Ruby

Elide Generator::State allocation until a to_json method has to be called

Fix: https://github.com/ruby/json/issues/655

For very small documents, the biggest performance gap with alternatives is
that the API impose that we allocate the State object. In a real world app
this doesn't make much of a difference, but when running in a micro-benchmark
this doubles the allocations, causing twice the amount of GC runs, making us
look bad.

However, unless we have to call a to_json method, the State object isn't
visible, so with some refactoring, we can elude that allocation entirely.

Instead we allocate the State internal struct on the stack, and if we need
to call a to_json method, we allocate the State and spill the struct on
the heap.

As a result, JSON.generate is now as fast as re-using a State instance,
as long as only primitives are generated.

Before:

== Encoding small mixed (34 bytes)
ruby 3.3.4 (2024-07-09 revision be1089c8ec) +YJIT [arm64-darwin23]
Warming up --------------------------------------
        json (reuse)   598.654k i/100ms
                json   400.542k i/100ms
                  oj   533.353k i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
        json (reuse)      6.371M (± 8.6%) i/s  (156.96 ns/i) -     31.729M in   5.059195s
                json      4.120M (± 6.6%) i/s  (242.72 ns/i) -     20.828M in   5.090549s
                  oj      5.622M (± 6.4%) i/s  (177.86 ns/i) -     28.268M in   5.061473s

Comparison:
        json (reuse):  6371126.6 i/s
                  oj:  5622452.0 i/s - same-ish: difference falls within error
                json:  4119991.1 i/s - 1.55x  slower

== Encoding small nested array (121 bytes)
ruby 3.3.4 (2024-07-09 revision be1089c8ec) +YJIT [arm64-darwin23]
Warming up --------------------------------------
        json (reuse)   248.125k i/100ms
                json   215.255k i/100ms
                  oj   217.531k i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
        json (reuse)      2.628M (± 6.1%) i/s  (380.55 ns/i) -     13.151M in   5.030281s
                json      2.185M (± 6.7%) i/s  (457.74 ns/i) -     10.978M in   5.057655s
                  oj      2.217M (± 6.7%) i/s  (451.10 ns/i) -     11.094M in   5.044844s

Comparison:
        json (reuse):  2627799.4 i/s
                  oj:  2216824.8 i/s - 1.19x  slower
                json:  2184669.5 i/s - 1.20x  slower

== Encoding small hash (65 bytes)
ruby 3.3.4 (2024-07-09 revision be1089c8ec) +YJIT [arm64-darwin23]
Warming up --------------------------------------
        json (reuse)   641.334k i/100ms
                json   322.745k i/100ms
                  oj   642.450k i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
        json (reuse)      7.133M (± 6.5%) i/s  (140.19 ns/i) -     35.915M in   5.068201s
                json      4.615M (± 7.0%) i/s  (216.70 ns/i) -     22.915M in   5.003718s
                  oj      6.912M (± 6.4%) i/s  (144.68 ns/i) -     34.692M in   5.047690s

Comparison:
        json (reuse):  7133123.3 i/s
                  oj:  6911977.1 i/s - same-ish: difference falls within error
                json:  4614696.6 i/s - 1.55x  slower

After:

== Encoding small mixed (34 bytes)
ruby 3.3.4 (2024-07-09 revision be1089c8ec) +YJIT [arm64-darwin23]
Warming up --------------------------------------
        json (reuse)   572.751k i/100ms
                json   457.741k i/100ms
                  oj   512.247k i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
        json (reuse)      6.324M (± 6.9%) i/s  (158.12 ns/i) -     31.501M in   5.023093s
                json      6.263M (± 6.9%) i/s  (159.66 ns/i) -     31.126M in   5.017086s
                  oj      5.569M (± 6.6%) i/s  (179.56 ns/i) -     27.661M in   5.003739s

Comparison:
        json (reuse):  6324183.5 i/s
                json:  6263204.9 i/s - same-ish: difference falls within error
                  oj:  5569049.2 i/s - same-ish: difference falls within error

== Encoding small nested array (121 bytes)
ruby 3.3.4 (2024-07-09 revision be1089c8ec) +YJIT [arm64-darwin23]
Warming up --------------------------------------
        json (reuse)   258.505k i/100ms
                json   242.335k i/100ms
                  oj   220.678k i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
        json (reuse)      2.589M (± 9.6%) i/s  (386.17 ns/i) -     12.925M in   5.071853s
                json      2.594M (± 6.6%) i/s  (385.46 ns/i) -     13.086M in   5.083035s
                  oj      2.250M (± 2.3%) i/s  (444.43 ns/i) -     11.255M in   5.004707s

Comparison:
        json (reuse):  2589499.6 i/s
                json:  2594321.0 i/s - same-ish: difference falls within error
                  oj:  2250064.0 i/s - 1.15x  slower

== Encoding small hash (65 bytes)
ruby 3.3.4 (2024-07-09 revision be1089c8ec) +YJIT [arm64-darwin23]
Warming up --------------------------------------
        json (reuse)   656.373k i/100ms
                json   644.135k i/100ms
                  oj   650.283k i/100ms
Calculating -------------------------------------
        json (reuse)      7.202M (± 7.1%) i/s  (138.84 ns/i) -     36.101M in   5.051438s
                json      7.278M (± 1.7%) i/s  (137.40 ns/i) -     36.716M in   5.046300s
                  oj      7.036M (± 1.7%) i/s  (142.12 ns/i) -     35.766M in   5.084729s

Comparison:
        json (reuse):  7202447.9 i/s
                json:  7277883.0 i/s - same-ish: difference falls within error
                  oj:  7036115.2 i/s - same-ish: difference falls within error