Gustavo Forster
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ABB Substation Automation Systems Brazil
RED 670 Line Differential Protection Terminal
SEPTUA/TTPS - 1 2004-04--28 - REL 571 [Link]
[Link]/substationautomation
Features: RED670
Line differential terminal for:
All voltage levels OH-lines Cables Double circuit lines Series compensated lines Single and two pole tripping Optional protection functions Digital communication between line ends Route switched communication networks Easy upgrading from 2 terminal to tapped line protection
Bertil Lundqvist 2005-09-07, slide 2
Line Differential Protection: RED670
Application Areas
Multi-terminal lines with communication to 4 remote line ends Multi-terminal lines with transformers in the protected zone Tapped lines Tapped lines with transformers Short lines Long lines with charging current compensation
Bertil Lundqvist 2005-09-07, slide 3
Hardware Structure
Remote communication module with 4 ports Digital communication channels, 64 kbit/s, are required Possibility for redundant channels (for 2 to 3 terminals) Fibre optical module for dedicated fibres C37.94 optical module
CB1
AD1 NUM GSM BIM BIM BO M IOM MIM
PSM
TR M1
PSM
External G.703 converter (optical/electrical) Two local analogue inputs for differential protection Additional local inputs for complementary protection No external summation
CB2
CB3
Bertil Lundqvist 2005-09-07, slide 4
Three Communication Alternatives
Optical fibres
RED 670
> <
Optical fibres
RED 670
Back-to-back C37.94 protocol Route switched systems PCM with C37.94 interface
C37.94 protocol from RED 670
RED 670
> <
PCM
Optical fibres
< 10 m
G703
RED 670
> <
External Modem 21-216
PCM
><
Optical/galvanic modem C37.94 protocol from RED 670 G703 64 kbit or G703E1 2 Mbit from modem to PCM
Bertil Lundqvist 2005-09-07, slide 5
Route switched systems with REL 551/561
Tolerates different routes in forward and reverse direction only during switching Maximum transmission time T < 15 ms
< 0,2-0,5 ms difference continuous*
A
REL551/561
C E
C B
REL551/561
C E
*Depending on required sensitivity
Bertil Lundqvist 2005-09-07, slide 6
Route switched systems with RED 670
Tolerates unspecified route switching in telecommunication systems (SDH/PDH)
GPS system required for set up GPS loss tolerated with: Free-wheeling internal clocks Fall back to the echo method
GPS clock
D GPS clock GPS clock
A B
Maximum transmission time Td < 40 ms
Bertil Lundqvist 2005-09-07, slide 7
GPS clock
Main features for the differential protection Excellent tripping time <25 ms Completely phase segregated measurement Extremely stable for external faults Very good sensitivity for internal faults Flexible communication configuration
- back-to back systems - route switched systems with fixed transmission time in both directions using echo-synchronisation - telecommunication (SDH) systems with undefined route-switching using GPS synchronisation
Multifunction configuration
Bertil Lundqvist 2005-09-07, slide 8
Main features
Low CT requirements, Allowed CT ratio difference < 30:1 Differential algorithm not dependent on the number of connected lines Dual slope stabilisation Minimum operate current 10-150% Transfer trip can be sent to all terminals
Bertil Lundqvist 2005-09-07, slide 9
Dual slope stabilisation
Idiff Normal condition
Imin
bias
Bertil Lundqvist 2005-09-07, slide 10
REL 551/561 Current information
Fourier coefficient Iphase = f(t) = f(f) + f(f) f(f) = a*sin f t + b*cos f t
a and b transmitted and evaluated
Minimum transmission demand Maximum security Reduced influence from charging currents a and b transmitted every 5 ms
Bertil Lundqvist 2005-09-07, slide 11
REL 551/561Trip Evaluation Logic
Evaluation every 5 ms Trip at 2 or 3 tripevaluations out of 4 evaluations a and b are transmitted together with check bits
Moving
Window
0 0 0 0 T T 0 T 0 0 0 0 0
5 ms
2/3 of 4
Bertil Lundqvist 2005-09-07, slide 12
RED 670 Differential protection principle
Time tagged instantaneous sampled values Remote Communication Local anlogue inputs
Line end E Line end D Line end C Line end B Line end A2 Line end A1
Differential Protection algorithm
iin
I= O + charging current
iout
id
All currents iin , iout & id are calculated from phase current values from all line ends
Bertil Lundqvist 2005-09-07, slide 13
RED 670 Differential protection principle
Remote Communication Local anlogue inputs
Time tagged instantaneous sampled phase currents values
Fourier filter
Current differential Transformer interturn fault
-negative sequence 2-20% of I base Block Trip
Start Trip
Transformer inrush blocking
- second harmonic - wave block - 5 th harmonic Block
Symmetrical components
on off
Bertil Lundqvist 2005-09-07, slide 14
RED 670 Differential Trip Security
Sampled values collected every 1 ms Communication message sent every 5 ms Each communication message contains 5 sets of sampled values
Trip enabled with 5 consecutive sample sets calculated to trip 1 or 2 messages required depending on fault incidence point
0 0 0 T 3 4 5 0 0 0
T 1 2 3 4 5
1 2
5 ms
Bertil Lundqvist 2005-09-07, slide 15
CT-Saturation Detector
Security at external fault Minimum CT requirement
-t CT-saturation detected
< K1
d dt < K 2
-t >K 3
Bertil Lundqvist 2005-09-07, slide 16
Charging Current
Ic1
Idiff,false = Ic1 + Ic2
Ic2
RED 670
Communication
RED 670
Bertil Lundqvist 2005-09-07, slide 17
Charging Current Compensation
Continuous estimation of differential current at nofault condition: Charging current Pre-fault charging current estimation kept during faults Subtraction of the false pre-fault differential currents
At low resistance faults the fault current is large: dominating over the charging current: Error in the charging current compensation has minor influence At high resistive faults the voltage is maintained and the charging current is close to the non-faulted case
Bertil Lundqvist 2005-09-07, slide 18
Application examples
Power transformers can be applied within the protected zone
Id>
Id >
Small power transformers without a line differential terminal Time delayed differential function gives selective tripping for secondary side faults Instantaneous differential function for faults on the line
Id >
Id >
Id >
Bertil Lundqvist 2005-09-07, slide 19
Application examples tapped lines
Two terminal applications 2-winding power transformer with connected small delta tertiary load. Two lines (cables).
