v;k; 1

'khr;q) dk nkSj
ifjp;
;g v;k; iwjh iqLrd osQ fy, ,d iwoiZ hfBdk
Lrqr djrk gSA 'khr;q dh lekfIr dks
ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr dh 'kq#vkr dh
rjg ns[kk tkrk gSA ;gh ledkyhu fo'o
jktuhfr bl iqLrd dh fo"k;&oLrq gS blfy,
;g mfpr gh gS fd ge dgkuh dh 'kq#vkr
'khr;q dh ppkZ ls djsaA bl v;k; ls ;g
lkiQ gksxk fd fdl rjg nks egk'kfDr;ksa
la;qDr jkT; vejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k dk
opZLo 'khr;q osQ osaQ esa FkkA ;g v;k;
gesa fo'o osQ fofHkUu fgLlksa esa 'khr;q dh
lejLFkfy;ksa rd Hkh ys tk,xkA bl v;k;
esa xqVfujis{k vkanksyu ij bl n`f"V ls fopkj
fd;k x;k gS fd fdl rjg blus nksuksa jk"Vksa
osQ ncncs dks pqukSrh nhA xqVfujis{k ns'kksa }kjk
^ubZ varjkZ"Vh; vkfFkZd O;oLFkk* LFkkfir
djus osQ ;kl dh ppkZ bl v;k; esa ;g
crkrs gq, dh xbZ gS fd fdl rjg bu ns'kksa
us xqVfujis{k vkanksyu dks vius vkfFkZd fodkl
vkSj jktuhfrd Lora=krk dk lk/u cuk;kA
v;k; osQ var esa xqVfujis{k vkanksyu esa
Hkkjr dh Hkwfedk dk ewY;kadu fd;k x;k gS
vkSj ;g 'u iwNk x;k gS fd Hkkjr osQ fgrksa
dh j{kk esa xqVfujis{krk dh uhfr fdl lhek
rd liQy jghA

nwljs fo'o;q osQ var osQ [Link]:i nks egk'kfDr;ksa dk mn; gqvkA
ij osQ nks fp=k nwljs fo'o;q esa la;qDr jkT; vejhdk vkSj lektoknh
lksfo;r [Link]; dh fot; dks bafxr djrs gSaA
1- vejhdh lSfud 23 iQjojh] 1945 dks vkboks thek] tkiku dh
yM+kbZ esa viuk >aMk iQgjkrs gq,A
2- lektoknh lksfo;r [Link]; osQ lSfud ebZ] 1945 esa jkbLVSax fcfYMax
(cfyZu] teZuh) ij viuk >aMk iQgjkrs gq,A
fp=k 1 tks jkslsUFkky (n ,lksfl,V Sl) ls vkSj fp=k 2 ;soxsuh [kYnsbZ
(rk'k) ls lkHkkj

ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr

D;wck dk felkby ladV

ge nqfu;k dh lSj dj jgs gSaA ,slh txgksa ij tkuk tgk cM+h&cM+h ?kVuk, gqb gSa
lpeqp cgqr eksnkj gSA

;g uD'kk D;wck esa rSukr dh tk jgh [Link] felkby dh igqp dk nk;jk

fn[kkrk gSA uD'ks osQ uhps ;ku ls nsf[k,A ;g uD'kk la;qDr jk"V vejhdk dh
[kqfiQ;k ,tsalh lh-vkbZ-,- }kjk D;wck felkby ladV ij gqbZ xksiuh; cSBd esa
;ksx fd;k x;k FkkA
lzksr% tkWu ,iQ- osQusMh sflMsafl,y ykbczsjh ,aM E;wft;e

1961 dh vSy esa lksfo;r la?k osQ usrkvksa

dks ;g fpark lrk jgh Fkh fd vejhdk
lkE;okfn;ksa }kjk 'kkflr D;wck ij vke.k
dj nsxk vkSj bl ns'k osQ jk"Vifr fiQnsy
dkL=kks dk r[+rkiyV gks tk,xkA D;wck
vejhdk osQ rV ls yxk gqvk ,d NksVk&lk
}hih; ns'k gSA D;wck dk tqMk+ o lksfo;r la?k
ls Fkk vkSj lksfo;r la?k mls owQVuf;d rFkk
fokh; lgk;rk nsrk FkkA lksfo;r la?k osQ
usrk uhfdrk [kq'z pso us D;wck dks :l osQ
^lSfud vM~M*s osQ :i esa cnyus dk iSQlyk
fd;kA 1962 esa [kq'z pso us D;wck esa [Link]
felkbysa rSukr dj nhaA bu gfFk;kjksa dh
rSukrh ls igyh ckj vejhdk utnhdh fu'kkus
dh lhek esa vk x;kA gfFk;kjksa dh bl rSukrh
osQ ckn lksfo;r la?k igys dh rqyuk esa vc
vejhdk osQ eq[; Hkw&Hkkx osQ yxHkx nksxqus
fBdkuksa ;k 'kgjksa ij geyk cksy ldrk FkkA
D;wck esa lksfo;r la?k }kjk [Link] gfFk;kj
rSukr djus dh Hkud vejhfd;ksa dks rhu
grs ckn yxhA vejhdh jk"Vifr tkWu ,iQ
oSQusMh vkSj muosQ lykgdkj ,slk oqQN Hkh
djus ls fgpfdpk jgs Fks ftlls nksuksa ns'kksa
osQ chp [Link] ;q 'kq: gks tk,A ysfdu
os bl ckr dks ysdj n`<+ Fks fd q'pso
D;wck ls felkbyksa vkSj [Link] gfFk;kjksa dks
gVk ysaA oSQusMh us vkns'k fn;k fd vejhdh
taxh csM+ksa dks vkxs djosQ D;wck dh rjiQ
tkus okys lksfo;r kgktksa dks jksdk tk,A
bl rjg vejhdk lksfo;r la?k dks ekeys osQ
fr viuh xaHkhjrk dh psrkouh nsuk pkgrk
FkkA ,slh fLFkfr esa ;g yxk fd ;q gksdj
jgsxkA blh dks ^D;wck felkby ladV* osQ
:i eas tkuk x;kA bl la?k"kZ dh vk'kadk us
iwjh nqfu;k dks cspSu dj fn;kA ;g Vdjko

'khr;q dk nkSj

dksbZ vke ;q ugha gksrkA varr% nksuksa i{kksa

us ;q Vkyus dk iSQlyk fd;k vkSj nqfu;k
us pSu dh lkl yhA lksfo;r la?k osQ kgktksa
us ;k rks viuh xfr /heh dj yh ;k okilh
dk #[k dj fy;kA
^D;wck felkby ladV* 'khr;q dk
pje fcanq FkkA 'khr;q lksfo;r la?k vkSj
vejhdk rFkk buosQ lkFkh ns'kksa osQ chp
fr}af}rk] ruko vkSj la?k"kZ dh ,d k`a[kyk
osQ :i esa tkjh jgkA lkSHkkX; ls bu rukoksa
vkSj la?k"kksZa us ;q dk :i ugha fy;k ;kuh
bu nks ns'kksa osQ chp dksbZ [Link];kih jDrjaftr
;q ugha fNM+kA fofHkUu bykdksa esa ;q gq,_
nksukas egk'kfDr;k vkSj muosQ lkFkh ns'k bu
;qksa esa layXu jgs_ os {ks=k&fo'ks"k osQ vius
lkFkh ns'k osQ ennxkj cus ysfdu nqfu;k
rhljs fo'o;q ls cp xbZA
'khr;q fliQZ tksj&vktekb'k] lSfud
xBca/u vFkok 'kfDr&larqyu dk ekeyk
Hkj ugha Fkk cfYd blosQ lkFk&lkFk fopkj/kjk
osQ Lrj ij Hkh ,d okLrfod la?k"kZ tkjh
FkkA fopkj/kjk dh yM+kbZ bl ckr dks ysdj
Fkh fd iwjs fo'o esa jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd
vkSj lkekftd thou dks lw=kc djus dk
lcls csgrj flkar dkSu&lk gSA if'peh
xBca/u dk vxqvk vejhdk Fkk vkSj ;g
xqV mnkjoknh yksdra=k rFkk iwthokn dk
gkeh FkkA iwohZ xBca/u dk vxqok lksfo;r
la?k Fkk vkSj bl xqV dh frcrk lektokn
rFkk lkE;okn osQ fy, FkhA vki bu
fopkj/kjkvksa osQ ckjs esa d{kk X;kjg esa i<+
pqosQ gSaA

