Running head: Family Violence

The Effects of Family Violence on Children in Germany and the US Michelle Orzel ayne State Uni!ersity S "#$%

&ecem'er () *%$$

Running head: Family Violence Abstract This +a+er ,ill discuss family !iolence and the effects it has on children in the United States as ,ell as in Germany- .t ,ill descri'e ,hat family !iolence is and ,ho it effects- The history of family !iolence in 'oth countries ,ill also 'e discussed in this +a+er- The different ser!ices a!aila'le for !ictims in Germany and the US and the

different +olicies for the countries ha!e drastically changed o!er time- Those ser!ices are a!aila'le to all ,omen) although not all ,omen are a'le to utilize them and some are too scared- Some of the +olicies formed around family !iolence ha!e 'een created 'ased on societal +re/udices) creating discrimination ,ith some of the ser!ices a!aila'le to hel+ alle!iate the +ro'lem- 0astly) this +a+er ,ill com+are the treatment +rocess for family !iolence ,ith the Social or1 !alues and Code of Ethics-

Running head: Family Violence Introduction Family !iolence is a serious +ro'lem for children and adults ali1e- 2ccording to

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Fin1elhor) Turner) Ormrod) 3am'y and 4rac1e 5*%%67) si8ty +ercent of the children they sur!eyed) 59):96 net children and adolescents sur!eyed7) had 'een e8+osed to !iolence ,ithin the +ast year) 9(-" +ercent ,ere assaulted in the last year) $%-* +ercent suffered from child maltreatment) *:-" +ercent ,itnessed a !iolent act and 6-; +ercent sa, one family mem'er assault another family mem'er 5+g-*7- Family !iolence) also 1no,n as domestic !iolence) can 'e defined as the ,illful intimidation) assault) 'attery) se8ual assault or other a'usi!e 'eha!ior +er+etrated 'y one family mem'er) household mem'er) or intimate +artner against another 5<ational Center for Victims of Crime) *%%;7Family !iolence is a serious +ro'lem in our country and all o!er the ,orld= one that cannot 'e ignored- 2ccording to The <ational Center for Victims of Crime 5*%%;7) the !iolence lea!es a +rofound effect on the !ictim>s daily acti!ities and functioning) thin1ing) and inter+ersonal relationshi+s- They may also e8+erience +ost traumatic stress disorder and any or all of the follo,ing reactions: fear) nightmares and slee+ distur'ances) an8iety) anger) difficulty concentrating) de+ression) lo, self?esteem) shame and em'arrassment) chronic +hysical com+laints) su'stance a'use) social ,ithdra,al) feelings of hel+lessness and ho+elessness) self?'lame) num'ness) and hy+er !igilance 5the ina'ility to rela87 5+g-$7- They also discuss ho, the !ictims of a'use may 'lame themsel!es) try to change their 'eha!iors to +lease ,hoe!er is a'using them or minimize the seriousness of the a'use in order to feel 'etter a'out not doing anything a'out it- This creates a difficult en!ironment for the !ictims 'ecause they ,ill often 1ee+ the a'use to

Running head: Family Violence themsel!es out of fear) em'arrassment or loneliness= this causes a lot of isolation and silence in the li!es of those hurting !ictims) es+ecially childrenGlo'al studies on family !iolence are not !ery common= ho,e!er) they are necessary in order to ma1e accurate com+arisons on this ma/or social +ro'lem 'et,een

countries- The first glo'al study on family !iolence ,as conducted 'y the 0ondon School of 3ygiene and Tro+ical Medicine) a glo'al health organization called @ath and the orld 3ealth Organization and ,as released on <o!em'er *9) *%%:- There ,ere *9)%%% ,omen ,ho ,ere inter!ie,ed in the study- 2ccording to & ? orld-&E) Aone in fi!e ,omen in Germany suffers +hysical or se8ual !iolence at the hands of their +artnerB 5+g$7- 2n attem+t at an e8+lanation for family !iolence is e8+lained in A&omestic Violence: 2 Glo'al Vie,B 'y Randal - Summers 5*%%*7) A.n German society masculinity im+lies

an assertion of su+eriority to) and +o,er o!er) ,omen- This ad!antage is reflected in the uneCual distri'ution of material and social resources that create an im+ortant condition for the use of !iolence 'y men against ,omenB 5+g-9$7- This is a ridiculous e8cuse- The issue is glo'al) it is im+ortant) and it needs to 'e addressed differently than it has in the +ast= more needs to 'e doneHistory Family !iolence has al,ays 'een a +ro'lem in the ,orld= it /ust ,asn>t al,ays recognized and treated as if it ,ere one- 2ccording to Dac1ie &a!is of the Ca'ot @olice &e+artment 5*%%$7) a ,oman ,as considered +ro+erty of her hus'and and su'/ect to his control in early Roman society- 2 man could 'eat) di!orce or e!en murder his ,ife if she did anything that made him loo1 'ad or threatened his +ro+erty rights- These ,ere all considered !ery +ri!ate matters and ,ere not discussed or +u'licly scrutinized 5+g-*7-

Running head: Family Violence AThe Catholic ChurchEs endorsement of FThe Rules of Marriage> in the $:th century e8horted the hus'and to stand as /udge of his ,ife- 3e ,as to 'eat her ,ith a stic1 u+on her commission of an offense- 2ccording to the GRules)G 'eating sho,ed a concern for the ,ifeEs soulB 5&a!is) *%%$7-