CB 1 Line 1 D CB 2 Line 2
2-winding power transformer on tapped line. Two lines (cables).
CB 1 Line 1 Line 2 CB 2
Passive load
Bertil Lundqvist 2005-09-07, slide 20
Application examples multicircuit lines
Three terminal application. 3-winding power transformer with small delta tertiary. Three lines (cables).
CB 3 CB 1 Line 1 D Line 2 CB 2 Line 3
Four terminal application. 2-winding power transformer, small delta tertiary. Four lines (cables).
CB 1 Line 1 Line 2 CB 2 D Line 4 Line 3 CB 2 CB 3
Bertil Lundqvist 2005-09-07, slide 21
Back- to- back communication Master-master configuration for a five terminal line
Id >
Id >
Id >
Id >
Id >
Bertil Lundqvist 2005-09-07, slide 22
Application examples
Two terminal line with 1 breaker
Id>
Id>
Two terminal line with 1 breaker, redundant channels
Id>
Id> Primary channels Secondary channels
Bertil Lundqvist 2005-09-07, slide 23
Application examples
Three terminal line with 1 breaker
Id >
Id >
Id >
Bertil Lundqvist 2005-09-07, slide 24
5-terminal application in Sweden
The Protected Circuit (Sydkratfts 130 kV system)
1500/2 A CB 1
Sege, CurrentTerminal 1
15.5 km
Fault: L1 - E Rf = 50 4.8 km
Stjarneholm, Current Terminal 5
22.0 km CB 5 1200/2 A
Arrie, Current Terminal 2
CB 2 3000/2 A 12.9 km 2.9 km 3.9 km
Svedala, Current Terminal 4
CB 4 1000/2 A
CB 3 1000/2 A
Trelleborg, Current Terminal 3
Bertil Lundqvist 2005-09-07, slide 25
Transformer Inrush Current Stabilisation
Transformer inrush current
B BR
8 6
Second harmonic stabilisation Wave form stabilisation - wave block
iL1 iL2
4 2
iL3
H
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
The second harmonic component appears as a characteristic quantity in a transformer inrush current. It is also possible to monitor the shape of a current signal
Bertil Lundqvist 2005-09-07, slide 26
Transformer Inrush Current Stabilisation
Heavy internal fault
Second harmonic blocking normally causes delayed operation in case of CT saturation
CT saturation will cause a second harmonic component in the secondary current
Bertil Lundqvist 2005-09-07, slide 27
Transformer Inrush Current Stabilisation How to avoid delayed trip for heavy internal faults?
Wave block dI/dt 0 in 4 ms Second harmonic stabilisation (10-25 %) - conditionally - always
Transformer switch on
Inactivate second harmonic blocking
Heavy external fault - Ibias > 1,25 Ir - No trip request Activated
60 seconds
Normal operation 6 seconds
Same as in RET 521
Bertil Lundqvist 2005-09-07, slide 28
Transforrmer Overvoltage Stabilization
The fifth harmonic component is used for stabilization B
3 2
Magnetizing current at system overvoltage
iL1 iL2
iL3
0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
H
-1 -2 -3
The fifth harmonic component appears as a characteristic quantity in the transformer magnetizing current during overvoltage.
Bertil Lundqvist 2005-09-07, slide 29
Transfer trip
Comm.
U Dif ff. etc..
Trip R Trip S Trip T
Transfer trip.
Protection independent direct transfer trip Security achieved with bit check Separate transfer trip via the channel for the differential protection 8 transfer trip channels
Bertil Lundqvist 2005-09-07, slide 30
Communication of binary signals
In each telegram there are eight binary signals freely configurable by the user in CAP configuration. These signals can be used for any purpose.
Bertil Lundqvist 2005-09-07, slide 31
Multifunction features
Line differential protection for 2 to 5 terminal lines Back up distance protection Instantaneous non-directional phase overcurrent protection Time delayed 4 step directional/non-directional phase overcurrent protection Thermal overload protection Breaker failure protection Current circuit supervision Instantaneous non-directional residual overcurrent protection Time delayed 4 step directional/non-directional residual overcurrent protection
Bertil Lundqvist 2005-09-07, slide 32
Multifunction features
Current circuit supervision Autorecloser 1- and/or 3-phase, single or double circuit breaker Synchro-check and energizing-check, single or double circuit breaker Disturbance recorder Trip value recorder Event recorder Service value reading U, I, P, Q, S, f, cosj, I diff, I bias, I remote Trip logic for single and three pole tripping of up to two breakers
Bertil Lundqvist 2005-09-07, slide 33
Line Differential Protection
A differential current does not always mean a fault, but -
Idiff
Bertil Lundqvist 2005-09-07, slide 34
Bertil Lundqvist 2005-09-07, slide 35