'khr;q D;k gS\

nwljs fo'o;q dk var ledkyhu
fo'o&jktuhfr dk ,d [Link] iM+ko gSA

lu~ 1945 esa fe=k&jk"Vksa vkSj /qjh&jk"Vksa osQ

chp nwljs fo'o ;q (1939&1945) dh
lekfIr gks xbZA fe=k&jk"Vksa dh vxqvkbZ
vejhdk] lksfo;r la?k] fczVus vkSj Qkal dj
jgs FksA /qjh&jk"Vksa dh vxqvkbZ teZuh] bVyh
vkSj tkiku osQ gkFk esa FkhA bl ;q esa fo'o
osQ yxHkx lHkh rkdroj ns'k 'kkfey FksA
;g ;q ;wjksi ls ckgj osQ bykosQ esa Hkh
iSQyk vkSj bldk foLrkj nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k]
phu] cekZ (vc E;kaekj) rFkk Hkkjr osQ
iwoksZkj osQ oqQN fgLlksa rd FkkA bl ;q esa
cM+s iSekus ij tugkfu vkSj /ugkfu gqbZA
1914 ls 1918 osQ chp gq, igys fo'o;q
us fo'o dks ngyk fn;k Fkk] ysfdu nwljk
fo'o;q blls Hkh T;knk Hkkjh iM+kA
nwljs fo'o;q dh lekfIr ls gh 'khr;q
dh 'kq#vkr gqbZA vxLr 1945 esa vejhdk
us tkiku osQ nks 'kgj fgjksf'kek vkSj ukxklkdh
ij [Link] ce fxjk;s vkSj tkiku dks ?kqVus
Vsdus iM+sA blosQ ckn nwljs fo'o;q dk
var gqvkA [Link] ce fxjkus osQ vejhdh
iSQlys osQ vkykspdksa dk roZQ gS fd vejhdk
bl ckr dks tkurk Fkk fd tkiku vkReleiZ.k
djus okyk gSA ,sls esa ce fxjkuk xSj&k:jh
FkkA bu vkykspdksa dk ekuuk gS fd vejhdk
dh bl dkjZokbZ dk y{; lksfo;r la?k dks
,f'k;k rFkk vU; txgksa ij lSU; vkSj
jktuhfrd ykHk mBkus ls jksduk FkkA og
lksfo;r la?k osQ lkeus ;g Hkh tkfgj djuk
pkgrk Fkk fd vejhdk gh lcls cM+h rkdr
gSA vejhdk osQ leFkZdksa dk roZQ Fkk fd
;q dks tYnh ls tYnh lekIr djus rFkk
vejhdk vkSj lkFkh jk"Vksa dh vkxs dh
tugkfu dks jksdus osQ fy, [Link] ce
fxjkuk k:jh FkkA fo'o;q dh lekfIr osQ
dkj.k oqQN Hkh gksa] ysfdu bldk [Link]

cgqr ikl fiQj Hkh cgqr

nwjA eSaus uD'ks esa ns[kk
vkSj eq>s ;OkQhu ugha
gqvk fd egk'kfDr osQ
brus ikl gksus osQ ckn
Hkh D;wck esa lkyksa&lky
ls vejhdk fojks/h
ljdkj dk;e gSA

ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr

;gh gqvk fd oSf'od jktuhfr osQ eap ij

nks egk'kfDr;ksa dk mn; gks x;kA teZuh vkSj
tkiku gkj pqosQ Fks vkSj ;wjksi rFkk 'ks"k
fo'o fooal dh ekj >sy jgs FksA vc
vejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k fo'o dh lcls
cM+h 'kfDr FksA buosQ ikl bruh {kerk Fkh
fd fo'o dh fdlh Hkh ?kVuk dks Hkkfor
dj losaQA vejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k dk
egk'kfDr cuus dh gksM+ esa ,d&nwljs osQ
eqdkcys [kM+k gksuk 'khr;q dk dkj.k cukA
'khr;q 'kq: gksus osQ ihNs ;g le> Hkh
dke dj jgh Fkh fd [Link] ce ls gksus
okys fooal dh ekj >syuk fdlh Hkh jk"V
osQ cwrs dh ckr ughaA ;g ,d lh/k&lknk
ysfdu vljnkj roZQ FkkA tc nksuksa egk'kfDr;ksa
osQ ikl bruh {kerk osQ [Link] gfFk;kj gksa
fd os ,d&nwljs dks vlguh; {kfr igqpk
losaQ rks ,sls esa nksuksa osQ chp jDrjaftr ;q
gksus dh laHkkouk de jg tkrh gSA mdlkos
osQ ckotwn dksbZ Hkh i{k ;q dk tksf[ke
;s rLohjsa ml fooal dks fn[kkrh gSa tks
vejhdk }kjk fgjksf'kek vkSj ukxklkdh ij
fxjk;s x;s [Link] ceksa osQ dkj.k gqvkA bu ceksa
dks ^fyfVy CokW;* vkSj ^iSQVeSu* osQ xqIruke
fn, x,A egk'kfDr;ksa osQ ikl vkt [Link]
gfFk;kjksa dk tks k[khjk gS mldh rqyuk esa ;s
ce cgqr NksVs FksA ;s ce e'k% 15 vkSj 21
fdyksVu {kerk osQ FksA bruh de {kerk osQ
[Link] ceksa us Hkh vdYiuh; fooal fd;kA
1950 osQ n'kd dh 'kq#vkr esa gh la;qDr jk"V
vejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k ,sls [Link]&ceksa dk
ijh{k.k dj jgs Fks ftudh {kerk 10 ls 15
gtkj fdyksVu FkhA nwljs 'kCnksa essa ;s ce
fgjksf'kek vkSj ukxklkdh ij fxjk;s x;s [Link]
ceksa dh rqyuk esa gtkjksa xquk T;knk fooald
FksA 'khr;q osQ nkSjku nksuksa gh egk'kfDr;ksa osQ
ikl bl rjg osQ gkkjksa gfFk;kj FksA tjk dYiuk
dhft, fd ;s gfFk;kj nqfu;k Hkj esa D;k rckgh
epk ldrs FksA

eksy ysuk ugha pkgsxk D;ksafd ;q ls

jktuhfrd iQk;nk pkgs fdlh dks Hkh gks]
ysfdu blls gksus okys fooal dks vkSfpR;[Link]
ugha Bgjk;k tk ldrkA
[Link] ;q dh lwjr esa nksuksa i{kksa dks
bruk uqdlku mBkuk iM+sxk fd muesa ls
fotsrk dkSu gS & ;g r; djuk Hkh vlaHko
gksxkA vxj dksbZ vius 'k=kq ij vke.k
djosQ mlosQ [Link] gfFk;kjksa dks ukdke
djus dh dksf'k'k djrk gS rc Hkh nwljs osQ
ikl mls cckZn djus yk;d gfFk;kj cp
tk,axsA bls ^vijks/* (jksd vkSj laarqyu)
dk roZQ dgk x;kA nksuksa gh i{kkssa osQ ikl
,d&nwljs osQ eqdkcys vkSj ijLij uqdlku
igqp
kus dh bruh {kerk gksrh gS fd dksbZ Hkh
i{k ;q dk [krjk ugha mBkuk pkgrkA bl
rjg] egk'kfDr;ksa osQ chp xgu fr}fU}rk
gksus osQ ckotwn 'khr;q jDrjaftr ;q dk
:i ugha ys ldkA bldh rklhj BaMh jghA
ikjLifjd ^vijks/* dh fLFkfr us ;q rks
ugha gksus fn;k] ysfdu ;g fLFkfr ikjLifjd
fr}fU}rk dks u jksd ldhA
'khr;q dh eq[k lSU; fo'ks"krkvksa ij
;ku nsaA blesa nks egk'kfDr;k vkSj muosQ
vius&vius xqV FksA bu ijLij fr}a}h xqVksa
esa 'kkfey ns'kksa ls vis{kk Fkh fd os roZQlaxr
vkSj ftEesnkjh Hkjk O;ogkj djsaxsA bu ns'kksa
dks ,d fo'ks"k vFkZ esa roZQlaxr vkSj ftEesnkjh
Hkjk cjrko djuk FkkA ijLij fojks/h xqVksa esa
'kkfey ns'kksa dks le>uk Fkk fd vkilh ;q
esa tksf[ke gS D;ksafd laHko gS fd bldh
otg ls nks egk'kfDr;ksa osQ chp ;q Bu
tk,A tc nks egk'kfDr;ksa vkSj mudh vxqvkbZ
okys xqVksa osQ chp ^ikjLifjd vijks/* dk
laca/ gks rks ;q yM+uk nksuksa osQ fy,
fooald lkfcr gksxkA bl lanHkZ esa ftEesnkjh

