# Django 4.1.8.dev20230308103347 ドキュメント

# アプリケーション

Django には、設定の保存と調査の手段を提供するインストール済みアプリケーションのレジストリがあり、利用可能な モデル のリストもアクセスできます。

このレジストリは `apps` と呼ばれ、 `django.apps`:: にあります。

    >>> from django.apps import apps
    >>> apps.get_app_config('admin').verbose_name
    'Administration'

## プロジェクトとアプリケーション

プロジェクト (project) という単語は、Django の web アプリケーションを指します。プロジェクトの Python パッケージは主に settings モジュールで定義されますが、通常は他のファイルも含まれます。たとえば、 `django-admin startproject mysite` を実行すると、`mysite` プロジェクトディレクトリが作成され、その中には `settings.py`、`urls.py`、`asgi.py`、`wsgi.py` などのファイルが含まれる `mysite` Python パッケージが作られます。プロジェクトパッケージは、fixture や CSS、テンプレートなど特定のアプリケーションに束縛されないファイルも含まれることがふつうです。

プロジェクトのルートディレクトリ (`manage.py` があるディレクトリ) は、プロジェクトと一緒にインストールされるすべてのアプリケーションのコンテナとして機能します。

アプリケーション (application) という言葉は、何らかの機能を提供する Python パッケージを意味します。アプリケーションはさまざまなプロジェクトで 再利用する ことができます。

アプリケーションには、モデル、ビュー、テンプレート、テンプレートタグ、スタティックファイル、ミドルウェアなどが含まれます。これらは一般に `INSTALLED_APPS` 設定で有効になり、それ以外では URLconfs、 `MIDDLEWARE` 設定、テンプレート継承などの仕組みから使われます。

Django のアプリケーションは、フレームワークのさまざまなパーツとやりとりをするコードの集まりであると理解するのは大切です。`Application` オブジェクトのようなものは存在しません。しかしながら、Django がインストール済みのアプリケーションの主に設定やイントロスペクションとやりとりをする必要があることもあります。そのため、インストールアプリケーションごとのメタデータは、アプリケーションレジストリが `AppConfig` インスタンス内に保存しています。

There's no restriction that a project package can't also be considered an application and have models, etc. (which would require adding it to `INSTALLED_APPS`).

## アプリケーションを設定する

アプリケーションを設定するためには、アプリケーション内に `apps.py` モジュールを作成し、そこに `AppConfig` のサブクラスを定義してください。

When `INSTALLED_APPS` contains the dotted path to an application module, by default, if Django finds exactly one `AppConfig` subclass in the `apps.py` submodule, it uses that configuration for the application. This behavior may be disabled by setting `AppConfig.default` to `False`.

`apps.py` モジュールに複数の `AppConfig` のサブクラスが含まれている場合、Djangoは `AppConfig.default` が `` True`` である単一のサブクラスを探します。

もし `AppConfig` のサブクラスが見つからなければ、 `AppConfig` の基底クラスが使用されます。

Alternatively, `INSTALLED_APPS` may contain the dotted path to a configuration class to specify it explicitly:

    INSTALLED_APPS = [
        ...
        'polls.apps.PollsAppConfig',
        ...
    ]

### アプリケーション開発者向け

例えば、あなたが"Rock 'n' roll"という名前のプラガブルなアプリケーションを作っているとしたら、このようにアプリケーションのadminに適切な名前をつけることになるでしょう:

    # rock_n_roll/apps.py

    from django.apps import AppConfig

    class RockNRollConfig(AppConfig):
        name = 'rock_n_roll'
        verbose_name = "Rock ’n’ roll"

`RockNRollConfig` will be loaded automatically when `INSTALLED_APPS` contains `'rock_n_roll'`. If you need to prevent this, set `default` to `False` in the class definition.

You can provide several `AppConfig` subclasses with different behaviors. To tell Django which one to use by default, set `default` to `True` in its definition. If your users want to pick a non-default configuration, they must replace `'rock_n_roll'` with the dotted path to that specific class in their `INSTALLED_APPS` setting.

The `AppConfig.name` attribute tells Django which application this configuration applies to. You can define any other attribute documented in the `AppConfig` API reference.

`AppConfig` subclasses may be defined anywhere. The `apps.py` convention merely allows Django to load them automatically when `INSTALLED_APPS` contains the path to an application module rather than the path to a configuration class.

注釈

If your code imports the application registry in an application's `__init__.py`, the name `apps` will clash with the `apps` submodule. The best practice is to move that code to a submodule and import it. A workaround is to import the registry under a different name:

    from django.apps import apps as django_apps

### アプリケーションユーザー向け

`anthology` という名前のプロジェクト内にて "Rock 'n' roll" を利用するものの、その表示は "Jazz Manouche" としたいとします。この場合は設定を以下のようにします。

    # anthology/apps.py

    from rock_n_roll.apps import RockNRollConfig

    class JazzManoucheConfig(RockNRollConfig):
        verbose_name = "Jazz Manouche"

    # anthology/settings.py

    INSTALLED_APPS = [
        'anthology.apps.JazzManoucheConfig',
        # ...
    ]

This example shows project-specific configuration classes located in a submodule called `apps.py`. This is a convention, not a requirement. `AppConfig` subclasses may be defined anywhere.

