!"#$%&'(# )(**"%"'$(+! *&% !"#$%(# ,"-(#!" .

/('0
12)3 4&$&% +'5 )3 4&$&%
,+%6'%+7 89,:; <(/-'6 =>; 8%76' 89, ?; @+%(A%(/-'+' B94 C; D/E+F(! 3 G
!"#$%&!'% () *+!,%$-,#+ #'. *+!,%$('-,/*'0-'!!$-'0
1(2!$'&!'% 3(++!0! () *'0-'!!$-'0 4#''5$
6#'0#%%5"#$#&7#8 4!$#+#
!""!#$%#!&'()!*+,-.)

97/%$#,% H !"# $%$&' (&#)'"*&# +!& (&#",- ./ &0&)+'.-") +MM!("5 $& $-" N-""!/9 I-6/ *+/$ %"/M&'/" (/ +#-("L"59
("//&'&-+"%01234 /.' &0&)+'") 5&!")0&12647 8+ "# %- %0+&'-%+"5& +.
9&)!%-")%0 ("//&'&-+"%0 "- 5&!")0&#7 !& /:-)+".- ./ 23 "# +. 8!! N-""! &% *&6%ON-""! 5%(L" /F/$"E/ +%" /$65("5 (' E&/$ &*
('"5& +!& ;!&&0# %)).'("-, +. +!& +:'-"-, %-,0& ;!&- +!& $-" #+/"9 8/ "T+E('('0 $-" /$65("/ &' !($"%+$6%"; ($ (/ *&6'5
5&!")0&# +%<&# % +:'-7 23 :#&# #+&&'"-, %-,0& %-( 5&0.)"+= ./ +!& $-+$ E&5"!!('0 +'5 /(E6!+$(&' &* , N($- *%&'$ N-""! 5%(L"'
5&!")0& +. ).-+'.0 +!& $.;&' /&( +. &%)! ;!&&0#7 23 #=#+&9 /.' ('56#$(&' E&$&%/ +%" 5"/(0'"5 $& "/$(E+$" $-" /M""5/ P>Q9
'&%' ;!&&0# "# (&#",-&( :#"-, >)<&'9%--?@&%-+%:( #+&&'"-,
U+M"% P?Q 5"/#%(S"/; +' "!"#$%(# 5(**"%"'$(+! N($- 5(%"#$
9.(&07 !& $'.$.#&( #=#+&9 "# #"9:0%+&(7 A"9:0%+".-# .-
#+'%",!+ '.%(# %-( ):'5&( '.%(# %'& )%''"&( .:+ :#"-, BC3D
$&%R6" #&'$%&! +'5 +5+M$(L" *!6TO/M""5 S+/"5 +!0&%($-E $&
9.+.' %-( 3D 9.+.'7 !& #$&&( ./ &%)! ;!&&0 "# 9&%#:'&( M%"L"'$ /!(MM('09 D' M+M"% PCQ; +' "!"#$%&'(# 5(**"%"'$(+!
:#"-, +!& +%)!.9&+&'7 6/('0 *6VVF !&0(# #&'$%&!!"% (/ ('$%&56#"5 6/('0 12)3
E&$&% +$ S&$- %"+% N-""!/ $& M%&L(5" + *+/$ %"/M&'/" +$
3D 9.+.' "# :#&( /.' !%'(;%'& "9$0&9&-+%+".- (:& +. "+# #6%L"5 %&+5/9 U+M"% PGQ ('$%&56#"/ +' "!"#$%&'(# 5(**"%"'$(+!
#"9$0")"+= %-( 0.;&' ).#+7 B:)< ).-5&'+&' "# +'",,&'&( :#"-, % N-(#- "EM!&F/ + '&L"! N+L"!"$ #&'$%&!!"% $-+$ 6/"/ 5(/#%"$"
9")'.).-+'.00&' "- ;!")! +:'-"-, %-,0& "# ,"5&- %# +!& "-$:+
N+L"!"$ $%+'/*&%E9 @"%"; $N& E&$&%/ +%" +$$+#-"5 $& S&$- $-"
%-( #$&&( ./ 3D 9.+.' "# ).-+'.00&( *= )!%-,"-, +!& 5.0+%,&
:#"-, *:)< ).-5&'+&'7 %"+% N-""!/ %"/M"#$(L"!F9 I-" L"-(#!" (/ +//6E"5 $& S" +$
