ATM PRESENTATION
Diapositive 1
Plan
ATM Overview Physical Layer ATM Layer
VP and VC switching Other ATM Functions Traffic Management
ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) Signalling
Diapositive 2
ATM Overview
ATM is connection-oriented ATM is packet based ATM uses fixed-length packets (cells) The header functionality is limited to reduce overhead ATM carries a wide variety of applications which translates in a complex mix of traffic characteristics and QoS requirements
Diapositive 3
ATM Overview
Header (5 bytes)
Payload (48 bytes)
US wanted 69 bytes fixed packet length : 64 bytes for the payload and 5 bytes for the header Europe wanted 36 bytes fixed packet length : 32 bytes for the payload and 4 bytes for the header
Standardized packet length : 53 bytes
48 bytes for the payload [ (64+32) / 2 = 48 ] 5 bytes for the header
Diapositive 4
ATM Network Model
ATM EndSystem
ATM Switch
ATM Switch
ATM Switch
ATM EndSystem
Higher Layers (IP, etc) AAL
Higher Layers (IP, etc) AAL ATM Layer Physical Physical ATM Layer Physical Physical ATM Layer Physical Physical
ATM Layer
Physical Layer
ATM Layer
Physical Layer
ATM Network
Diapositive 5
ATM End-system Layer functions
Upper layers (IP, FrameRelay, Voice, etc)
Variable Packets length Variable Packets length
ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)
Segmentation And Reassembly Message identification Clock recovery Flow control QoS Traffic management F4 and F5 management
ATM Layer
Cells
Cells
ATM Transmission Convergence (TC) Sub-Layer
Cell Rate decoupling HEC generation/verification Cell delineation (cell boundary and scrambling) Transmission frame adaptation (cell mode, SDH, G703) Transmission frame generation and recovery
Frames/cells
Frames/cells
Physical Medium (PM) Sub-Layer
Bit timing, Line coding Physical Medium access
Diapositive 6
ATM switch Layer functions
Upper layers (IP, ATM signalling)
Variable Packets length Variable Packets length
ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)
Segmentation And Reassembly Message identification Clock recovery VPI/VCI Header Translation Flow Control QoS Traffic management F4 and F5 management
ATM Layer
Cells
Cells
Cells
Cells
ATM Transmission Convergence (TC) Sub-Layer
ATM Transmission Convergence (TC) Sub-Layer
Cell Rate decoupling HEC generation/verification Cell delineation (cell boundary and scrambling) Transmission frame adaptation (cell mode, SDH, G703) Transmission frame generation and recovery
Frames/cells
Frames/cells
Frames/cells
Frames/cells
Physical Medium (PM) Sub-Layer
Physical Medium (PM) Sub-Layer
Bit timing, Line coding Physical Medium access
Diapositive 7
ATM Adaptation Layer - Segmentation And Reassembling
Upper Layer
Variable length packet Variable length packet
CRC
CRC
AAL
Segmentation
Reassembling
48 bytes 48 bytes 48 bytes 48 bytes 48 bytes 48 bytes
ATM Layer
Diapositive 8
AAL Types
Constant Bit Rate Applications (CES, VTOA) Compressed Low Bandwidth Applications
Data Applications (IP)
AAL Type 1
AAL Type 2
AAL Type 5
VPI=0/VCI=112 VPI=1
VPI=0/VCI=55
VPI=0/VCI=32
VPI=1/VCI=78
VPI=0/VCI=98
ATM Layer
VC Multiplexing VPI=0
VP Multiplexing
Physical Path
VPI=1/VCI=99
Diapositive 9
ATM interfaces
ATM Network
ATM Switch ATM Switch
ATM EndSystem
UNI
NNI
UNI
ATM EndSystem
NNI
NNI
ATM Switch
User-Network Interface (UNI) : connects an ATM end-system device to an ATM switch Network-Network Interface (NNI) : connects two ATM switches.