In this situation, `INSTALLED_APPS` must contain the dotted path to the configuration class because it lives outside of an application and thus cannot be automatically detected.

## アプリケーションの設定

class `AppConfig`

  Application configuration objects store metadata for an application. Some attributes can be configured in `AppConfig` subclasses. Others are set by Django and read-only.

### 設定可能な属性

`AppConfig.``name`

  Full Python path to the application, e.g. `'django.contrib.admin'`.

  This attribute defines which application the configuration applies to. It must be set in all `AppConfig` subclasses.

  Djangoプロジェクト全体の中で固有である必要があります。

`AppConfig.``label`

  アプリケーション用のショートネーム 例 "'admin'"

  This attribute allows relabeling an application when two applications have conflicting labels. It defaults to the last component of `name`. It should be a valid Python identifier.

  Djangoプロジェクト全体の中で固有である必要があります。

`AppConfig.``verbose_name`

  Human-readable name for the application, e.g. "Administration".

  This attribute defaults to `label.title()`.

`AppConfig.``path`

  Filesystem path to the application directory, e.g. `'/usr/lib/pythonX.Y/dist-packages/django/contrib/admin'`.

  In most cases, Django can automatically detect and set this, but you can also provide an explicit override as a class attribute on your `AppConfig` subclass. In a few situations this is required; for instance if the app package is a namespace package with multiple paths.

`AppConfig.``default`

  Set this attribute to `False` to prevent Django from selecting a configuration class automatically. This is useful when `apps.py` defines only one `AppConfig` subclass but you don't want Django to use it by default.

  Set this attribute to `True` to tell Django to select a configuration class automatically. This is useful when `apps.py` defines more than one `AppConfig` subclass and you want Django to use one of them by default.

  デフォルトではこの属性（attribute）は設定されていません。

`AppConfig.``default_auto_field`

  The implicit primary key type to add to models within this app. You can use this to keep `AutoField` as the primary key type for third party applications.

  By default, this is the value of `DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD`.

### 読み取り専用属性

`AppConfig.``module`

  Root module for the application, e.g. `<module 'django.contrib.admin' from 'django/contrib/admin/__init__.py'>`.

`AppConfig.``models_module`

  Module containing the models, e.g. `<module 'django.contrib.admin.models' from 'django/contrib/admin/models.py'>`.

  It may be `None` if the application doesn't contain a `models` module. Note that the database related signals such as `pre_migrate` and `post_migrate` are only emitted for applications that have a `models` module.

### メソッド

`AppConfig.``get_models`(include_auto_created=False, include_swapped=False)

  Returns an iterable of `Model` classes for this application.

  Requires the app registry to be fully populated.

`AppConfig.``get_model`(model_name, require_ready=True)

  Returns the `Model` with the given `model_name`. `model_name` is case-insensitive.

  Raises `LookupError` if no such model exists in this application.

  Requires the app registry to be fully populated unless the `require_ready` argument is set to `False`. `require_ready` behaves exactly as in `apps.get_model()`.

`AppConfig.``ready`()

  Subclasses can override this method to perform initialization tasks such as registering signals. It is called as soon as the registry is fully populated.

  Although you can't import models at the module-level where `AppConfig` classes are defined, you can import them in `ready()`, using either an `import` statement or `get_model()`.

  If you're registering `model signals`, you can refer to the sender by its string label instead of using the model class itself.

  実装例:

      from django.apps import AppConfig
      from django.db.models.signals import pre_save

      class RockNRollConfig(AppConfig):
          # ...

          def ready(self):
              # importing model classes
              from .models import MyModel  # or...
              MyModel = self.get_model('MyModel')

              # registering signals with the model's string label
              pre_save.connect(receiver, sender='app_label.MyModel')

  警告

  Although you can access model classes as described above, avoid interacting with the database in your `ready()` implementation. This includes model methods that execute queries (`save()`, `delete()`, manager methods etc.), and also raw SQL queries via `django.db.connection`. Your `ready()` method will run during startup of every management command. For example, even though the test database configuration is separate from the production settings, `manage.py test` would still execute some queries against your production database!

  注釈

  In the usual initialization process, the `ready` method is only called once by Django. But in some corner cases, particularly in tests which are fiddling with installed applications, `ready` might be called more than once. In that case, either write idempotent methods, or put a flag on your `AppConfig` classes to prevent rerunning code which should be executed exactly one time.

### Namespace packages as apps

Python packages without an `__init__.py` file are known as "namespace packages" and may be spread across multiple directories at different locations on `sys.path` (see PEP 420).