'khr;q dk nkSj

tqM+ko dk bLrseky futh fgr esa fd;kA bu

ns'kksa dks LFkkuh; fr}a}h ns'k osQ f[kykiQ
lqj{kk dk ok;nk feyk] gfFk;kj vkSj vkfFkZd
enn feyhA bu ns'kksa dh vius iM+kslh ns'kksa
ls gksM+ FkhA egk'kfDr;ksa osQ usrR` o esa xBca/u
dh O;oLFkk ls iwjh nqfu;k osQ nks [kseksa esa caV
tkus dk [krjk iSnk gks x;kA ;g foHkktu
lcls igys ;wjksi esa gqvkA if'peh ;wjksi osQ
vf/drj ns'kksa us vejhdk dk i{k fy;k
tcfd iwohZ ;wjksi lksfo;r [kses esa 'kkfey gks
x;k blhfy, ;s [kses if'peh vkSj iwohZ
xBca/u Hkh dgykrs gSaA
if'peh xBca/u us Lo;a dks ,d laxBu
dk :i fn;kA vSy 1949 esa mkj vVykafVd
laf/ laxBu (ukVks) dh LFkkiuk gqbZ ftlesa
12 ns'k 'kkfey FksA bl laxBu us ?kks"[Link] dh

dk eryc Fkk la;e ls dke ysuk vkSj rhljs

fo'o;q osQ tksf[ke ls cpukA 'khr;q us
lewph euq"; tkfr ij eaMjkrs [krjs dks
tSls&rSls laHkky fy;kA

nks&/zqoh; fo'o dk vkjaHk

nksuksa egk'kfDr;k fo'o osQ fofHkUu fgLlksa
ij vius Hkko dk nk;jk c<+kus osQ fy,
rqyh gqbZ FkhaA nqfu;k nks xqVksa osQ chp cgqr
Li"V :i ls cV xbZ FkhA ,sls esa fdlh
eqYd osQ fy, ,d jkLrk ;g Fkk fd og
viuh lqj{kk osQ fy, fdlh ,d egk'kfDr
osQ lkFk tqM+k jgs vkSj nwljh egk'kfDr rFkk
mlosQ xqV osQ ns'kksa osQ Hkko ls cp losQA
ijLij fojks/h xqVksa osQ vis{kkr NksVs
ns'kksa us egk'kfDr;ksa osQ lkFk vius&vius

fiQuySM
a

ukWoZs

ukVks lnL;
okjlk iSDV lnL;
vU; dE;qfuLV ns'k
vU; ns'k

1- R;sd frLi/hZ xqV

ls de ls de rhu
ns'kksa dh igpku djsAa
2- v;k; pkj esa fn,
x, ;wjksih; la?k osQ
ekufp=k dks ns[ksa vkSj
mu pkj ns'kksa dks
igpkus tks igys
^okjlk laf/* osQ
lnL; Fks vkSj vc
;wjksih; la?k osQ
lnL; gSAa
3- bl ekufp=k dh
rqyuk ;wjksih; la?k osQ
ekufp=k vFkok fo'o
osQ ekufp=k ls djsAa
bl rqyuk osQ ckn
D;k vki rhu ,sls
u;s ns'kksa dh igpku
dj ldrs gSa tks
'khr;q osQ ckn
vfLrRo esa vk,\

gsYkfladh
vksLyks

LVkWdgkse

LohMu
mkjh
lkxj

vk;jySaM

MsuekoZQ
Mcfyu

fczVus

uhnjySM
a
gsx

okjlk

czqlsYl

csfYt;e
yDlecxZ
Z
isfjl
kal

lksfs o;r
la?k

iksySaM

cfyZu

yanu

vVykafVd
egklkxj

ekLdks

dkWius gsxu

ckWu

iwohZ
teZuh
kx

if'peh psdksLyksok
fd;k
teZuh
fo;uk

cuZ

fLoV~tjySM
a

vkfLV;k

cqMkisLV

jksekfu;k

gaxjh
iqrZxky

;kYVk

cq[kkjsLV
csyxzM
s

Lisu
bVyh

fyLcu
eSfMM

;qxksLykfo;k

jkse

dkyk lkxj

cqYxkfj;k
lksfiQ;k

vYckfu;k
frjkuk

xzhl
'khr;q osQ nkSjku ;wjksi nks fr}a}h xBca/uksa esa cV x;k FkkA ekufp=k esa bl rF; dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA

vadkjk

rqdhZ

ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr

igyh nqfu;k
nwljh nqfu;k
rhljh nqfu;k

fuEufyf[kr rkfydk
esa rhu&rhu ns'kksa osQ
uke muosQ xqVksa dks
;ku esa j[kdj
fy[ksa
iwathoknh xqV

lkE;oknh xqV

xqVfujis{k vkanksyu

fd mkjh vejhdk vFkok ;wjksi osQ bu ns'kksa

esa ls fdlh ,d ij Hkh geyk gksrk gS rks
mls ^laxBu* esa 'kkfey lHkh ns'k vius
ij geyk ekusxa As ^ukVks* esa 'kkfey gj ns'k
,d&nwljs dh enn djsxkA blh dkj osQ
iwohZ xBca/u dks ^okjlk laf/* osQ uke ls
tkuk tkrk gSA bldh vxqvkbZ lksfo;r la?k
us dhA bldh LFkkiuk lu~ 1955 esa gqbZ Fkh
vkSj bldk eq[; dke Fkk ^ukVks* esa 'kkfey
ns'kksa dk ;wjksi esa eqdkcyk djukA
'khr;q osQ nkSjku varjkZ"Vh; xBca/uksa
dk fu/kZj.k egk'kfDr;ksa dh k:jrksa vkSj
NksVs ns'kksa osQ ykHk&gkfu osQ [Link] ls gksrk
FkkA tSlkfd ij crk;k x;k gS] egk'kfDr;ksa
osQ chp rukruh dk eq[; v[kkM+k ;wjksi
cukA oqQNsd ekeyksa esa ;g Hkh gqvk fd
egk'kfDr;ksa us vius&vius xqV esa 'kkfey
djus osQ fy, oqQN ns'kksa ij viuh rkdr dk
bLrseky fd;kA iwohZ ;wjksi esa lksfo;r la?k
dh n[kyankth bldk mnkgj.k gSA lksfo;r
la?k us iwohZ ;wjksi esa vius Hkko dk bLrseky

fd;kA bl {ks=k osQ ns'kksa esa lksfo;r la?k dh

lsuk dh O;kid mifLFkfr us ;g lqfuf'pr
djus osQ fy, viuk Hkko tek;k fd ;wjksi
dk iwjk iwohZ fgLlk lksfo;r la?k osQ ncncs
esa jgsA iwohZ vkSj nf{k.k&iwoZ ,f'k;k rFkk
if'pe ,f'k;k esa vejhdk us xBca/u dk
rjhdk viuk;kA bu xBca/uksa dks nf{k.k&iwoZ
,f'k;kbZ laf/ laxBu (SEATO) vkSj osQa h;
laf/ laxBu (CENTO) dgk tkrk gSA
blosQ kokc esa lksfo;r la?k rFkk lkE;oknh
phu us bl {ks=k osQ ns'kksa elyu mkjh
fo;ruke] mkjh dksfj;k vkSj bjkd osQ lkFk
vius lEcU/ etcwr fd,A
'khr;q osQ dkj.k fo'o osQ lkeus nks
xqVksa osQ chp cV tkus dk [krjk iSnk gks x;k
FkkA ,slh fLFkfr esa vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu]
elyu fczVsu vkSj Qkal osQ paxqy ls eqDr
gq, uo Lora=k ns'kksa dks fpark gqbZ fd dgha
os viuh bl vkkknh dks ikus osQ lkFk [kks
u cSBsaA xBca/u esa Hksn iSnk gq, vkSj cM+h
tYnh muesa njkj iM+hA lkE;oknh phu dh