Diapositive 10
ATM connexion topologies
Point-to-Point : bidirectional assymetrical bandwidth
N Mbits/s
N Mbits/s
M Mbits/s
M Mbits/s
Point-to-Multipoint : unidirectional assymetrical bandwidth
N Mbits/s
N Mbits/s
N Mbits/s
0 Mbits/s
N Mbits/s
Diapositive 11
ATM cell format
At the NNI Interface (between two switches)
Cell header (5 bytes) 12 bits Virtual Path Identifier (VPI) 16 bits Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI) 4 bits 8 bits Header Error Control (HEC) Cell payload (48 bytes)
At the UNI Interface :
4 bits
GFC
8 bits
16 bits Virtual Channel Identifier (VCI)
4 bits
8 bits Header Error Control (HEC)
Virtual Path Identifier (VPI)
Payload Type (3 bits) CLP
0 = High Priority 1 = Low Priority
Used by the AAL 5
GFC = Generic Flow Control
CLP = Cell Loss Priority
EFCI bit
0 = Congestion experienced 1 = Congestion not experienced 0 = User data cell 1 = F5 OAM cell
Diapositive 12
Structure of an ATM physical path
ATM Switch
ATM Switch
(VCI=32)
(VCI=32)
VP (VCI=55) (VPI=0)
(VCI=70)
VP (VPI=0)
(VCI=55) (VCI=70)
(VCI=32)
VP (VCI=55) (VPI=3)
Transmission path (Physical Circuit)
(VCI=32)
VP (VPI=3)
(VCI=55)
(VCI=77)
(VCI=77)
VP (VPI=5)
VP (VPI=5)
Diapositive 13
User-Network Interface
Up to 16 777 216 virtual channels
256 VPs (Virtual Path)
65 536 VCs (Virtual Channel per Virtual Path)
Dedicated Virtual Channels
Signalling Channel (VPI=0/VCI=5) End-to-End VP F4 and F5 OAM Channel (VPI=x/VCI=3) Segment VP F4 and F5 OAM Channel (VPI=x/VCI=4) VP resource management (VPI=x/VCI=6)
Diapositive 14
Network-Node Interface
Up to 268 435 456 virtual channels
4096 VPs (Virtual Path)
65 536 VCs (Virtual Channel per Virtual Path)
Dedicated Virtual Channels
Signalling Channel (VPI=0/VCI=5) End-to-End VP F4 and F5 OAM Channel (VPI=x/VCI=3) Segment VP F4 and F5 OAM Channel (VPI=x/VCI=4) VP resource management (VPI=x/VCI=6)
Diapositive 15
Virtual Path (VP) switching (1)
Input
Output
Port VPI
A
Port VPI
E
A
B
0 35 0 8
F
D
18 5 5 0
35
Port A Port B Port C
Port D Port E Port F
18
18
A VP switch analyzes only the VPI field of each incoming cell header
Diapositive 16
VP Switching (2)
ATM VP Switch
VPI=0
Port A VPI=35
VPI=0
Port D
VPI=0 Port B VPI=0 VPI=18 Port E
Port C
VPI=8
VPI=5
Port F
Diapositive 17
Virtual Channel (VC) Switching (1)
Input
Output
Port VPI
A
VCI VPI VPI 39 32 45 88 99
F
VCI
55 60 100 61 155
A
B
0 0 3 2 5
E
D
1 7 0 7 0
C C
E D
32 0
39 0
39 0
Port A Port B
Port D
Port E Port F
100 3
155 0
155 0
45 3
60 7
61 7
99 5
2 88
99 5
Port C
55 1
55 1
38 1
A VC switch analyzes the VPI and VCI fields of each incoming cell header
Diapositive 18
VC Switching (2)
VC Switch
VCI=39 VPI=0 Port A VCI=32
VCI=100 VCI=15 5 VPI=0 Port D
VCI=45 Port B VPI=3
VCI=60
VPI=7
VCI=61 VCI=88
Port E
VPI=2 Port C VPI=5 VCI=99
VCI=65 VPI=1
Port F
VP Switch
Diapositive 19
ATM Connections - VP level
Virtual Path Connection (VPC)
Virtual Path Link (VPL) #1
Virtual Path Link (VPL) #2
Virtual Path Link (VPL) #3
Virtual Path Link (VPL) #4
VPI=0
VP Switch
VPI=3
VP Switch
VPI=10
VP Switch
VPI=2
VCI=32 VCI=95 VCI=100
Virtual Path Connection (VPC)
VP Connection (VPC) = concatenation of multiple VP links (VPLs)
Diapositive 20
ATM Connections - VC level
Virtual Channel Connection (VCC)
Virtual Channel Link (VCL) #1
Virtual Channel Link (VCL) #2
Virtual Channel Link (VCL) #3
Virtual Channel Link (VCL) #4
VCI=55
VPI=0
VCI=55
VCI=100
VPI=1
VCI=100
VCI=96
VPI=10
VCI=96
VCI=320
VPI=0
VCI=320
VC Switch
VC Switch
VC Switch
VC connection (VCC) = concatenation of multiple VC links (VCLs) Endpoints of a VCC = AAL (ATM Adaptation Layer)
Diapositive 21
Traffic Contract
Traffic contract of a connection includes :
Service category
CBR (Constant Bit Rate)
VBR (Variable Bit Rate)
UBR (Unspecified Bit Rate) ABR (Available Bit Rate) Peak Cell Rate (PCR) Sustainable Cell Rate (SCR) Cell Loss Ratio (CLR) Cell Transfer Delay (CTD) Cell Delay Variation (CDV)
Traffic Descriptor (one traffic descriptor for each direction of the connection) :
QoS requirement
Diapositive 22
More on ATM Layer functions
CAC UPC
Selective cell discard
Selective packet discard
Traffic Shaping and scheduling
Explicit Forward Congestion Indication (EFCI)
Diapositive 23
Connection Admission Control (CAC)
Connection Establishment request
Connection Traffic Descriptor
CAC ?