#&'/$+'$ /M""5 (' /$%+(0-$ %&+59 W-"' $-" L"-(#!" E+A"/ +
!"#$%&'(!)!*+%,* -!.,*)!/ !)!*+%$0,* &,11!%!0+,2)/ 34 5$+$%/ $6%'; $-" $6%'('0 +'0!" (/ /"'/"5 +'5 + L&!$+0" 5"L"!&M/ +$ $-"
6734 5$+$% #&'L"%$"% +'5 ($ M%&L(5"/ $-" %"R6(%"5 /M""5/ +$ $-" E&$&%/9
D9 DBIJK).3IDKB 8'5 $-(/ E"$-&5 (/ /(EM!" +'5 ($ #+' S" "+/(!F $%&6S!"/-&&$
(* $-"%" +'F "%%&% &##6%/9
!"#$%(# L"-(#!"/ -+L" E+%A"5 + 0&&5 L+!6" (' $-" M%"/"'$
N&%!59 I-"F +%" 6/"5 N(5"!F 56" $& %"56#$(&' (' +(% M&!!6$(&'; D' $-(/ M+M"%; )X N($- )3 E&$&% +'5 12)3 E&$&% +%"
!&N 6/" &* *6"! "$#9 I-" 5%(L" /F/$"E &* "!"#$%(# L"-(#!"/ (/ ('$%&56#"5 +$ $-" %"+% N-""!/9 8#A"%E+''O<"+'$+65 E&5"!
5(L(5"5 ('$& $N& #+$"0&%("/; /('0!"O5%(L" +'5 E6!$(O5%(L" -+/ S""' 6/"5 $& &S$+(' $-" /M""5/ *&% $-" %"+% N-""!/9
/F/$"E P:Q9 D' + /('0!" 5%(L" /F/$"E; $-" $&%R6" (/ M%&56#"5
DD9 2 3IJKBD3 )DYY J BID82
*%&E + /('0!" E&$&%9 I-6/ ($ %"R6(%"/ E+'F E"#-+'(#+! M+%$/
N-(#- %"/6!$/ (' M&&% "**(#("'#F9 D' + E6!$(O5%(L" /F/$"E; "+#- I-" 5(**"%"'$(+! (/ 6/"5 $& /M!($ $-" "'0('" $&%R6" ('$& $N&
N-""!/ +%" #&''"#$"5 $& 5(**"%"'$ E&$&%/9 I-6/ ($ %"R6(%"/ !"// N+F/; +!!&N('0 "+#- &6$M6$ $& /M(' +$ + 5(**"%"'$ /M""59 8!!
E"#-+'(#+! M+%$/9 8'5 (' $-(/ /F/$"E "+#- N-""! #+' S" E&5"%' #+%/; $%6#A/; +'5 +!!ON-""!O5%(L" L"-(#!"/ -+L"
5%(L"' +$ -(0- $&%R6" P:Q9 5(**"%"'$(+!9 I-" 5(**"%"'$(+! 5%(L"/ + M+(% &* N-""!/ $& %&$+$"
+$ #&%%"/M&'5('0 /M""5/ N-"' $-" L"-(#!" (/ +$ #6%L"5 %&+5/9
8' "!"#$%&'(# 5(**"%"'$(+! /F/$"E (/ +' +!$"%'+$(L" $& $-" I-" 5(**"%"'$(+! /F/$"E M%&L(5"/ $-" %"R6(%"5 $&%R6" +'5
E"#-+'(#+! 5(**"%"'$(+! N-(#- %"/6!$/ (' N"+% +'5 $"+% &* /M""5/ $& $-" 5%(L"' N-""!/9
E"#-+'(#+! M+%$/ &* $-" L"-(#!"9 !"#$%&'(# 5(**"%"'$(+! /F/$"E
5"$"%E('"/ $-" /M""5 &* $-" N-""!/ *&% S&$- /$%+(0-$ +'5 D' $-(/ /$65F; ) /F/$"E 6/"/ 8#A"%E+''O<"+'$+65 E&5"!
#6%L"5 %&+5/9 I&%R6"/ 0"'"%+$"5 SF $-" 6/" &* ) +%" 5(%"#$!F P>Q9 XM""5 &* $-" (''"% 5%(L('0 N-""! 5"#%"+/"/ +'5 /M""5 &*
$-" &6$"% 5%(L('0 N-""! ('#%"+/"/ +##&%5('0 $& $-" $6%'('0
+'0!"9