'khr;q dk nkSj

1950 osQ n'kd osQ mkjkZ esa lksfo;r la?k

ls vucu gks xbZA lu~ 1969 esa bu nksuksa osQ
chp ,d Hkw&Hkkx ij vkf/iR; dks ysdj
NksVk&lk ;q Hkh gqvkA bl nkSj dh ,d
[Link] ?kVuk ^xqVfujis{k vkanksyu* dk
fodkl gSA bl vkanksyu us uo&Lora=k jk"Vksa
dks nks&/zqoh; fo'o dh xqVckth ls vyx
jgus dk ekSdk fn;kA
vki ;g loky iwN ldrs gSa fd
vkf[+kj egk'kfDr;ksa dks viuk xqV cukus dh
k:jr D;ksa iM+hA vkf[+kj vius [Link]
gfFk;kjksa vkSj viuh LFkk;h lsuk osQ cwrs
egk'kfDr;k bruh rkdroj Fkha fd ,f'k;k
rFkk vQhdk vkSj ;gk rd fd ;wjksi osQ
vf/dka'k NksVs ns'kksa dh lk>h 'kfDr dk Hkh
muls dksbZ eqdkcyk ugha FkkA ysfdu] gesa
;g le>us dh k:jr gS fd NksVs ns'k fuEu
[Link] ls egk'kfDr;ksa osQ cM+s dke osQ Fks
(d) [Link] lalk/uksa (tSls rsy vkSj
[kfut)]
([k) Hkw&{ks=k (rkfd ;gk ls egk'kfDr;k
vius gfFk;kjksa vkSj lsuk dk lapkyu
dj losaQ)]
(x) lSfud fBdkus (tgk ls egk'kfDr;k
,d&nwljs dh tklwlh dj losQa ) vkSj
(?k) vkfFkZd enn (ftlesa xBca/u esa
'kkfey cgqr ls NksVs&NksVs ns'k
lSU;&[kpZ ogu djus esa ennxkj gks
ldrs Fks)A
;s ,sls dkj.k Fks tks NksVs ns'kksa dks
egk'kfDr;ksa osQ fy, k:jh cuk nsrs FksA
fopkj/kjk osQ dkj.k Hkh ;s ns'k [Link]
FksA xqVksa esa 'kkfey ns'kksa dh fu"Bk ls ;g
laoQs r feyrk Fkk fd egk'kfDr;k fopkjksa dk
ikjLifjd ;q Hkh thr jgh gSaA xqV esa
'kkfey gks jgss ns'kksa osQ vk/kj ij os lksp

ldrh Fkha fd mnkjoknh yksdra=k vkSj iwt

a hokn]
lektokn vkSj lkE;okn ls dgha csgrj gS
vFkok lektokn vkSj lkE;okn] mnkjoknh
yksdra=k vkSj iwathokn dh vis{kk csgrj gSA

'khr;q osQ nk;js

'khr;q osQ nkSjku vusd ladV lkeus vk;sA
D;wck osQ ftl felkby ladV ls geus bl
v;k; dh 'kq#vkr dh] og buesa ls ,d
FkkA 'khr;q osQ nkSjku [kwuh yM+kb;k Hkh
gqb] ysfdu ;gk ;ku nsus dh ckr ;g Hkh
gS fd bu ladVksa vkSj yM+kb;ksa dh [Link]
rhljs fo'o;q osQ :i esa ugha gqbZA nksuksa
egk'kfDr;k dksfj;k (1950&1953)] cfyZu
(1958&1962)] dkaxks (1960 osQ n'kd
dh 'kq#vkr) vkSj dbZ vU; txgksa ij
lh/s&lh/s eqBHksM+ dh fLFkfr esa vk pqdh
FkhaA ladV xgjkrk x;k D;ksafd nksuksa esa ls
dksbZ Hkh i{k ihNs gVus osQ fy, rS;kj ugha
FkkA tc ge 'khr;q osQ nk;jksa dh ckr
djrs gSa rks gekjk vk'k; ,sls {ks=kksa ls gksrk gS
tgk fojks/h [kseksa esa cVs ns'kksa osQ chp ladV
osQ volj vk;s] ;q gq, ;k buosQ gksus dh
laHkkouk cuh] ysfdu ckrsa ,d gn ls T;knk
+
ugha c<+hAa dksfj;k] fo;ruke vkSj vIkQxkfuLrku
tSls oqQN {ks=kksa esa O;kid tugkfu gqbZ]
ysfdu fo'o [Link] ;q ls cpk jgk vkSj
oSeuL; fo'oO;kih ugha gks ik;kA dbZ ckj
,sls volj vk, tc nksuksa egk'kfDr;ksa osQ
chp jktuf;d laokn tkjh ugha jg ik;k
vkSj blls nksuksa osQ chp X+kyriQgfe;k c<+haA
,sls dbZ ekSosQ vk, tc 'khr;q osQ
la?k"kks vkSj oqQN xgu ladVksa dks Vkyus esa
nksuksa xqVksa ls ckgj osQ ns'kksa us dkjxj Hkwfedk
fuHkk;hA bl lanHkZ esa xqVfujis{k ns'kksa dh
Hkwfedk dks ugha Hkqyk;k tk ldrkA xqVfujis{k

mkjh vkSj nf{[Link]

dksfj;k vHkh rd D;ksa
foHkkftr gSa tcfd
'khr;q osQ nkSj osQ
ckdh foHkktu feV x,
gSa\ D;k dksfj;k osQ yksx
pkgrs gSa fd foHkktu
cuk jgs\

fo'o osQ ekufp=k

ij 'khr;q osQ
eq[k ?kVukLFkyksa
dks fpfr djsaA

ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr

'khr;q dk ?kVuke
1947
1947&52
1948&49

1950&53
1954

1954&75
1955
1956
1961
1961
1962
1965
1968
1972
1978&89
1979&89
1985
1989
1990
1991

% lkE;okn dks jksdus osQ ckjs esa vejhdh jk"Vifr

VweSu dk flkarA
% ek'kZy Iyku if'peh ;wjksi osQ iqufuZekZ.k esa
vejhdk dh lgk;rkA
% lksfo;r la?k }kjk cfyZu dh ?ksjkcanhA vejhdk vkSj
mlosQ lkFkh ns'kksa us if'peh cfyZu osQ ukxfjdksa dks
tks vkiwfrZ Hksth Fkh mls lksfo;r la?k us vius
foekuksa ls mBk fy;kA
% dksfj;kbZ ;q 38oha lekukarj js[kk osQ }kjk dksfj;k
dk foHkktuA
% fo;rukfe;ksa osQ gkFkksa nk;u ch;u iwQ esa Qkal dh
gkj_ tsusok le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj_ 17oha lekukarj
js[kk }kjk fo;ruke dk foHkktu_ fl,Vks (SEATO)
dk xBuA
% fo;ruke esa vejhdh gLr{ksiA
% cxnkn le>kSrs ij gLrk{kj_ ckn esa bls lsUVks
(CENTO) osQ uke ls tkuk x;kA
% gaxjh esa lksfo;r la?k dk gLr{ksiA
% D;wck esa vejhdk }kjk k;ksftr ^cs vkWiQ fiXl*
vke.k
% cfyZu&nhokj [kM+h dh xbZA
% D;wck dk felkby ladVA
% Mksfefudu fjifCyd esa vejhdh gLr{ksiA
% psdksLyksokfd;k esa lksfo;r gLr{ksiA
% vejhdh jk"Vifr fuDlu dk phu nkSjkA
% oaQcksfM;k esa fo;ruke dk gLr{ksiA
% vI+kQxkfuLrku esa lksfo;r la?k dk gLr{ksi
% xksckZPkso lksfo;r la?k osQ jk"Vifr cus_ lq/kj dh
f;k vkjaHk dhA
% cfyZu&nhokj fxjh_ iwohZ ;wjksi dh ljdkjksa osQ fo#
yksxksa dk n'kZuA
% teZuh dk ,[Link]
% lksfo;r la?k dk fo?kVu_ 'khr;q dh lekfIrA

