Fig. 2

Model Specified for Simulation Study (Hwang et al. 2010b) and Replication and Extension (this article). Notes: All variables (z_i and η_j) are centered and have unit variance. In Hwang et al.’s (2010b) population model, the structural paths β₁ and β₂ have values of .6, and the cross-loadings χ (dashed lines) have values of .21. We create three additional conditions that vary the structural paths and the cross-loadings: β₁ = β₂ = .6 versus β₁ = β₂ = −.6, and χ = .21 versus χ = 0