225
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3789491
Government College of Engineering Kannur (GCEK)
 DDD9XD4.28IDKB

)X (/ /(E6!+$"5 6/('0 4+$!+S_X(E6!('A9 4+$!+S /(E6!+$(&'/

+%" 6/"5 $& +'+!F/" $-" *6'#$(&'('0 &* $-" M%&M&/"5 E&5"!
6/('0 /&*$N+%" $"#-'&!&0F9 8' , -+L('0 + N-""! /(V" &*
>9>`G E E&L"/ &' + /$%+(0-$ %&+5 N($- + /M""5 &* a?b %ME9
4+-('5%+ "O,"%($& (/ /6#- +' ,9 1F #&'/(5"%('0 $-"
M+%+E"$"%/ &* $-(/ L"-(#!"; ) (/ /(E6!+$"5 $& &S$+(' $-" N-""!
/M""5/ 56%('0 + $6%'9

I+S!"9D )X E&5"! M+%+E"$"%/

2 % .$ = +$
U+%+E"$"%
E E E $#.>/ E
,+!6" >9>`G b9?cG :9?G a>a9c b9`?G

Y(09 :9 8#A"%E+'' O <"+'$+65 E&5"!

D' I+S!"9D; 2 (/ $-" N-""! S+/"; % (/ $-" %+5(6/ &* N-""!; .$ (/
Y(09: /-&N/ $-" 8#A"%E+''O<"+'$+65 E&5"! P>Q9 8 $6%'('0 $-" $%+#A N(5$-; N (/ $-" +'06!+% L"!&#($F &* $-" L"-(#!" +'5 +$
+'0!" /"'/&% (/ 6/"5 *&% /"'/('0 $-" $6%'('0 +'0!" Z[\9 W-"' (/ $-" 5(/$+'#" S"$N""' #"'$"% &* $-" %"+% N-""! +'5 #"'$"% &*
$6%'('0 +'0!" (/ V"%&; , (/ 5%(L"' &' + /$%+(0-$ %&+59 D* 0%+L($F9
$6%'('0 +'0!" (/ '&$ V"%&; ($ E"+'/ $-+$ , $+A"/ + $6%'9 (9"9
XM""5 &* $-" (''"% 5%(L('0 N-""! 5"#%"+/"/ +'5 /M""5 &* $-" XM""5 &* $-" E&$&%/ +%" #+!#6!+$"5 6/('0 $-" "R9ZC\ +'5 "R9ZG\
&6$"% 5%(L('0 N-""! ('#%"+/"/ +##&%5('0 $& $-" $6%'('0 +'5 +%" #+%%("5 &6$ (' /(E6!('A +/ /-&N' (' *(09>9 XM""5 +'5
+'0!"P>Q9 $6%'('0 +'0!" &* $-" L"-(#!" (/ M%&L(5"5 +/ $-" ('M6$/9 I-"
S!&#A/ J? +'5 JC %"M%"/"'$/ $-" *6'#$(&'/ (' "R9Z:\ +'5 "R9Z>\
I-" $6%'('0 %+5(( #+' S" "TM%"//"5 +/; *&% *('5('0 $-" %+5(6/ &* $6%' &* $-" !"*$ +'5 %(0-$ N-""!/
 !" %"/M"#$(L"!F9 I-" S!&#A J#0 %"M%"/"'$/ $-" *6'#$(&' ('
3  tan ;*&% (''"% N-""!Z:\
 2 "R9Z?\9I-" S!&#A/ '? +'5 'C -+L('0 $-" *6'#$(&'/ (' "R9ZC\ +'5
"R9ZG\ *&% #+!#6!+$('0 $-" /M""5 &* !"*$ +'5 %(0-$ N-""!/
 !"
4  tan # 2
;*&% &6$"% N-""! Z>\ %"/M"#$(L"!F9D' $-(/ N&%A ($ (/ +//6E"5 $-+$ $-" /M""5 &* , (/

