# Django 5.2.9 ドキュメント

# Django 3.2 リリースノート

April 6, 2021

Django 3.2 へようこそ！

このリリースノートでは、 バージョン 3.2 の新機能 と、Django 3.1 以前からアップグレードする際に注意すべき、 後方互換性のない変更 について説明します。また、 一部の機能を非推奨 としました。

既存のプロジェクトをアップデートするときは、 Django の新しいバージョンへの更新 ガイドに従ってください。

Django 3.2 は、長期サポートリリース として指定されています。リリースから最低3年間はセキュリティアップデートを受けます。以前の LTS である Django 2.2 に対するサポートは2022年4月に終了します。

## Python バージョン間の互換性

Django 3.2 は Python 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10 をサポートします（3.2.9現在）。各バージョン系列の最新リリースのみを公式にサポートし、最新リリースを使用することを 強く推奨 します。

## Django 3.2 の新機能

### Automatic `AppConfig` discovery

Most pluggable applications define an `AppConfig` subclass in an `apps.py` submodule. Many define a `default_app_config` variable pointing to this class in their `__init__.py`.

When the `apps.py` submodule exists and defines a single `AppConfig` subclass, Django now uses that configuration automatically, so you can remove `default_app_config`.

`default_app_config` made it possible to declare only the application's path in `INSTALLED_APPS` (e.g. `'django.contrib.admin'`) rather than the app config's path (e.g. `'django.contrib.admin.apps.AdminConfig'`). It was introduced for backwards-compatibility with the former style, with the intent to switch the ecosystem to the latter, but the switch didn't happen.

With automatic `AppConfig` discovery, `default_app_config` is no longer needed. As a consequence, it's deprecated.

See アプリケーションを設定する for full details.

### Customizing type of auto-created primary keys

When defining a model, if no field in a model is defined with `primary_key=True` an implicit primary key is added. The type of this implicit primary key can now be controlled via the `DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD` setting and `AppConfig.default_auto_field` attribute. No more needing to override primary keys in all models.

Maintaining the historical behavior, the default value for `DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD` is `AutoField`. Starting with 3.2 new projects are generated with `DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD` set to `BigAutoField`. Also, new apps are generated with `AppConfig.default_auto_field` set to `BigAutoField`. In a future Django release the default value of `DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD` will be changed to `BigAutoField`.

To avoid unwanted migrations in the future, either explicitly set `DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD` to `AutoField`:

    DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD = "django.db.models.AutoField"

or configure it on a per-app basis:

    from django.apps import AppConfig

    class MyAppConfig(AppConfig):
        default_auto_field = "django.db.models.AutoField"
        name = "my_app"

or on a per-model basis:

    from django.db import models

    class MyModel(models.Model):
        id = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)

In anticipation of the changing default, a system check will provide a warning if you do not have an explicit setting for `DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD`.

When changing the value of `DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD`, migrations for the primary key of existing auto-created through tables cannot be generated currently. See the `DEFAULT_AUTO_FIELD` docs for details on migrating such tables.

### Functional indexes

The new `*expressions` positional argument of `Index()` enables creating functional indexes on expressions and database functions. For example:

    from django.db import models
    from django.db.models import F, Index, Value
    from django.db.models.functions import Lower, Upper

    class MyModel(models.Model):
        first_name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
        last_name = models.CharField(max_length=255)
        height = models.IntegerField()
        weight = models.IntegerField()

        class Meta:
            indexes = [
                Index(
                    Lower("first_name"),
                    Upper("last_name").desc(),
                    name="first_last_name_idx",
                ),
                Index(
                    F("height") / (F("weight") + Value(5)),
                    name="calc_idx",
                ),
            ]

Functional indexes are added to models using the `Meta.indexes` option.