vkanksyu osQ eq[k usrkvksa esa ,d tokgjyky

usg: FksA usg: us mkjh vkSj nf{[Link] dksfj;k
osQ chp e;LFkrk esa [Link] Hkwfedk
fuHkkbZA dkaxks ladV esa la;qDr jk"V la?k osQ
egklfpo us eq[k e;LFk dh Hkwfedk
fuHkkbZA varr% ;g ckr mHkjdj lkeus vkrh
gS fd egk'kfDr;ksa us le> fy;k Fkk fd
;q dks gj gkyr esa Vkyuk k:jh gSA blh
le> osQ dkj.k nksuksa egk'kfDr;ksa us la;e
cjrk vkSj varjkZ"Vh; ekeyksa esa ftEesokjh
Hkjk cjrko fd;kA 'khr;q ,d {ks=k ls nwljs
{ks=k dh rjiQ ljdrk x;k vkSj blesa la;e
dk roZQ gh dke dj jgk FkkA
gkykfd 'khr;q osQ nkSjku nksuksa gh
xBca/uksa osQ chp fr}afnrk lekIr ugha gqbZ
FkhA blh dkj.k ,d&nwljs osQ fr 'kadk dh
gkyr esa nksuksa xqVksa us Hkjiwj gfFk;kj tek
fd, vkSj yxkrkj ;q osQ fy, rS;kjh djrs
jgsA gfFk;kjksa osQ cM+s k[khjs dks ;q ls cps
jgus osQ fy, k:jh ekuk x;kA
nksuksa ns'k yxkrkj bl ckr dks le> jgs
Fks fd la;e osQ ckotwn ;q gks ldrk gSA
nksuksa i{kksa esa ls dksbZ Hkh nwljs osQ gfFk;kjksa dh
la[;k dks ysdj X+kyr vuqeku yxk ldrk
FkkA nksuksa xqV ,d&nwljs dh ea'kk dks le>us
esa Hkwy dj ldrs FksA blosQ vfrfjDr loky
;g Hkh Fkk fd dksbZ [Link] nq?kZVuk gks xbZ rks
D;k gksxk\ vxj X+kyrh ls dksbZ [Link]
gfFk;kj py tk, ;k dksbZ lSfud 'kjkjru
;q 'kq: djus osQ bjkns ls dksbZ gfFk;kj
pyk ns rks D;k gksxk\ vxj [Link] gfFk;kj
osQ dkj.k dksbZ nq?kZVuk gks tk, rks D;k
gksxk\ ,slh nq?kZVuk dk f'kdkj gq, ns'k osQ
usrkvksa dks oSQls irk pysxk fd ;g 'k=kq
dk "kM+;a=k ugha vFkok nwljh rjiQ ls dksbZ
felkby ugha nkxh xbZ gS] cfYd ;g egt
,d nq?kZVuk gS\

'khr;q dk nkSj

oqQ^h] ykWfiQax fon oqQ^h

;s nksuksa dkVZuw e'kgwj

Hkkjrh; dkVZfw uLV oqQ^h
us cuk, gSAa buesa
'khr;q dks ysdj Hkkjr
osQ ukfj, dks fpf=kr
fd;k x;k gSA igyk
dkVZuw ml le; dk gS
tc lektoknh lksfo;r
[Link]; dks va/js s esa
j[kdj vejhdk us phu
osQ lkFk xqipqi nksLrh
xkaBhA bl dkVwuZ esa
fn[kk, x, fdjnkjksa osQ
ckjs esa vkSj tkudkjh
tqVkb,A nwljs dkVwuZ esa
fo;ruke esa vejhdh
nqLlkgl dks fpf=kr
fd;k x;k gSA
fo;ruke&;q osQ ckjs
esa vkSj tkudkjh tqVk,A

,d ukj b/j Hkh vejhdh jk"Vifr tkWulu fo;ruke osQ elys ij cM+s d"V esa tku iM+rs gSaA

oqQ^h] ykWfiQax fon oqQ^h

jktuhfrd clar phu osQ gkFkksa esa vejhdk dk gkFk

10

xqVfujis{k vkanksyu
osQ laLFkkid

tkslsiQ czkWk VhVks

(1892&1980)
;qxksLykfo;k osQ
'kkld (1940&80)_
nwljs fo'o ;q esa
teZuh osQ f[kykiQ
yM+s_ lkE;oknh_
lksfo;r la?k ls nwjh
cuk, j[khA
;qxksLykfo;k esa ,drk
dk;e dhA

tokgjyky usg:
(1889&1964)
Hkkjr osQ igys
/kuea=kh (1947&64)_
,f'k;kbZ ,drk]
vukSifuos'khdj.k vkSj
fujL=khdj.k osQ ;kl
fd, vkSj fo'o&'kkafr
osQ fy, '[Link]
lgvfLrRo dh
odkyr dhA

ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr

bl dkj.k] le; jgrs vejhdk vkSj

lksfo;r la?k us oqQNsd [Link] vkSj vU;
gfFk;kjksa dks lhfer ;k lekIr djus osQ fy,
vkil esa lg;ksx djus dk iSQlyk fd;kA
nksuksa egk'kfDr;ksa us iSQlyk fd;k fd
^vL=k&fu;a=k.k* }kjk gfFk;kjksa dh gksM+ ij
yxke dlh tk ldrh gS vkSj mlesa LFkk;h
larqyu yk;k tk ldrk gSA ,sls ;kl dh
'kq#vkr lu~ 1960 osQ n'kd osQ mkjkZ esa
gqbZ vkSj ,d n'kd osQ Hkhrj nksuksa i{kksa us
rhu vge le>kSrksa ij nLr[+kr fd,A
;s laf/;k Fkha [Link] ijh{k.k frca/
laf/] [Link] vlkj laf/ vkSj [Link]
{ksikL=k ifjlheu laf/ (,aVh cSysfLVd
felkby VhVh)A blosQ ckn egk'kfDr;ksa us
^vL=k&ifjlheu* osQ fy, okrkZvksa osQ dbZ
nkSj fd, vkSj gfFk;kjksa ij vaoqQ'k j[kus osQ
fy, vussd laf/;k dhaA

nks&/zqoh;rk dks pqukSrh

xqVfujis{krk
ge ns[k pqosQ gSa fd fdl rjg 'khr;q dh
okg ls fo'o nks fr}a}h xqVksa esa cV jgk
FkkA blh lanHkZ esa xqVfujis{krk us ,f'k;k]
vQhdk vkSj ykfruh vejhdk osQ uo&Lora=k
ns'kksa dks ,d rhljk fodYi fn;kA ;g
fodYi Fkk nksuksa egk'kfDr;ksa osQ xqVksa ls
vyx jgus dkA
xqVfujis{k vkanksyu dh tM+ esa ;qxksLykfo;k
osQ tkslsiQ czkWk VhVks] Hkkjr osQ tokgjyky
usg: vkSj felz osQ xeky vCnqy ukflj dh
nksLrh FkhA bu rhuksa us lu~ 1956 esa ,d
liQy cSBd dhA baMksufs 'k;k osQ [Link] vkSj
?kkuk osQ okes ,uwek us budk tksjnkj leFkZu
fd;kA ;s ikp usrk xqVfujis{k vkanksyu osQ

laLFkkid dgyk,A igyk xqVfujis{k lEesyu

lu~ 1961 esa csyxzsM esa gqvkA ;g lEesyu
de ls de rhu ckrksa dh [Link] Fkk
(d) bu ikp ns'kksa osQ chp lg;ksx]
([k) 'khr;q dk lkj vkSj blosQ c<+rs
gq, nk;js] vkSj
(x) varjkZ"Vh; iQyd ij cgqr ls
uo&Lora=k vQhdh ns'kksa dk ukVdh;
mn;A 1960 rd la;qDr jk"Vla?k esa
16 u;s vQhdh ns'k crkSj lnL;
'kkfey gks pqosQ FksA
igys xqVufujis{k&lEesyu esa 25 lnL;&
ns'k 'kkfey gq,A le; xqtjus osQ lkFk
xqVfujis{k vkanksyu dh lnL; la[;k c<+rh
xbZA 2006 esa gokuk (D;wck) esa gq, 14osa
lEesyu esa 116 lnL;&ns'k vkSj 15 i;Zo{s kd
ns'k 'kkfey gq,A
tSls&tSls xqVfujis{k vkanksyu ,d
yksdf; varjkZ"Vh; vkanksyu osQ :i esa
c<+rk x;k oSl&s oSls blesa fofHkUu jktuhfrd
.kkyh vkSj vyx&vyx fgrksa osQ ns'k
'kkfey gksrs x,A blls xqVfujis{k vkanksyu
osQ ewy Lo:i esa cnyko vk;kA blh dkj.k
xqVfujis{k vkanksyu dh lVhd ifjHkk"kk dj
ikuk oqQN eqf'dy gSA okLro esa ;g vkanksyu
gS D;k\ njvly ;g vkanksyu D;k ugha
gS& ;g crkdj bldh ifjHkk"kk djuk T;knk
ljy gSA ;g egk'kfDr;ksa osQ xqVksa essa 'kkfey
u gksus dk vkanksyu gSA
egk'kfDr;ksa osQ xqVksa ls vyx jgus dh
bl uhfr dk eryc ;g ugha gS fd bl
vkanksyu ls tqM+s ns'k vius dks varjkZ"Vh;
ekeyksa ls vyx&Fkyx j[krs gSa ;k rVLFkrk
dk ikyu djrs gSaA xqVfujis{krk dk eryc