$& S" a?b %ME (' /$%+(0-$ %&+5/; $-" $6%'('0 +'0!" (/ #-+'0"5
N-"%" .$ (/ $-" 5(/$+'#" S"$N""' %"+% N-""!/9 *%&E bb $& :bb9 I-" /M""5 &* %(0-$ /(5" +'5 !"*$ /(5" N-""!/
-+/ S""' #+!#6!+$"5 6/('0 "R9Z:\;Z>\;Z?\;ZC\ +'5 ZG\9
I-" $6%'('0 %+5(( &* $-" #"'$%" &* 0%+L($F (/;

J#0 ] $3 # $!"/2%%2 # "2 Z?\

N-"%" +$ (/ $-" 5(/$+'#" S"$N""' $-" #"'$%" &* 0%+L($F +'5 %"+%
N-""!9

I-" +'06!+% /M""5/ "TM%"//"5 +/;

& ∗ 3
N? ] :,0 ; $ ; *&% (''"% N-""! ZC\

& ∗4
NC]J#0 ^ % , for outer wheel ZG\

N-"%" $ (/ $-" %+5(6/ &* $-" N-""! +'5 < (/ $-" /M""5 &* ,
P>Q9 Y(09> !"#$%&'(# 5(**"%"'$(+! /F/$"E E&5"!"5 6/('0
4+$!+S_/(E6!('A

226
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3789491
Government College of Engineering Kannur (GCEK)
 I+S!"9DD 3&EM6$+$(&'+! %"/6!$ *&% %(0-$ $6%' #&&!('09 8/ + #&/$ "**"#$(L" E"$-&5; )3 E&$&%/ +%" 6/"5 *&%
/M""5 #&'$%&!9 8!/&; ($ -+/ + !('"+% %"!+$(&'/-(M S"$N""' L&!$+0"
+'5 #&'$%&!9

Y(09? 12)3 E&$&% *&% "!"#$%&'(# 5(**"%"'$(+!

E&5"!!"5 6/('0 4+$!+S_/(E6!('A

I+S!"9DDD 3&EM6$+$(&'+! %"/6!$ *&% !"*$ $6%'

Y(09C 12)3 E&$&% S!&#A

12)3 E&$&% *&% "!"#$%&'(# 5(**"%"'$(+! E&5"!"5 6/('0

4+$!+S_/(E6!('A (/ /-&N' (' *(09?9 Y(09C /-&N/ $-" 5"$+(!"5
12)3 E&$&% S!&#A9 @+!! "**"#$ /"'/&% /"'/"/ $-" L+%(+$(&' ('
$6%'('0 +'0!"9Y&% "+#- $6%'('0 +'0!"; + /(0'+! 0"'"%+$"5 N(!!
$%(00"% $-" 0+$" &* /N($#- +'5 $-" E&$&% /M""5 L+%("/
+##&%5('0 $& ($9
I+S!"9 DD +'5 $+S!"9 DDD /-&N/ $-" L+%(+$(&' (' N-""! /M""5/
*&% %(0-$ +'5 !"*$ $6%' %"/M"#$(L"!F9 I-" /M""5 &* (''"% N-""!
5"#%"+/"/ +'5 &6$"% N-""! ('#%"+/"/ N-"' $-"%" (/ + #-+'0"
(' $6%'('0 +'0!"9
!"#$%(# L"-(#!"/ E+('!F 6/" 12)3 E&$&% +'5 )3 E&$&% $&
5%(L" $-" N-""!/9 D' $-(/ M+M"%; /(E6!+$(&'/ &' /$%+(0-$ %&+5/
+'5 #6%L"5 %&+5/ +%" #+%%("5 &6$ 6/('0 12)3 E&$&% +'5 )3
E&$&%9