### `pymemcache` support

新たなキャッシュバックエンドである `django.core.cache.backends.memcached.PyMemcacheCache` によって、 pymemcache ライブラリを memcached に使用できるようになります。 `pymemcache` 3.4.0 以降が必要です。詳細は Django におけるキャッシュについてのドキュメント を参照してください。

### New decorators for the admin site

The new `display()` decorator allows for easily adding options to custom display functions that can be used with `list_display` or `readonly_fields`.

Likewise, the new `action()` decorator allows for easily adding options to action functions that can be used with `actions`.

Using the `@display` decorator has the advantage that it is now possible to use the `@property` decorator when needing to specify attributes on the custom method. Prior to this it was necessary to use the `property()` function instead after assigning the required attributes to the method.

Using decorators has the advantage that these options are more discoverable as they can be suggested by completion utilities in code editors. They are merely a convenience and still set the same attributes on the functions under the hood.

### マイナーな機能

#### `django.contrib.admin`

- `ModelAdmin.search_fields` now allows searching against quoted phrases with spaces.

- Read-only related fields are now rendered as navigable links if target models are registered in the admin.

- The admin now supports theming, and includes a dark theme that is enabled according to browser settings. See テーマのサポート for more details.

- `ModelAdmin.autocomplete_fields` now respects `ForeignKey.to_field` and `ForeignKey.limit_choices_to` when searching a related model.

- The admin now installs a final catch-all view that redirects unauthenticated users to the login page, regardless of whether the URL is otherwise valid. This protects against a potential model enumeration privacy issue.

  Although not recommended, you may set the new `AdminSite.final_catch_all_view` to `False` to disable the catch-all view.

#### `django.contrib.auth`

- PBKDF2 パスワードハッシュに対するデフォルトのイテレーション回数が 216,000 から 260,000 に増加しました。

- The default variant for the Argon2 password hasher is changed to Argon2id. `memory_cost` and `parallelism` are increased to 102,400 and 8 respectively to match the `argon2-cffi` defaults.

  Increasing the `memory_cost` pushes the required memory from 512 KB to 100 MB. This is still rather conservative but can lead to problems in memory constrained environments. If this is the case, the existing hasher can be subclassed to override the defaults.

- The default salt entropy for the Argon2, MD5, PBKDF2, SHA-1 password hashers is increased from 71 to 128 bits.

#### `django.contrib.contenttypes`

- The new `absolute_max` argument for `generic_inlineformset_factory()` allows customizing the maximum number of forms that can be instantiated when supplying `POST` data. See インスタンス化できるフォームの数を制限する for more details.

- The new `can_delete_extra` argument for `generic_inlineformset_factory()` allows removal of the option to delete extra forms. See `can_delete_extra` for more information.

#### `django.contrib.gis`

- The `GDALRaster.transform()` method now supports `SpatialReference`.

- The `DataSource` class now supports `pathlib.Path`.

- The `LayerMapping` class now supports `pathlib.Path`.

#### `django.contrib.postgres`

- The new `ExclusionConstraint.include` attribute allows creating covering exclusion constraints on PostgreSQL 12+.

- 新しい `ExclusionConstraint.opclasses` 属性により、PostgreSQLの演算子クラスを設定できるようになりました。

- 新しい `JSONBAgg.ordering` 属性は、集約される要素の並び順を指定します。

- The new `JSONBAgg.distinct` attribute determines if aggregated values will be distinct.

- The `CreateExtension` operation now checks that the extension already exists in the database and skips the migration if so.

- The new `CreateCollation` and `RemoveCollation` operations allow creating and dropping collations on PostgreSQL. See マイグレーションを使って照合順序 (collation) を管理する for more details.

- Lookups for `ArrayField` now allow (non-nested) arrays containing expressions as right-hand sides.

- The new `OpClass()` expression allows creating functional indexes on expressions with a custom operator class. See Functional indexes for more details.

#### `django.contrib.sitemaps`

- The new `Sitemap` attributes `alternates`, `languages` and `x_default` allow generating sitemap alternates to localized versions of your pages.