11

'khr;q dk nkSj

i`Fkdrkokn ughaA i`Fkdrkokn dk vFkZ gksrk

gS vius dks varjkZ"Vh; ekeyksa ls dkVdj
j[kukA 1787 esa vejhdk esa Lora=krk dh
yM+kbZ gqbZ FkhA blosQ ckn ls igys fo'o;q
dh 'kq#vkr rd vejhdk us vius dks
varjkZ"Vh; ekeyksa ls vyx j[kkA mlus
i`Fkdrkokn dh fons'k&uhfr viukbZ FkhA
blosQ foijhr xqVfujis{k ns'kksa us] ftlesa
Hkkjr Hkh 'kkfey gS] 'kkafr vkSj fLFkjrk cuk,
j[kus osQ fy, fr}a}h xqVksa osQ chp e;LFkrk
esa lf; Hkwfedk fuHkkbZA xqVfujis{k ns'kksa dh
rkdr dh tM+ mudh vkilh ,drk vkSj
egk'kfDr;ksa }kjk vius&vius [kses esa 'kkfey
djus dh iqjtksj dksf'k'kksa osQ ckotwn ,sls
fdlh [kses esa 'kkfey u gksus osQ muosQ
ladYi esa gSA
xqVfujis{krk dk vFkZ rVLFkrk dk /eZ
fuHkkuk Hkh ugha gSA rVLFkrk dk vFkZ gksrk gS
eq[;r% ;q esa 'kkfey u gksus dh uhfr dk
ikyu djukA rVLFkrk dh uhfr dk ikyu
djus okys ns'k osQ fy, ;g k:jh ugha fd
og ;q dks lekIr djus esa enn djsA ,sls
ns'k ;q esa layXu ugha gksrs vkSj u gh ;q
osQ lgh&X+kyr gksus osQ ckjs esa mudk dksbZ
i{k gksrk gSA njvly dbZ [Link] ls xqVfujis{k
ns'k] ftlesa Hkkjr Hkh 'kkfey gS] ;q esa
'kkfey gq, gSaA bu ns'kksa us nwljs ns'kksa osQ
chp ;q dks gksus ls Vkyus osQ fy, dke
fd;k gS vkSj gks jgs ;q osQ var osQ fy,
;kl fd, gSaA

ns'kksa dks ^vYi fodflr ns'k* dk ntkZ

feyk FkkA bu ns'kksa osQ lkeus eq[; pqukSrh
vkfFkZd :i ls vkSj T;knk fodkl djus
rFkk viuh turk dks X+kjhch ls mckjus dh
FkhA uo&Lora=k ns'kksa dh vkkknh osQ fygkk
ls Hkh vkfFkZd fodkl [Link] FkkA cX+kSj
fVdk fodkl osQ dksbZ ns'k lgh ek;uksa esa
vkkkn ugha jg ldrkA mls /uh ns'kksa ij
fuHkZj jguk iM+rkA blesa og mifuos'kd
ns'k Hkh gks ldrk Fkk ftlls jktuhfrd
vkkknh gkfly dh xbZA
blh le> ls uo varjkZ"Vh; vkfFkZd
O;oLFkk dh /[Link] dk tUe gqvkA 1972 esa
la;qDr jk"V la?k osQ O;kikj vkSj fodkl ls
laacaf/r lEesyu (;wukbVsM us'kal dkWusaQl
vkWu VsM ,aM MsoyiesaV& vadVkM) esa
^VqokMZl
~ v U;w VMs ikWfylh iQkWj MsoyiesVa *
'kh"kZd ls ,d fjiksVZ Lrqr dh xbZA bl
fjiksVZ esa oSf'od O;kikj&.kkyh esa lq/kj
dk Lrko fd;k x;k FkkA bl fjiksVZ esa dgk
x;k Fkk fd lq/kjksa ls

uo varjkZ"Vh; vkfFkZd O;oLFkk

(x) if'peh ns'kksa ls eaxk;h tk jgh

kS|ksfxdh dh ykxr de gksxh vkSj

xqVfujis{k ns'k 'khr;q osQ nkSjku egt

e;LFkrk djus okys ns'k Hkj ugha FksA
xqVfujis{k vkanksyu esa 'kkfey vf/dka'k

xqVfujis{k vkanksyu
osQ laLFkkid

xeky vCnqy ukflj

(1918&70)
lu~ 1970 rd felz
osQ 'kkldA vjc
jk"Vokn] lektokn
vkSj lkezkT;okn&fojks/
osQ fy, frcA Lost
ugj dk jk"Vh;dj.k
fd;kA bldh otg ls
lu~ 1956 esa
varjkZ"Vh; la?k"kZ gqvkA

(d) vYi fodflr ns'kksa dks vius mu

kfrd lalk/uksa ij fu;a=k.k kIr
gksxk ftudk nksgu if'pe osQ
fodflr ns'k djrs gSa_
([k) vYi fodflr ns'kksa dh igqp
if'peh ns'kksa osQ ckkkj rd gksxh_
os viuk lkeku csp losQa xs vkSj bl
rjg X+kjhc ns'kksa osQ fy, ;g O;kikj
iQk;nsean gksxk_

(?k) vYi fodflr ns'kksa dh varjkZ"Vh;

vkfFkZd laLFkkuksa esa Hkwfedk c<+sxhA

[Link]
(1901&1970)
baMksusf'k;k osQ igys
jk"Vifr (1945&65)_
Lora=krk laxzke dk
usr`Ro_ lektokn vkSj
lkezkT;okn&fojks/ osQ
fy, frc_ ckaMqax &
lEesyu osQ vk;kstdA
lSfud foksg esa
r[+rkiyV gqvkA

12

ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr

xqVfujis{k vkanksyu
osQ laLFkkid

okes ,uwek
(1909&1972)
?kkuk osQ igys /kuea=kh
(1952&66)_ vktknh
dh yM+kbZ osQ vxqvk_
vQhdh ,drk vkSj
lektokn osQ i{k/jA
uo&mifuos'kokn dk
fojks/ fd;kA lSfud
"kM~;a=k esa budk
r[+rkiyV gqvkA

rks bldk eryc ;g

fd uo varjkZ"Vh;
vkfFkZd O;oLFkk cl
fopkj gh jgk& dHkh
lkdkj ugha gqvk!

ikp ,sls ns'kksa osQ

uke crk, tks nwljs
fo'o;q dh
lekfIr osQ ckn
mifuos'kokn osQ
paxqy ls eqDr gq,A

xqVfujis{krk dh fr /hjs&/hjs cnyh

vkSj blesa vkfFkZd eqkas dks vf/d ego
fn;k tkus yxkA csyxzsM esa gq, igys
lEesyu (1961) esa vkfFkZd eqs T;knk
[Link] ugha FksA lu~ 1970 osQ n'kd osQ
e; rd vkfFkZd eqs eq[k gks mBsA blosQ
[Link]:i xqVfujis{k vkanksyu vkfFkZd
ncko&lewg cu x;kA lu~ 1980 osQ n'kd
osQ mkjkZ rd uo varjkZ"Vh; vkfFkZd
O;oLFkk dks cuk;s&pyk;s j[kus osQ ;kl
ean iM+ x,A bldk eq[; dkj.k Fkk fodflr
ns'kksa }kjk fd;k tk jgk rst fojks/A fodflr
ns'k ,d lqj esa fojks/ dj jgs Fks tcfd
xqVfujis{k ns'kksa dks bl fojks/ osQ chp
viuh ,drk cuk, j[kus osQ fy, th&rksM+
esgur djuh iM+ jgh FkhA