No OK
Call Rejected Allocate resources for the connection
The Connection Admission Control (CAC) is defined by the ITU-T as a set of actions that are done by the network during the call establishment phase (or during a call renegociation phase) in order to determine if a connection can be accepted WITHOUT affecting the QoS of connections already established. The CAC uses : - Connection Traffic Descriptor - Requested QoS class
Parameters for UPC
to allocate resources and to derive parameter values for the operation of the UPC.
Diapositive 24
UPC (Usage Parameter Control)
Incoming cell Connection Traffic Descriptor
No Yes
VP Physical Path VP
Compliant ?
UPC
Physical Path VP VP
Header Translation
Shaping Scheduling
CLP=1 ?
Congestion ?
Yes
Set CLP=1 Pass the cell Discard the cell
For each incoming cell, performs the following actions :
check the validity of a VPI/VCI
monitor cells of a connection to determine whether they conform to the traffic descriptors tag (to CLP=1), discard or pass the non-conforming cells
Operates in a timely manner without affecting the cell flow
Diapositive 25
Selective cell discard (Priority Control)
Priority control (also known as selective cell discard) is a mechanism by which network elements selectively discard cells with CLP=1 in order to guarantee a lows CLR to the CLP=0 cells. For each VC connection, the user may generate different priority cells by using the Cell Loss Priority (CLP) bit. CLP=0 cells are guaranteed a low CLR (Cell Loss Ratio) that CLP=1 cells.
Diapositive 26
Selective Packet Discard
Applies to AAL 5 cell streams For each VC connection, the user may generate different priority cells by using the Cell Loss Priority (CLP) bit. CLP=0 cells are guaranteed a low CLR (Cell Loss Ratio) that CLP=1 cells.
Diapositive 27
Traffic shaping and scheduling
Traffic shaping and scheduling
Traffic shaping mechanisms are used to achieve a desired modification of the traffic characteristics. Trafic shaping allows to increase of the efficiency of the ressource allocation by introducing more deterministic trafic pattern and reduce the burstiness.
Diapositive 28
Explicit Forward Congestion Indication (EFCI)
Congested link
EFCI Setting
Feedback
When a network element is in a congested state, it sets the EFCI bit in the header of the cells going through the congested path. Usage of EFCI bit by the ATM end-systems and higher layer protocols is under study.
Diapositive 29
F4 and F5 Operations And Maintenance (OAM)
User cells
User cells
VC Level
F5 OAM cells insertion
F5 OAM cells extraction
ATM Layer
End-to-End F4 OAM cells insertion
End-to-End F4 OAM cells extraction Segment F4 OAM cells extraction
VP Level
Segment F4 OAM cells insertion
VP (Tx)
VP (Rx) Physical Path
Diapositive 30
Physical Layer functions
ATM Layer
Cells
Cells
ATM Transmission Convergence (TC) Sub-Layer
Cell Rate decoupling HEC generation/verification Cell delineation (cell boundary and scrambling) Transmission frame adaptation (cell mode, SDH, G703) Transmission frame generation and recovery
Frames/cells Frames/cells
Physical Medium (PM) Sub-Layer
Bit timing, Line coding Physical Medium access
Diapositive 31
Cell Rate Decoupling
Assigned Cell
ATM Layer
Unassigned Cell
Valid Cell
Invalid Cell
Invalid Cell
Transmission Convergence Sub-Layer
Idle Cell
Idle Cell
Frames/cells
Frames/cells
Diapositive 32
Building of the switching table
Manually (PVC) through a System Management Dynamically (SVC) through Signalling
Diapositive 33
Permanent Virtual Connections (PVC)
Network Management System
(VPI, VCI)
(Input port, VPI, VCI) (Outport port VPI ,VCI )
(Input port, VPI , VCI ) (Outport port VPI ,VCI )
(VPI , VCI )
VPI/VCI
VPI /VCI
VPI /VCI
Diapositive 34
Switched Virtual Connections (SVC)
VPI/VCI
VPI /VCI VPI /VCI
Application
UNI Signalling
UNI Signalling
NNI Signalling
NNI Signalling
UNI Signalling
UNI Signalling
Application
AAL 5
AAL 5
AAL 5
AAL 5
ATM Layer VCI=5 Physical Path VCI=5
ATM Layer VCI=5 Physical Path VCI=5
ATM Layer VCI=5 VCI=5 Physical Path
ATM Layer
Diapositive 35
UTOPIA
Stands for Universal Test and Operations Physical Interface for ATM
Provides a standardized interface between the physical and ATM layers
ATM Layer
ATM Layer
UTOPIA Level II UTOPIA Level I
ATM Transmission Convergence (TC) Sub-Layer Physical Medium (PM) Sub-Layer
ATM Transmission Convergence (TC) Sub-Layer Physical Medium (PM) Sub-Layer
ATM Transmission Convergence (TC) Sub-Layer Physical Medium (PM) Sub-Layer
8 bits wide data path operates at up 25 Mhz date rate up to 155 Mbits supports 1 physical layer
16 bits wide data path operates at 25, 33 or 55 Mhz date rate up to 622 Mbits supports multiple physical layers
Diapositive 36