9? @-&5+#%-(' 5/-'0 AB 3 &(%($

1%6/-!"// )3 Z12)3\ E&$&% (/ /"!"#$"5 56" $& ($/ -(0- $&%R6"
5"'/($F; -(0- "**(#("'#F; /(!"'$ &M"%+$(&'; !&N E+('$"'+'#"
+'5 /E+!! /(V" 12)3 E&$&%/ +%" (5"+! *&% /$""%('0 N-""!
#&'$%&!/; "!"#$%(# L"-(#!" M%&M6!/(&' /F/$"E/9

1%6/-!"// )3 E&$&%/ +%" "!"#$%&'(#+!!F #&EE6$+$"5 E&$&%/9

J"*"%"'#" /M""5 +!&'0 N($- $6%'('0 +'0!" -+/ S""' M%&L(5"5
+/ ('M6$9 Y&% "+#- $6%'('0 +'0!"; $-" /M""5 &* "+#- E&$&% Y(09G I6%'('0 +'0!" L_/ XM""5 #-+%+#$"%(/$(#/
#-+'0"/ +##&%5('0 $& 8#A"%E+''O<"+'$+65 E&5"!9 8 12)3
E&$&% &**"%/ 0&&5 /M""5 +'5 M&/($(&' #&'$%&!; !&'0 !(*"; +'5 Y(09G /-&N/ $-+$ $-" /M""5 &* !"*$ E&$&% 5"#%"+/"/ $& Cc`%ME
-(0- $&%R6" 5"'/($F P`Q9 )6" $& ($/ R6+!($("/ ($ (/ M&M6!+% +/ *%&E d>b %ME +'5 /M""5 &* %(0-$ E&$&% ('#%"+/"/ *%&E
"!"#$%(# +#$6+$&%/9 12)3 E&$&%/ -+L" "T#"!!"'$ #&'$%&! Cc`%ME $& d>b%ME N-"' + $6%'('0 &* ?bb $&O?bb &##6%/9 (9"9
+S(!($F; 6'($F M&N"% *+#$&%; S"$$"% "**(#("'#F +'5 /(EM!"% N-"' L"-(#!" $+A"/ + !"*$ $6%'9

227
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3789491
Government College of Engineering Kannur (GCEK)
 Y(09` /-&N/ $-" S6#A #&'L"%$"% +'5 $-" )3 E&$&% /"$6M9I-"
&6$M6$ &* $-" S6#A #&'L"%$"% #&%%"/M&'5/ $& $-" 0"'"%+$"5
UW4 /(0'+! I-6/ $-" &6$M6$ &* $-" S6#A #&'L"%$"% L+%("/
N($- $-" #-+'0"/ (' $6%'('0 +'0!"9 @"'#" $-" /M""5 &* $-" )3
E&$&% L+%("/ N($- $-" ('M6$ L&!$+0"9 X& $-" /M""5 &* $-" )3
E&$&% L+%("/ N($- $-" #-+'0" (' $6%'('0 +'0!"9

Y(09a I6%'('0 +'0!" L_/ XM""5 #-+%+#$"%(/$(#/

Y(09a /-&N/ $-+$ $-" /M""5 &* %(0-$ E&$&% 5"#%"+/"/ $& Cc`%ME
*%&E d>b %ME +'5 /M""5 &* !"*$ E&$&% ('#%"+/"/ *%&E Y(09c ,+%(+$(&' (' $6%'('0 +'0!" *&% )3 E&$&%
Cc`%ME$& d>b%ME N-"' + $6%'('0 &* O?bb $& ?bb &##6%/9 (9"9
N-"' L"-(#!" $+A"/ + %(0-$ $6%'9

A? @-&5+#%-(' 5/-'0 3 6(%($

Y(09d /-&N/ $-" /(E6!+$(&' E&5"! &* "!"#$%&'(# 5(**"%"'$(+!