Hkkjr vkSj 'khr;q

xqVfujis{k vkanksyu osQ usrk osQ :i esa 'khr;q
osQ nkSj esa Hkkjr us nks Lrjksa ij viuh Hkwfedk
fuHkkbZA ,d Lrj ij Hkkjr us ltx vkSj
lpsr :i ls vius dks nksuksa egk'kfDr;ksa dh
[ksecs na h ls vyx j[kkA nwljs] Hkkjr us mifuos'kksa
osQ pqaxy ls eqDr gq, uo&Lora=k ns'kksa osQ
egk'kfDr;ksa osQ [kses esa tkus dk iqjtksj
fojks/ fd;kA
Hkkjr dh uhfr u rks udkjkRed Fkh vkSj
u gh fuf";rk dhA usg: us fo'o dks ;kn
fnyk;k fd xqVfujis{krk dksbZ ^iyk;u*
dh uhfr ugha gSA blosQ foijhr] Hkkjr
'khr;qdkyhu fr}afnrk dh tdM+ <hyh
djus osQ fy, varjkZ"Vh; ekeyksa esa lf;
:i ls gLr{ksi djus osQ i{k esa FkkA Hkkjr us
nksuksa xqVksa osQ chp ekStwn erHksnksa dks de
djus dh dksf'k'k dh vkSj bl rjg mlus bu
erHksnksa dks [Link];kih ;q dk :i ysus ls

jksdkA Hkkjr osQ jktuf;dksa vkSj usrkvksa dk

mi;ksx vDlj 'khr;q osQ nkSj osQ fr}af};ksa
osQ chp laokn dk;e djus rFkk e;LFkrk
djus osQ fy, gqvk_ felky osQ rkSj ij
1950 osQ n'kd osQ 'kq#vkrh lkyksa esas dksfj;kbZ
;q osQ nkSjkuA
;gk ;g ;kn j[kuk Hkh k:jh gS fd
Hkkjr us xqVfujis{k vkanksyu esa 'kkfey vU;
lnL;ksa dks Hkh ,sls dkeksa esa layXu j[kkA
'khr;q osQ nkSjku Hkkjr us yxkrkj mu {ks=kh;
vkSj varjkZ"Vh; laxBuksa dks lf; cuk;s
j[kus dh dksf'k'k dh tks vejhdk vFkok
lksfo;r la?k osQ [kses ls ugha tqM+s FksA usg:
us ^Lora=k vkSj ijLij lg;ksxh jk"Vkas osQ ,d
lPps jk"VoqQy* osQ ij xgjk fo'okl
trk;k tks 'khr;q dks [kRe djus esa u
lgh] ij mldh tdM+ <hyh djus esas gh
ldkjkRed Hkwfedk fuHkk;sA
oqQN yksxksa us ekuk fd xqVfujis{krk
varjkZ"Vh;rk dk ,d mnkj vkn'kZ gS ysfdu
;g vkn'kZ Hkkjr osQ okLrfod fgrksa ls esy
ugha [kkrkA ;g ckr Bhd ugha gSA xqVfujis{krk
dh uhfr us de ls de nks rjg ls Hkkjr dk
R;{k :i ls fgrlk/u fd;k
igyh ckr rks ;g fd xqVfujis{krk osQ
dkj.k Hkkjr ,sls varjkZ"Vh; I+kQS lys vkSj
i{k ys ldk ftlls mldk fgr l/rk
gksrk gks u fd egk'kfDr;ksa vkSj muosQ
[kses osQ ns'kksa dkA
nwljs] Hkkjr ges'kk bl fLFkfr esa jgk fd
,d egk'kfDr mlosQ f[kykiQ tk, rks
og nwljh egk'kfDr osQ djhc vkus dh
dksf'k'k djsA vxj Hkkjr dks eglwl gks
fd egk'kfDr;ksa esa ls dksbZ mldh vuns[kh
dj jgk gS ;k vuqfpr ncko Mky jgk
gS rks og nwljh egk'kfDr dh rjiQ

13

'khr;q dk nkSj

viuk #[k dj ldrk FkkA nksuksa xqVksa esa

ls dksbZ Hkh Hkkjr dks ysdj u rks csfIk+ Q
gks ldrk Fkk vkSj u gh /kSal tek
ldrk FkkA
Hkkjr dh xqVfujis{krk dh uhfr dh dbZ
[Link] ls vkykspuk dh xbZA ge ;gk ,slh
nks vkykspukvksa dh ppkZ djsaxs
vkykspdksa dk ,d roZQ ;g gS fd
Hkkjr dh xqVfujis{krk ^flkarfoghu*
gSA dgk tkrk gS fd Hkkjr vius jk"Vh;
fgrksa dks lk/us osQ uke ij vDlj
[Link] varjkZ"Vh; ekeyksa ij dksbZ
lqfuf'pr i{k ysus ls cprk jgkA
vkykspdksas dk nwljk roZQ gS fd Hkkjr
osQ O;ogkj esa fLFkjrk ugha jgh vkSj dbZ
ckj Hkkjr dh fLFkfr fojks/kHkklh jghA
egk'kfDr;ksa osQ [kseksa esa 'kkfey gksus ij
nwljs ns'kksa dh vkykspuk djus okys
Hkkjr us Lo;a lu~ 1971 osQ vxLr esa
lksfo;r la?k osQ lkFk vkilh fe=krk dh
laf/ ij gLrk{kj fd,A fons'kh i;Zo{s kdksa
us bls Hkkjr dk lksfo;r [kses esa 'kkfey
gksuk ekukA Hkkjr dh ljdkj dk n`f"Vdks.k
;g Fkk fd ckaXykns'k&ladV osQ le;
mls jktuf;d vkSj lSfud lgk;rk dh
k:jr Fkh vkSj ;g laf/ mls la;qDr
jkT; vejhdk lfgr vU; ns'kksa ls vPNs
laca/ cukus ls ugha jksdrhA
xqVfujis{krk dh uhfr 'khr;q osQ lanHkZ
esa iuih FkhA nwljs v;k; esa ge i<+saxs fd
lu~ 1990 osQ n'kd osQ 'kq#vkrh o"kks essa
'khr;q dk var vkSj lksfo;r la?k dk
fo?kVu gqvkA blosQ lkFk gh ,d varjkZ"Vh;
vkanksyu vkSj Hkkjr dh fons'k uhfr dh
ewy Hkkouk osQ :i esa xqVfujis{krk dh
klafxdrk rFkk Hkkodkfjrk esa FkksM+h deh

vk;hA cgjgky] xqVfujis{krk esa oqQN

vk/kjHkwr ewY; vkSj fopkj 'kkfey gSaA
xqVfujis{krk bl ckr dh igpku ij fVdh
gS fd mifuos'k dh fLFkfr ls vkkkn gq,
ns'kksa osQ chp ,sfrgkfld tqM+ko gSa vkSj
;fn ;s ns'k lkFk vk tk;sa rks ,d l'kDr

pj.k
d{kk dks cjkcj la[;k okys rhu lewgksa esa ckVsA R;sd lewg
nqfu;k osQ bu rhu [kseksa esa ls fdlh ,d dh uqekbanxh
djsxk& iwthoknh nqfu;k] lkE;oknh nqfu;k ;k rhljh nqfu;kA
v;kid ,sls nks laosnu'khy eqksa dks pqusaxs tks 'khr;q osQ
nkSjku fo'o 'kkafr vkSj lqj{kk dks [+krjk mRiUu dj pqosQ gksa
(dksfj;k vkSj fo;ruke ladV vPNs mnkgj.k gks ldrs gSa)A
R;sd lewg dks lacaf/r eqs ij ^?kVuk&p* cukus dks
dgsaA mudks vius lewg osQ n`f"Vdks.k ls ,d Lrqfr djuh
gksxhA bl Lrqfr esa ?kVuk dk dkye] mlosQ dkj.k vkSj
leL;k osQ lek/ku osQ fy, mudk dk;Ze 'kkfey gksxkA
R;sd lewg dks d{kk osQ lkeus ^?kVuk&p* Lrqr djus
dks dgsaA

v;kidksa osQ fy,

Nk=kksa dks ;ku fnyk, fd fdl dkj bu ladVksa us lacaf/r ns'kksa
vkSj 'ks"k fo'o dks Hkkfor fd;kA bu ns'kksa dh orZeku fLFkfr ls
Hkh tksM+dj ppkZ djsaA

bu {ks=kksa esa 'kkafr LFkkfir djus esa la;qDr jk"V vkSj rhljh nqfu;k osQ
usrkvksa dh Hkwfedk dks js[kkafdr djsa (dksfj;k vkSj fo;ruke ladV esa
Hkkjr dh Hkwfedk dks lanHkZ osQ fy, fy;k tk ldrk gS)A

^'khr;q osQ ckn okys nkSj esa ge bl dkj osQ ladVksa dks oSQls Vky
ldrs gSa* bl fo"k; ij okn&fookn 'kq: djsaA