#### `django.contrib.syndication`

- The new `item_comments` hook allows specifying a comments URL per feed item.

#### データベースバックエンド

- Third-party database backends can now skip or mark as expected failures tests in Django's test suite using the new `DatabaseFeatures.django_test_skips` and `django_test_expected_failures` attributes.

#### デコレータ

- The new `no_append_slash()` decorator allows individual views to be excluded from `APPEND_SLASH` URL normalization.

#### エラー報告

- Custom `ExceptionReporter` subclasses can now define the `html_template_path` and `text_template_path` properties to override the templates used to render exception reports.

#### ファイルのアップロード

- The new `FileUploadHandler.upload_interrupted()` callback allows handling interrupted uploads.

#### フォーム

- The new `absolute_max` argument for `formset_factory()`, `inlineformset_factory()`, and `modelformset_factory()` allows customizing the maximum number of forms that can be instantiated when supplying `POST` data. See インスタンス化できるフォームの数を制限する for more details.

- The new `can_delete_extra` argument for `formset_factory()`, `inlineformset_factory()`, and `modelformset_factory()` allows removal of the option to delete extra forms. See `can_delete_extra` for more information.

- `BaseFormSet` now reports a user facing error, rather than raising an exception, when the management form is missing or has been tampered with. To customize this error message, pass the `error_messages` argument with the key `'missing_management_form'` when instantiating the formset.

#### ジェネリックビュー (汎用ビュー)

- The `week_format` attributes of `WeekMixin` and `WeekArchiveView` now support the `'%V'` ISO 8601 week format.

#### 管理コマンド

- `loaddata` now supports fixtures stored in XZ archives (`.xz`) and LZMA archives (`.lzma`).

- `dumpdata` now can compress data in the `bz2`, `gz`, `lzma`, or `xz` formats.

- `makemigrations` can now be called without an active database connection. In that case, check for a consistent migration history is skipped.

- `BaseCommand.requires_system_checks` now supports specifying a list of tags. System checks registered in the chosen tags will be checked for errors prior to executing the command. In previous versions, either all or none of the system checks were performed.

- Support for colored terminal output on Windows is updated. Various modern terminal environments are automatically detected, and the options for enabling support in other cases are improved. See シンタックスカラーリング for more details.

#### マイグレーション

- The new `Operation.migration_name_fragment` property allows providing a filename fragment that will be used to name a migration containing only that operation.

- Migrations now support serialization of pure and concrete path objects from `pathlib`, and `os.PathLike` instances.

#### モデル

- The new `no_key` parameter for `QuerySet.select_for_update()`, supported on PostgreSQL, allows acquiring weaker locks that don't block the creation of rows that reference locked rows through a foreign key.

- `When()` expression now allows using the `condition` argument with `lookups`.

- The new `Index.include` and `UniqueConstraint.include` attributes allow creating covering indexes and covering unique constraints on PostgreSQL 11+.

- The new `UniqueConstraint.opclasses` attribute allows setting PostgreSQL operator classes.

- The `QuerySet.update()` method now respects the `order_by()` clause on MySQL and MariaDB.

- `FilteredRelation()` now supports nested relations.

- The `of` argument of `QuerySet.select_for_update()` is now allowed on MySQL 8.0.1+.

- `Value()` expression now automatically resolves its `output_field` to the appropriate `Field` subclass based on the type of its provided `value` for `bool`, `bytes`, `float`, `int`, `str`, `datetime.date`, `datetime.datetime`, `datetime.time`, `datetime.timedelta`, `decimal.Decimal`, and `uuid.UUID` instances. As a consequence, resolving an `output_field` for database functions and combined expressions may now crash with mixed types when using `Value()`. You will need to explicitly set the `output_field` in such cases.

- The new `QuerySet.alias()` method allows creating reusable aliases for expressions that don't need to be selected but are used for filtering, ordering, or as a part of complex expressions.

