Diff for "MacPython/AppleScript"

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-= What is AppleScript? =
 
AppleScript is a scripting language developed by Apple, included as standard in Mac OS (System 7 Pro and later) and Mac OS X. It has two important technical features:
 
 * It can communicate with local and remote processes via AppleEvents; commonly known as "application scripting".
 
 * It is an ["/OSA"] language component, allowing client applications to load and run scripts via the language agnostic ["OSA"] API. Client applications can use the ["OSA"] API to implement features such as Folder Actions (System Events), Mail rules, iCal alarm scripts, ["OSA"] script editing (Script Editor, Script Debugger), etc.
 
= Equivalent Python Features =
 
Python provides extensive third-party application scripting support and limited ["/OSA"] language component support. It also supports /AppleEvent handling and can load and use other ["OSA"] language components.
 
== Application scripting ==
 
Python has long supported sending /AppleEvents via the high-level {{{aetools}}} and {{{gensuitemodule}}} modules in its standard library. However, these modules have always had a number of shortcomings and have grown increasingly troublesome in recent Mac OS X releases; in particular, they are completely broken on Intel-based Macs. As a result, these and other AE/OSA-related modules will be removed in a future Python release and their use should be avoided.
 
There is also a low-level extension, {{{Carbon.AE}}}, that can be used to construct and send AppleEvents. Using this API requires detailed knowledge of the Apple Event Manager, however, so is rarely used directly.
 
A modern replacement to {{{aetools}}} and {{{gensuitemodule}}}, the AppscriptModule, has been available since late 2003. (A second project, aeve, has since been discontinued.)
 
== Python OSA language components ==
 
There have been several attempts to develop a Python ["/OSA"] language component, though to date none of them provide a complete replacement for AppleScript.
 
 * OSAPython implements much of the ["/OSA"] interface, but is unfinished and is no longer being developed.
 
 * MacPythonOSA is another attempt to implement the full ["/OSA"] interface, but is also unfinished and currently inactive.
 
 * PythonOSA provides a working implementation of the core ["/OSA"] interface, allowing ["OSA"] scripts written in Python to be loaded, stored, compiled and executed. More advanced ["OSA"] features, such as the ability to send and receive /AppleEvents to and from the host process are not currently available.
 
== Apple event handling ==
 
The Python standard library has long provided a basic /AppleEvent handing framework, MiniAEFrame, but as with {{{aetools}}} and {{{gensuitemodule}}} this module is unsupported on Intel Macs and will be removed in future, and its use should be avoided.
 
The low-level {{{Carbon.AE}}} extension can be used to install Apple event handlers, though lacks the ability to install coercion handlers and requires detailed knowledge of the /AppleEventManager to use, so is rarely used directly.
 
There are two modern, high-level options for implementing /AppleEvent handling in Python-based applications:
 
 * aemreceive (bundled with the AppscriptModule) can be used to install /AppleEvent handlers although it provides no assistance for resolving object references so is best suited for use in applications that don't implement an AppleEventObjectModel.
 
 * PyObjC-based applications can leverage the /AppKit framework's built-in Cocoa Scripting support to implement a full AppleEventObjectModel.
 
== OSA API access ==
 
There are currently two ways to access the OSA API in Python:
 
 * The {{{CarbonX.OSA}}} extension (bundled with the AppscriptModule) provides a low-level wrapper around the OSA API. (There is also a {{{Carbon.OSA}}} extension included in Python 2.4 and later, but it provides only a partial implementation and contains several bugs so is best avoided.) A high-level wrapper for {{{CarbonX.OSA}}} is under development.
 
 * PyObjC includes a wrapper for the (currently undocumented) {{{OSAKit}}} API on OS 10.4 and later.
 
= See also =
 
 * ["/aeve"]
 * /AppscriptModule
 * /AppleEvents
 * /AppleScriptNotes
 * /FourCharacterCode
 * ["/OSA"]
 * http://wilbur.acm.uiuc.edu/afs/sig/macwarriors/www/applescript/
 * http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/wcook/papers/AppleScript/AppleScript95.pdf
 * http://developer.apple.com/technotes/tn2002/tn2106.html
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