - Fluid Mechanics
(Batch 2019-20, Section 1)
Tutorial – 4 (Fluid Dynamics)
Assume distribution of pressure at section 1 and 2 as hydrostatic. Find the energy loss in the
jump.
1 2
Problem 4.8
Solution:
Equating the momentum at 1 and 2
We have
𝑄2 𝑄2
𝑃1 𝐴1 − 𝑃2 𝐴2 − 𝐹𝐷 = 𝜌𝑄 (𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) = (𝛾 ∗ 𝑧1 ∗ 𝐴1 ) − (𝛾 ∗ 𝑧2 ∗ 𝐴2 ) − 𝐹𝐷 = 𝜌( − )
𝐴2 𝐴1
𝐹𝐷 𝛾 𝑄2 𝑄2
(𝛾 ∗ 𝑧1 ∗ 𝐴1 ) − (𝛾 ∗ 𝑧2 ∗ 𝐴2 ) − = ( − )
𝛾 𝑔 𝐴2 𝐴1
𝐹𝐷 1 𝑄2 𝑄2
= (𝑧1 ∗ 𝐴1 ) − (𝑧2 ∗ 𝐴2 ) − = ( − )
𝛾 𝑔 𝐴2 𝐴1
𝑦1 𝑦2
Where z1 and z2 are the centroid depths of A1 and A2 i.e. and
2 2
𝑦1 𝑦2 𝐹𝐷 1 𝑄2 𝑄2
(𝑏 ∗ 𝑦1 ∗ ) − (𝑏 ∗ 𝑦2 ∗ ) − = ( − )
2 2 𝛾 𝑔 𝐴2 𝐴1
12
Department of Civil Engineering
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY BOMBAY
CE223 - Fluid Mechanics
(Batch 2019-20, Section 1)
Tutorial – 4 (Fluid Dynamics)
𝑄2 𝑦1 𝑄2 𝑦2 𝐹𝐷
= ( + (𝑏 ∗ 𝑦1 ∗ )) − ( + (𝑏 ∗ 𝑦2 ∗ )) =
𝑔𝐴1 2 𝑔𝐴2 2 𝛾
Substitute 𝑄 = 𝑞 ∗ 𝑏 and 𝐴 = 𝑏 ∗ 𝑦 thus the above equation becomes
𝑞2 𝑦12 𝑞2 𝑦22 𝐹𝐷
𝑏 ∗ (( + )−( + )) =
𝑔𝑦1 2 𝑔𝑦2 2 𝛾
Substituting q=6.64 m2/s, y1 =0.5m and y2=3.6m and b = 1-unit width
FD = 13.6 kN
(𝒚𝟏 −𝒚𝟐 )𝟑
Head Loss= =4.13 m
𝟒𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐
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