- The new `Collate` function allows filtering and ordering by specified database collations.

- The `field_name` argument of `QuerySet.in_bulk()` now accepts distinct fields if there's only one field specified in `QuerySet.distinct()`.

- The new `tzinfo` parameter of the `TruncDate` and `TruncTime` database functions allows truncating datetimes in a specific timezone.

- The new `db_collation` argument for `CharField` and `TextField` allows setting a database collation for the field.

- Added the `Random` database function.

- 集計（Aggregation）関数, `F()`, `OuterRef()`, and other expressions now allow using transforms. See 式はトランスフォーム（Transform）を参照できる for details.

- The new `durable` argument for `atomic()` guarantees that changes made in the atomic block will be committed if the block exits without errors. A nested atomic block marked as durable will raise a `RuntimeError`.

- Added the `JSONObject` database function.

#### ページネーション

- The new `django.core.paginator.Paginator.get_elided_page_range()` method allows generating a page range with some of the values elided. If there are a large number of pages, this can be helpful for generating a reasonable number of page links in a template.

#### Request と Response

- Response headers are now stored in `HttpResponse.headers`. This can be used instead of the original dict-like interface of `HttpResponse` objects. Both interfaces will continue to be supported. See ヘッダーフィールドをセットする for details.

- The new `headers` parameter of `HttpResponse`, `SimpleTemplateResponse`, and `TemplateResponse` allows setting response `headers` on instantiation.

#### セキュリティ

- The `SECRET_KEY` setting is now checked for a valid value upon first access, rather than when settings are first loaded. This enables running management commands that do not rely on the `SECRET_KEY` without needing to provide a value. As a consequence of this, calling `configure()` without providing a valid `SECRET_KEY`, and then going on to access `settings.SECRET_KEY` will now raise an `ImproperlyConfigured` exception.

- The new `Signer.sign_object()` and `Signer.unsign_object()` methods allow signing complex data structures. See 複雑なデータ構造の保護 for more details.

  Also, `signing.dumps()` and `loads()` become shortcuts for `TimestampSigner.sign_object()` and `unsign_object()`.

#### シリアライズ (シリアル化)

- The new JSONL serializer allows using the JSON Lines format with `dumpdata` and `loaddata`. This can be useful for populating large databases because data is loaded line by line into memory, rather than being loaded all at once.

#### シグナル

- `Signal.send_robust()` now logs exceptions.

#### テンプレート

- `floatformat` template filter now allows using the `g` suffix to force grouping by the `THOUSAND_SEPARATOR` for the active locale.

- Templates cached with Cached template loaders are now correctly reloaded in development.

#### テスト

- Objects assigned to class attributes in `TestCase.setUpTestData()` are now isolated for each test method. Such objects are now required to support creating deep copies with `copy.deepcopy()`. Assigning objects which don't support `deepcopy()` is deprecated and will be removed in Django 4.1.

- `DiscoverRunner` now enables `faulthandler` by default. This can be disabled by using the `test --no-faulthandler` option.

- `DiscoverRunner` and the `test` management command can now track timings, including database setup and total run time. This can be enabled by using the `test --timing` option.

- `Client` now preserves the request query string when following 307 and 308 redirects.

- The new `TestCase.captureOnCommitCallbacks()` method captures callback functions passed to `transaction.on_commit()` in a list. This allows you to test such callbacks without using the slower `TransactionTestCase`.

- `TransactionTestCase.assertQuerysetEqual()` now supports direct comparison against another queryset rather than being restricted to comparison against a list of string representations of objects when using the default value for the `transform` argument.

#### ユーティリティ

- The new `depth` parameter of `django.utils.timesince.timesince()` and `django.utils.timesince.timeuntil()` functions allows specifying the number of adjacent time units to return.

#### バリデータ

- Built-in validators now include the provided value in the `params` argument of a raised `ValidationError`. This allows custom error messages to use the `%(value)s` placeholder.