14

ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr

lhfer [Link] ijh{k.k

lhfer [Link] ijh{k.k laf/ (,yVhchVh)

ok;qeaMy] ckgjh varfj{k rFkk ikuh osQ vanj [Link] gfFk;kjksa osQ ijh{k.k ij frca/ yxkus okyh bl laf/ ij vejhdk]
fczVsu rFkk lksfo;r la?k us ekLdks esa 5 vxLr 1963 dks gLrk{kj fd,A ;g laf/ 10 vDrwcj 1963 ls Hkkoh gks xbZA
[Link] vlkj laf/ (,uihVh)
;g laf/ osQoy [Link] 'kfDr&laiUu ns'kksa dks ,Veh gfFk;kj j[kus dh vuqefr nsrh gS vkSj ckdh ns'kksa dks ,sls gfFk;kj gkfly
djus ls jksdrh gSA [Link] vlkj laf/ osQ ms';ksa dks ;ku esa j[krs gq, mu ns'kksa dks [Link]&'kfDr ls laiUu ns'k ekuk
x;k ftUgksua s 1 tuojh 1967 ls igys fdlh [Link] gfFk;kj vFkok vU; foLiQksVd [Link] lkefxz;ksa dk fuekZ.k vkSj foLiQksV
fd;k gksA bl ifjHkk"kk osQ varxZr ikp ns'kksa & vejhdk] lksfo;r la?k (ckn esa :l)] fczVus ] Qkal vkSj phu dks [Link]&'kfDr
ls laiUu ekuk x;kA bl laf/ ij ,d tqykbZ 1968 dks okWf'kaXVu] yanu vkSj ekLdks esa gLrk{kj gq, vkSj ;g laf/ 5 ekpZ
1970 ls Hkkoh gqbZA bl laf/ dks 1995 esa vfu;rdky osQ fy, c<+k fn;k x;kA
lkefjd vL=k ifjlheu okrkZ&I (LVsVftd vkElZ fyfeVs'ku VkWDl & lkYV&I)
lkefjd vL=k ifjlheu okrkZ dk igyk pj.k lu~ 1969 osQ uoEcj esa vkjaHk gqvkA lksfo;r la?k osQ usrk fy;ksusM czs>uso
vkSj vejhdk osQ jk"Vifr fjpMZ fuDlu us ekLdks esa 26 ebZ 1972 dks fuEufyf[kr le>kSrs ij nLr[+kr fd,
(d) [Link] felkby ifjlheu laf/ (,ch,e VhVh)A
([k) lkefjd :i ls ?kkrd gfFk;kjksa osQ ifjlheu osQ ckjs esa varfje le>kSrkA
;s 3 vDrwcj 1972 ls Hkkoh gq,A
Lkkefjd vL=k ifjlheu okrkZ&II (LVsVftd vkElZ fyfeVs'ku VkWDl&lkYV&II)
okrkZ dk nwljk pj.k lu~ 1972 osQ uoEcj eghus esa 'kq: gqvkA vejhdh jk"Vifr fteh dkVZj vkSj lksfo;r la?k osQ usrk fy;ksuMs
cs>
z uso us fo;uk esa 18 twu 1972 dks lkefjd :i ls ?kkrd gfFk;kjksa osQ ifjlheu ls lacfa /r laf/ ij gLrk{kj fd,A
Lkkefjd vL=k U;wuhdj.k laf/&I (LVsVftd vkElZ fjMD'ku laf/&LVkVZ&I)
vejhdh jk"Vifr tkWtZ cq'k (lhfu;j) vkSj lksfo;r la?k osQ jk"Vifr xksckZpso us 31 tqykbZ 1991 dks lkefjd :i ls ?kkrd
gfFk;kjksa osQ ifjlheu vkSj mudh la[;k esa deh ykus ls lacaf/r laf/ ij gLrk{kj fd,A
Lkkefjd vL=k U;wuhdj.k laf/&II (LVsVftd vkElZ fjMD'ku laf/&LVkVZ&II)
lkefjd :i ls ?kkrd gfFk;kjksa oQks lhfer djus vkSj mudh la[;k esa deh djus ls lacaf/r bl laf/ ij :lh jk"Vifr
cksfjl ;sYrflu vkSj vejhdh jk"Vifr tktZ cq'k (lhfu;j) us ekLdks esa 3 tuojh 1993 dks gLrk{kj fd,A

15

'khr;q dk nkSj

rkdr cu ldrs gSaA xqVfujis{krk dk vk'k;

gS fd xjhc vkSj fo'o osQ cgqr NksVs
ns'kksa dks Hkh fdlh egk'kfDr dk fiNyXxw
cuus dh k:jr ugha gSA ;s ns'k viuh
Lora=k fons'k uhfr viuk ldrs gSaA ;g
vkanksyu ekStwnk vlekurkvksa ls fuiVus

osQ fy, ,d oSdfYid fo'o&O;oLFkk

cukus vkSj varjkZ"Vh; O;oLFkk dks yksdra=k/ehZ
cukus osQ ladYi ij Hkh fVdk gSA vius
vki esa ;s fopkj cqfu;knh ego osQ gSa
vkSj 'khr;q dh lekfIr osQ ckn Hkh
klafxd gSaA

2- fuEu esa ls dkSu&lk dFku xqV&fujis{k vkanksyu osQ ms';ksa ij dk'k ugha Mkyrk\
(d) mifuos'kokn ls eqDr gq, ns'kksa dks Lora=k uhfr viukus esa leFkZ cukukA
([k) fdlh Hkh lSU; laxBu esa 'kkfey gksus ls badkj djukA
(x) oSf'od ekeyksa esa rVLFkrk dh uhfr viukukA
(?k) oSf'od vkfFkZd vlekurk dh lekfIr ij ;ku osaQfr djukA
3- uhps egk'kfDr;ksa }kjk cuk, lSU; laxBuksa dh fo'ks"krk crkus okys oqQN dFku fn, x, gSaA R;sd
dFku osQ lkeus lgh ;k X+kyr dk fp yxk,A
(d) xBca/u osQ lnL; ns'kksa dks vius Hkw&{ks=k esa egk'kfDr;ksa osQ lSU; vM~Ms osQ fy, LFkku nsuk
k:jh FkkA
([k) lnL; ns'kksa dks fopkj/kjk vkSj [Link] nksuks Lrjksa ij egk'kfDr dk leFkZu djuk FkkA
(x) tc dksbZ jk"V fdlh ,d lnL;&ns'k ij vke.k djrk Fkk rks bls lHkh lnL; ns'kksa ij
vke.k le>k tkrk FkkA
(?k) egk'kfDr;k lHkh lnL; ns'kksa dks vius [Link] gfFk;kj fodflr djus esa enn
djrh FkhaA
4- uhps oqQN ns'kksa dh ,d lwph nh xbZ gSA R;sd osQ lkeus fy[kas fd og 'khr;q osQ nkSjku fdl xqV
ls tqM+k Fkk\
(d) iksySaM
([k) Qkal
(x) tkiku
(?k) ukbthfj;k
(M) mkjh dksfj;k
(p) Jhyadk

'ukoyh

1- 'khr;q osQ ckjs esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk dFku X+kyr gS\
(d) ;g la;Dq r jkT; vejhdk] lksfo;r la?k vkSj muosQ lkFkh ns'kksa osQ chp dh ,d
frLi/kZ Fkh\
([k) ;g egk'kfDr;ksa osQ chp fopkj/kjkvksa dks ysdj ,d ;q FkkA
(x) 'khr;q us gfFk;kjksa dh gksM+ 'kq: dhA
(?k) vejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k lh/s ;q esa 'kkfey FksA

'ukoyh

16

ledkyhu fo'o jktuhfr

5- 'khr;q ls gfFk;kjksa dh gksM+ vkSj gfFk;kjksa ij fu;a=k.k ;s nksuksa gh f;k, iSnk gqbA bu nksuksa
f;kvksa osQ D;k dkj.k Fks\
6- egk'kfDr;k NksVs ns'kksa osQ lkFk lSU; xBca/u D;ksa j[krh Fkha\ rhu dkj.k crkb,\
7- dHkh&dHkh dgk tkrk gS fd 'khr;q lh/s rkSj ij 'kfDr osQ fy, la?k"kZ Fkk vkSj bldk fopkj/kjk
ls dksbZ laca/ ugha FkkA D;k vki bl dFku ls lger gSa\ vius mkj osQ leFkZu esa ,d
mnkgj.k nsaA
8- 'khr;q osQ nkSjku Hkkjr dh vejhdk vkSj lksfo;r la?k osQ fr fons'k uhfr D;k Fkh\ D;k vki ekurs
gSa fd bl uhfr us Hkkjr osQ fgrksa dks vkxs c<+k;k\
9- xqV&fujis{k vkanksyu dks rhljh nqfu;k osQ ns'kksa us rhljs fodYi osQ :i esa le>kA tc 'khr;q vius
f'k[kj ij Fkk rc bl fodYi us rhljh nqfu;k osQ ns'kksa osQ fodkl esa oSQls enn igqpkbZ\
10- ^xqV&fujis{k vkanksyu vc vklafxd gks x;k gS*A vki bl dFku osQ ckjs esa D;k lksprs gSaA vius
mkj osQ leFkZu esa roZQ Lrqr djsaA