6/('0 )3 E&$&%9 I-" "!"#$%&'(# 5(**"%"'$(+! S!&#A (' *(09d (/
5"$+(!"5 (' *(09: +'5 )3 E&$&%/ S!&#A (/ /-&N' (' *(09`9

Y(09:b XM""5 L+%(+$(&' &* !"*$ +'5 %(0-$ E&$&%

Y(09d )3 E&$&% *&% "!"#$%&'(# 5(**"%"'$(+! E&5"!"5 6/('0
4+$!+S_/(E6!('A Y(09c /-&N/ $-" L+%(+$(&' &* $6%'('0 +'0!" +'5 *(09:b /-&N/
$-" #-+'0" (' /M""5 &* !"*$ +'5 %(0-$ %"+% N-""!/ N($- %"/M"#$
I6%'('0 +'0!" +'5 /M""5 (/ 0(L"' $& $-" "!"#$%&'(# $& $-" $6%'('0 +'0!"9
5(**"%"'$(+! S!&#A +/ +' ('M6$ +'5 0"'"%+$"/ + 56$F %+$(&9 9
I-(/ 56$F %+$(& (/ 0(L"' $& $-" UW4 0"'"%+$&% N-(#- D,9D4U2 4 BI8IDKB KY 2 3IJKBD3
0"'"%+$"/ + UW4 /(0'+! #&%%"/M&'5/ $& $-" 56$F %+$(&9 I-" )DYY J BID82
UW4 /(0'+! 0"'"%+$"5 (' $-" UW4 0"'"%+$&% (/ 0(L"' $& $-" DEM!"E"'$+$(&' &* "!"#$%&'(# 5(**"%"'$(+! S"#&E"/ #&/$
/N($#- &* $-" S6#A #&'L"%$"% N-(#- (/ /-&N' (' *(09`9 "**"#$(L" +'5 "**(#("'$ SF 6/('0 )3 E&$&%/ $& 5%(L" $-"
N-""!/9

Y(09` 16#A 3&'L"%$"% +'5 )3 E&$&%

Y(09:: 1!&#A 5(+0%+E &* "!"#$%&'(# 5(**"%"'$(+!

228
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3789491
Government College of Engineering Kannur (GCEK)
 Y(09:> 3(%#6($ 5(+0%+E &* "!"#$%&'(# 5(**"%"'$(+!