- The `ValidationError` equality operator now ignores `messages` and `params` ordering.

## Backwards incompatible changes in 3.2

### データベースバックエンド API

このセクションでは、サードパーティのデータベースバックエンドで必要になる可能性のある変更について説明します。

- The new `DatabaseFeatures.introspected_field_types` property replaces these features:

  - `can_introspect_autofield`

  - `can_introspect_big_integer_field`

  - `can_introspect_binary_field`

  - `can_introspect_decimal_field`

  - `can_introspect_duration_field`

  - `can_introspect_ip_address_field`

  - `can_introspect_positive_integer_field`

  - `can_introspect_small_integer_field`

  - `can_introspect_time_field`

  - `introspected_big_auto_field_type`

  - `introspected_small_auto_field_type`

  - `introspected_boolean_field_type`

- To enable support for covering indexes (`Index.include`) and covering unique constraints (`UniqueConstraint.include`), set `DatabaseFeatures.supports_covering_indexes` to `True`.

- Third-party database backends must implement support for column database collations on `CharField`s and `TextField`s or set `DatabaseFeatures.supports_collation_on_charfield` and `DatabaseFeatures.supports_collation_on_textfield` to `False`. If non-deterministic collations are not supported, set `supports_non_deterministic_collations` to `False`.

- `DatabaseOperations.random_function_sql()` is removed in favor of the new `Random` database function.

- `DatabaseOperations.date_trunc_sql()` and `DatabaseOperations.time_trunc_sql()` now take the optional `tzname` argument in order to truncate in a specific timezone.

- `DatabaseClient.runshell()` now gets arguments and an optional dictionary with environment variables to the underlying command-line client from `DatabaseClient.settings_to_cmd_args_env()` method. Third-party database backends must implement `DatabaseClient.settings_to_cmd_args_env()` or override `DatabaseClient.runshell()`.

- Third-party database backends must implement support for functional indexes (`Index.expressions`) or set `DatabaseFeatures.supports_expression_indexes` to `False`. If `COLLATE` is not a part of the `CREATE INDEX` statement, set `DatabaseFeatures.collate_as_index_expression` to `True`.

### `django.contrib.admin`

- Pagination links in the admin are now 1-indexed instead of 0-indexed, i.e. the query string for the first page is `?p=1` instead of `?p=0`.

- The new admin catch-all view will break URL patterns routed after the admin URLs and matching the admin URL prefix. You can either adjust your URL ordering or, if necessary, set `AdminSite.final_catch_all_view` to `False`, disabling the catch-all view. See Django 3.2 の新機能 for more details.

- Minified JavaScript files are no longer included with the admin. If you require these files to be minified, consider using a third party app or external build tool. The minified vendored JavaScript files packaged with the admin (e.g. jquery.min.js) are still included.

- `ModelAdmin.prepopulated_fields` no longer strips English stop words, such as `'a'` or `'an'`.

### `django.contrib.gis`

- Support for PostGIS 2.2 is removed.

- The Oracle backend now clones polygons (and geometry collections containing polygons) before reorienting them and saving them to the database. They are no longer mutated in place. You might notice this if you use the polygons after a model is saved.

### Dropped support for PostgreSQL 9.5

Upstream support for PostgreSQL 9.5 ends in February 2021. Django 3.2 supports PostgreSQL 9.6 and higher.

### Dropped support for MySQL 5.6

The end of upstream support for MySQL 5.6 is April 2021. Django 3.2 supports MySQL 5.7 and higher.

### その他

- Django now supports non-`pytz` time zones, such as Python 3.9+'s `zoneinfo` module and its backport.

- The undocumented `SpatiaLiteOperations.proj4_version()` method is renamed to `proj_version()`.

- `slugify()` now removes leading and trailing dashes and underscores.

- The `intcomma` and `intword` template filters no longer depend on the `USE_L10N` setting.

- Support for `argon2-cffi` < 19.1.0 is removed.