Djangoアプリケーションは(設定に応じて)、Djangoがテンプレートや静的アセットを探す単一のベースファイスシステムパスを必要とします。したがって、名前空間パッケージは以下のいずれかが真である場合にのみ、Django アプリケーションになることができます。

1. 名前空間パッケージは実際には単一の場所にしか存在しません(つまり、複数のディレクトリに分散していないということです)。
2. The `AppConfig` class used to configure the application has a `path` class attribute, which is the absolute directory path Django will use as the single base path for the application.

If neither of these conditions is met, Django will raise `ImproperlyConfigured`.

## アプリケーションレジストリ

`apps`

  アプリケーションレジストリは、以下の公開APIを提供しています。以下に記載されていないメソッドは非公開とみなされ、予告なく変更される可能性があります。

`apps.``ready`

  Boolean attribute that is set to `True` after the registry is fully populated and all `AppConfig.ready()` methods are called.

`apps.``get_app_configs`()

  Returns an iterable of `AppConfig` instances.

`apps.``get_app_config`(app_label)

  Returns an `AppConfig` for the application with the given `app_label`. Raises `LookupError` if no such application exists.

`apps.``is_installed`(app_name)

  Checks whether an application with the given name exists in the registry. `app_name` is the full name of the app, e.g. `'django.contrib.admin'`.

`apps.``get_model`(app_label, model_name, require_ready=True)

  Returns the `Model` with the given `app_label` and `model_name`. As a shortcut, this method also accepts a single argument in the form `app_label.model_name`. `model_name` is case-insensitive.

  Raises `LookupError` if no such application or model exists. Raises `ValueError` when called with a single argument that doesn't contain exactly one dot.

  Requires the app registry to be fully populated unless the `require_ready` argument is set to `False`.

  Setting `require_ready` to `False` allows looking up models while the app registry is being populated, specifically during the second phase where it imports models. Then `get_model()` has the same effect as importing the model. The main use case is to configure model classes with settings, such as `AUTH_USER_MODEL`.

  When `require_ready` is `False`, `get_model()` returns a model class that may not be fully functional (reverse accessors may be missing, for example) until the app registry is fully populated. For this reason, it's best to leave `require_ready` to the default value of `True` whenever possible.

## Initialization process

### How applications are loaded

When Django starts, `django.setup()` is responsible for populating the application registry.

`setup`(set_prefix=True)

  Configures Django by:

  - Loading the settings.
  - Setting up logging.
  - If `set_prefix` is True, setting the URL resolver script prefix to `FORCE_SCRIPT_NAME` if defined, or `/` otherwise.
  - Initializing the application registry.

  This function is called automatically:

  - When running an HTTP server via Django's WSGI support.
  - When invoking a management command.

  It must be called explicitly in other cases, for instance in plain Python scripts.

The application registry is initialized in three stages. At each stage, Django processes all applications in the order of `INSTALLED_APPS`.

1. First Django imports each item in `INSTALLED_APPS`.

   If it's an application configuration class, Django imports the root package of the application, defined by its `name` attribute. If it's a Python package, Django looks for an application configuration in an `apps.py` submodule, or else creates a default application configuration.

   "この時点では、どのモデルもインポートしてはいけません！"

   In other words, your applications' root packages and the modules that define your application configuration classes shouldn't import any models, even indirectly.

   Strictly speaking, Django allows importing models once their application configuration is loaded. However, in order to avoid needless constraints on the order of `INSTALLED_APPS`, it's strongly recommended not import any models at this stage.

   Once this stage completes, APIs that operate on application configurations such as `get_app_config()` become usable.

2. Then Django attempts to import the `models` submodule of each application, if there is one.

   You must define or import all models in your application's `models.py` or `models/__init__.py`. Otherwise, the application registry may not be fully populated at this point, which could cause the ORM to malfunction.

   Once this stage completes, APIs that operate on models such as `get_model()` become usable.

3. Finally Django runs the `ready()` method of each application configuration.

### トラブルシューティング

Here are some common problems that you may encounter during initialization:

- `AppRegistryNotReady`: This happens when importing an application configuration or a models module triggers code that depends on the app registry.

  For example, `gettext()` uses the app registry to look up translation catalogs in applications. To translate at import time, you need `gettext_lazy()` instead. (Using `gettext()` would be a bug, because the translation would happen at import time, rather than at each request depending on the active language.)

  Executing database queries with the ORM at import time in models modules will also trigger this exception. The ORM cannot function properly until all models are available.

  This exception also happens if you forget to call `django.setup()` in a standalone Python script.

- `ImportError: cannot import name ...` This happens if the import sequence ends up in a loop.

  To eliminate such problems, you should minimize dependencies between your models modules and do as little work as possible at import time. To avoid executing code at import time, you can move it into a function and cache its results. The code will be executed when you first need its results. This concept is known as "lazy evaluation".

- `django.contrib.admin` automatically performs autodiscovery of `admin` modules in installed applications. To prevent it, change your `INSTALLED_APPS` to contain `'django.contrib.admin.apps.SimpleAdminConfig'` instead of `'django.contrib.admin'`.