Y(09:: /-&N/ $-" S!&#A 5(+0%+E &* "!"#$%&'(# 5(**"%"'$(+!9 ?GbW M"%E+'"'$ E+0'"$ )3 E&$&% (/ 6/"5 $& 5%(L" $-"
I6%'('0 +'0!" +'5 %"*"%"'#" /M""5 (/ 0(L"' +/ ('M6$9 I-" N-""!/9
/M""5 (/ +//6E"5 $& S" #&'/$+'$9 23) 5(/M!+F/ $-" $6%'('0 W-(!" #-+'0('0 $-" /$""%('0 +'0!"; $-" 23) 5(/M!+F/ $-"
+'0!"9 UW4 0"'"%+$&% 5"L"!&M/ + UW4 /(0'+! +##&%5('0 $& #&%%"/M&'5('0 $6%'('0 +'0!" +'5 $-" !"*$ +'5 %(0-$ E&$&%
$-" 56$F %+$(& +'5 0+$" 5%(L"% #(%#6($ +EM!(*("/ ($ $& + %+'0" %&$+$"/ +$ #&%%"/M&'5('0 /M""59
:b $& :G , N-(#- (/ *"5 $& $-" S6#A #&'L"%$"%9 @"'#"; "+#-
E&$&% %6' +##&%5('0 $& $-" &6$M6$ L&!$+0" &* $-" #&'L"%$"%9 ,93KB32.XDKB
D' $-(/ M+M"%; +' !"#$%&'(# )(**"%"'$(+! *&% %"+% N-""!/ &*
!"#$%(# ,"-(#!" (/ 5"/(0'"59 XM""5 #&'$%&! (/ %"+!(V"5 *&% %"+%
N-""!/9 I-" /M""5/ &* $-" 5%(L('0 N-""!/ +%" #+!#6!+$"5 6/('0
8#A"%E+''O<"+'$+65 E&5"! N($- %"/M"#$ $& $-" $6%'('0 +'0!" +'5
/M""5 &* $-" ,9 1F #-+'0('0 $-" $6%'('0 +'0!" *%&E ?bb $& O?bb;
$-" #&%%"/M&'5('0 /M""5 &* $-" N-""!/ +%" 5"$"%E('"59 )X -+/
S""' /(E6!+$"5 6/('0 4+$!+S +$ *(%/$ +'5 (EM!"E"'$"5 ('
-+%5N+%" *&%E 6/('0 )3 E&$&% 56" $& ($/ "**(#("'#F; /(EM!(#($F
+'5 #&/$O"**"#$(L"'"//9 I-" %"/6!$/ /-&N $-+$ N-"' $-" , $+A"/
+ %(0-$ $6%'; $-" %(0-$ N-""! %&$+$"/ +$ !&N"% /M""5 +'5 $-" !"*$
N-""! %&$+$"/ +$ -(0-"% /M""5; +'5 N-"' $-" , $+A"/ + !"*$ $6%';
$-" !"*$ E&$&% %&$+$"/ +$ !&N"% /M""5 +'5 %(0-$ E&$&% %&$+$"/ +$
-(0- /M""5 +##&%5('0 $& $-" 8#A"%E+''O<"+'$+65 E&5"!9 )6" $&
$-" /(EM!(#($F &* $-(/ E"$-&5; ($ #+' S" "+/(!F $%&6S!"/-&&$"5 (* +'
"%%&% &##6%9 D' $-(/ M+M"%; %&+5 (/ #&'/(5"%"5 +/ + M!+'" /6%*+#"
+'5 (%%"06!+%($F (' %&+5/ -+L" S""' '"0!"#$"59
Y(09:? @+%5N+%" /"$6M &* !"#$%&'(# )(**"%"'$(+!

Y(09:> /-&N/ $-" #(%#6($ 5(+0%+E &* "!"#$%&'(# 5(**"%"'$(+!9 J Y J B3 X

XM""5 &* $-" L"-(#!" (/ +//6E"5 $& S" a?b %ME (' /$%+(0-$
%&+5/9 W-"' $-" L"-(#!" $+A"/ $6%'; $6%'('0 +'0!" (/ 5"$"#$"5 P:Q 89 3&%5"(%&; )9 Y&($&; 49 e6"%%"(%&; f8 X"'/&!%!"//
SF +' +'0!" M&/($(&' /"'/&% #&''"#$"5 $& $-" +%56('& 6/('0 XM""5 3&'$%&! XF/$"E *&% +' !"#$%(# ,"-(#!" N($-&6$
$-" M%&0%+E #&5"5 (' ($ +'5 $-" /M""5/ *&% !"*$ +'5 %(0-$ E&$&% 4"#-+'(#+! )(**"%"'$(+! e"+%;f 6*B * 3CD E FG?
(/ &S$+('"59 8/ $-" /(0'+! *%&E +%56('& (/ &* !&N /$%"'0$- &* H*** 6!.-%!$$#'!#' ; 4+F >bba9
&%5"% G ,; ($ (/ 6'+S!" $& $%(00"% $-" S6#A #&'L"%$"%9 X&; + 0+$" IJK 4"%L"g(!5(%(E; FF6MKA/6$"M"; 16%+AI+'F"%( +'5
5%(L"% #(%#6($ (/ M!+#"5 S"$N""' +%56('& +'5 S6#A #&'L"%$"% @+/+' =6%6E; h)"/(0' &* !"#$%&'(# )(**"%"'$(+!
N-(#- M%&56#"/ + L&!$+0" (' $-" %+'0" &* :b $& :G , *&% $-" XF/$"E *&% 8' !"#$%(# ,"-(#!" N($- D'OW-""! 4&$&%i;
%"/M"#$(L" 56$F %+$(&/9 D$ $%(00"%/ $-" 0+$" &* S6#A #&'L"%$"% JFLG H*** M(=!$ #'. *'!$0N3(')!$!',! #%
+'5 M%&56#"/ $-" %"R6(%"5 L&!$+0" +$ $-" &6$M6$ +'5 $-" H++-'(-/OM*3HP
#&%%"/M&'5('0 /M""5 (/ &S$+('"5 $& 5%(L" $-" E&$&%/9 >C,; P?Q 19 I+SS+#-"; 89 =-"!&6(; 49 9 @9 1"'S&6V(5; f8'
+5+M$(L" "!"#$%(# 5(**"%"'$(+! *&% "!"#$%(# L"-(#!"/ E&$(&'