- The cache keys no longer includes the language when internationalization is disabled (`USE_I18N = False`) and localization is enabled (`USE_L10N = True`). After upgrading to Django 3.2 in such configurations, the first request to any previously cached value will be a cache miss.

- `ForeignKey.validate()` now uses `_base_manager` rather than `_default_manager` to check that related instances exist.

- When an application defines an `AppConfig` subclass in an `apps.py` submodule, Django now uses this configuration automatically, even if it isn't enabled with `default_app_config`. Set `default = False` in the `AppConfig` subclass if you need to prevent this behavior. See Django 3.2 の新機能 for more details.

- Instantiating an abstract model now raises `TypeError`.

- Keyword arguments to `setup_databases()` are now keyword-only.

- The undocumented `django.utils.http.limited_parse_qsl()` function is removed. Please use `urllib.parse.parse_qsl()` instead.

- `django.test.utils.TestContextDecorator` now uses `addCleanup()` so that cleanups registered in the `setUp()` method are called before `TestContextDecorator.disable()`.

- `SessionMiddleware` now raises a `SessionInterrupted` exception instead of `SuspiciousOperation` when a session is destroyed in a concurrent request.

- The `django.db.models.Field` equality operator now correctly distinguishes inherited field instances across models. Additionally, the ordering of such fields is now defined.

- The undocumented `django.core.files.locks.lock()` function now returns `False` if the file cannot be locked, instead of raising `BlockingIOError`.

- The password reset mechanism now invalidates tokens when the user email is changed.

- `makemessages` command no longer processes invalid locales specified using `makemessages --locale` option, when they contain hyphens (`'-'`).

- The `django.contrib.auth.forms.ReadOnlyPasswordHashField` form field is now `disabled` by default. Therefore `UserChangeForm.clean_password()` is no longer required to return the initial value.

- The `cache.get_many()`, `get_or_set()`, `has_key()`, `incr()`, `decr()`, `incr_version()`, and `decr_version()` cache operations now correctly handle `None` stored in the cache, in the same way as any other value, instead of behaving as though the key didn't exist.

  Due to a `python-memcached` limitation, the previous behavior is kept for the deprecated `MemcachedCache` backend.

- The minimum supported version of SQLite is increased from 3.8.3 to 3.9.0.

- `CookieStorage` now stores messages in the RFC 6265 compliant format. Support for cookies that use the old format remains until Django 4.1.

- The minimum supported version of `asgiref` is increased from 3.2.10 to 3.3.2.

## Features deprecated in 3.2

### その他

- Assigning objects which don't support creating deep copies with `copy.deepcopy()` to class attributes in `TestCase.setUpTestData()` is deprecated.

- Using a boolean value in `BaseCommand.requires_system_checks` is deprecated. Use `'__all__'` instead of `True`, and `[]` (an empty list) instead of `False`.

- The `whitelist` argument and `domain_whitelist` attribute of `EmailValidator` are deprecated. Use `allowlist` instead of `whitelist`, and `domain_allowlist` instead of `domain_whitelist`. You may need to rename `whitelist` in existing migrations.

- The `default_app_config` application configuration variable is deprecated, due to the now automatic `AppConfig` discovery. See Django 3.2 の新機能 for more details.

- Automatically calling `repr()` on a queryset in `TransactionTestCase.assertQuerysetEqual()`, when compared to string values, is deprecated. If you need the previous behavior, explicitly set `transform` to `repr`.

- The `django.core.cache.backends.memcached.MemcachedCache` backend is deprecated as `python-memcached` has some problems and seems to be unmaintained. Use `django.core.cache.backends.memcached.PyMemcacheCache` or `django.core.cache.backends.memcached.PyLibMCCache` instead.

- The format of messages used by `django.contrib.messages.storage.cookie.CookieStorage` is different from the format generated by older versions of Django. Support for the old format remains until Django 4.1.