229
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3789491
Government College of Engineering Kannur (GCEK)
 /$+S(!(V+$(&'f; H*** Q$#'/? <!R? Q!,R'(+?; L&!9 ab; '&9 :;
MM9 :bCO::b;>b::9
PCQ =9 @+%$+'(; g9 4(!&65; 89 4(!&65(; f !"#$%(# ,"-(#!"
/$+S(!($F N($- %"+% !"#$%&'(# )(**"%"'$(+! I%+#$(&'i
H'%?@N&"?*'2-$('&!'% S$-!'.+N *'!$0-!/ *+!,%$-,#+
9""+-,#%-('/ '(?8MM9 :OG;B&L"ES"%9
PGQ 8'(/- 1+-%(; 85($F+ e6M$+ +'5 Y"S(')+F+ <2;
hU"%*&%E+'#" '-+'#"E"'$ &* !"#$%&'(# )(**"%"'$(+! ('
!"#$%(# ,"-(#!"/ ./('0 + B&L"! W+L"!"$ 3&'$%&!!"%i;
JFLT H*** H'%!$'#%-('#+ 3(')!$!',! (' <!R-,5+#$
*+!,%$('-,/ #'. @#)!%N?
PaQ g+'O" j-+&; <(+'N6 j-+'0; h4&5"!!('0 +'5 /(E6!+$(&' &*
$-" "!"#$%&'(# 5(**"%"'$(+! /F/$"E *&% +' "!"#$%(# L"-(#!"
N($- $N&OE&$&%ON-""! 5%(L"i;H'%!$'#%-('#+ U(5$'#+ ()
<!R-,+! @N/%!&/ 6(.!++-'0 #'. Q!/%-'0;,&!9C B&9:_>;
>bbc
PdQ @+55&6' 8; 1"'S&6V(5 4; )(+!!& ) "$ +!; h4&5"!('0;
8'+!F/(/; +'5 B"6%+! B"$N&%A 3&'$%&! &* +' , !"#$%(#+!
)(**"%"'$(+!i; H*** Q$#'/#,%-('/ (' H'.5/%$-#+ *+!,%$('-,/;
>bb`9
P`Q @+A+'=+-L"#(; @+!(! DS%+-(E KA6E6/; 4"-E"$ A(#(;
h8' !"#$%&'(# )(**"%"'$(+! XF/$"E ./('0 Y6VVF 2&0(#
XM""5 3&'$%&!!"5 D'OW-""! 1%6/-!"// )3 4&$&%/i;T%R
H'%!$'#%-('#+ 3(')!$!',! (' M(=!$ *'0-'!!$-'08 *'!$0N
#'. *+!,%$-,#+ $-2!/ H/%#'75+8 Q5$V!N; :?O:d 4+F >b:?9
PcQ 8V"55('")%+&6; h !"#$%&'(# )(**"%"'$(+! XM""5 3&'$%&! *&%
IN& ('ON-""!/ 4&$&%/ )%(L" ,"-(#!"i; T%R H'%!$'#%-('#+
3(')!$!',! (' M(=!$ *'0-'!!$-'08 *'!$0N #'. *+!,%$-,#+
$-2!/ H/%#'75+8 Q5$V!N; :?O:d 4+F >b:?9

230
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3789491
Government College of Engineering Kannur (GCEK)