.n the $;#%>s) states 'egan 'anning a man>s right to 'eat his family and la,s ,ere moderately enforced 5&a!is) *%%$7- 2ccording to Cam+oreale) Crouse) Foley) and Motroni 5n-d-7) Ain $;#; Francis Co'' ,rote F ife Torture in England>) 'ringing ,omen 'attering into the +u'lic eye- Co'' fought for /ail time for 'atters and alimony for families ,hile the a'user is in /ailB 5+g-*7- .t is from these 1inds of cases and e!ents that cause glo'al a,areness of the issue.nformation for the history of ho, family !iolence ,as handled in Germany ,as slightly more difficult to come across- 2s early as $#*$) a trial transcri+t from Germany sho,ed that Athe ,omen are on trial for les'ianism ,hen domestic !iolence is re!ealedThe defendantHsentenced to death- The codefendantHrecei!ed " years in /ail and is then 'anished?not 'ecause she ,as the !ictim) 'ut 'ecause she ,as Fsim+le?minded>B 5Safe<et,or1) $666) +g-"7- 2ccording to aller and Rycenga 5*%%$7) AThe s+read of

domestic !iolence into the +u'lic domain) a situation ,hich is to 'e e8+ected if a society does not react a++ro+riately) could e!en cause a ,arHif societies do not ma1e clear to !iolent +er+etrators of domestic !iolence that they cannot continue freely to 'eat and torture mem'ers of their families) !iolent 'eha!ior ,ill increase) ,ithin and 'eyond the homeB 5+g-9:7- They continue descri'ing ho, family !iolence is clearly a !iolation of 'asic human rights and 'efore ..) there ,as an Fegregious infringement of human

rights> in Germany and this infringement should 'e considered a +ersonal affair of the

Running head: Family Violence inde+endent so!ereign country 5+g- 9:7- So the realization that family !iolence is indeed a +ro'lem did not come a'out until it 'ecame a +ost?,ar thoughtFamily !iolence ,as ne!er tal1ed a'out in society or s+ecifically mentioned any,here really- 2 solid definition of family !iolence ,ould 'e difficult to find from decades ago- 2ccording to the Dohn 3o,ard Society of 2l'erta 5*%$%7) it is defined as)

AFamily !iolence descri'es a systematic +attern of a'usi!e 'eha!iors ,ithin a relationshi+ that is characterized 'y intimacy) de+endency andIor trust- The a'usi!e 'eha!iors e8ist ,ithin a conte8t ,here their +ur+ose is to gain +o,er) control and induce fear- 2'usi!e 'eha!ior can ta1e many forms including !er'al) emotional) +hysical) se8ual) +sychological 5e-g- destruction of +ets and +ro+erty7) s+iritual) economic) !iolation of rights) and e8+loitation through neglectB 5+g-$7This definition includes a lot of as+ects to family !iolence and to attem+t to com+are it ,ith a definition from (% years ago ,ould 'e redundantPolicy 2 lot had changed and 'een im+ro!ed o!er the years ,ith regards to family !iolence in 'oth the United States and Germany- For instance) in the $:%%>s) 2mericans ,ere 'asing their la,s on the su'/ect off of the old English common la,s: the Frule of thum'> mentioned earlier 5Safe<et,or1) $6667- .t ,asn>t until $;*9 ,hen that ,as finally changed) and e!en so) it ,as only changed slightly- 2ccording to Safe<et,or1: California>s &omestic Violence Resource 5$6667) A2 decision 'y the Mississi++i Su+reme Court in Jradley !- State * Miss- 5 al1er7) allo,s a hus'and to administer only Gmoderate chastisement in cases of emergency- - -G 5+g-*7- 2 Massachusetts court is the first in the country to recognize the s+ousal ra+e e8em+tion "" years later 5Safe<et,or1) $666) +g- *7- .n $;#9) <orth Carolina>s Su+reme Court ma1es a ruling that sort of a ,in and loss for ,omen- The Ffinger?s,itch> rule is thro,n out and the courts claim Athe hus'and has no right to chastise his ,ife under any circumstancesB 'ut then goes on to

Running head: Family Violence state Aif no +ermanent in/ury has 'een inflicted) nor malice) cruelty nor dangerous !iolence sho,n 'y the hus'and) it is 'etter to dra, the curtain) shut out the +u'lic gaze

and lea!e the +arties to forget and forgi!eB 5Safe<et,or1) $666) +g- "7- <orth Carolina>s Su+reme Court ste+s in and ta1es a,ay all restrictions on a hus'and>s res+onsi'ility and for'ids a hus'and from committing any form of assault) no matter ho, small) against his ,ife in $;6% 5Safe<et,or1) $666) +g- "7The $6%%>s 'ring a'out much more success for 'attered ,omen and children 'ecause of the ,omen>s rights mo!ement- For instance) according to Safe<et,or1: California>s &omestic Violence Resource 5$6667) in $6$$ Juffalo) <K created the country>s first family court- Only three years later) a court in Chicago connected ,ith the first adult +sychiatric clinic 'ecause +eo+le 'egan 'elie!ing that Adomestic relations courts ,ill 'etter sol!e family +ro'lems in a setting of discussion and reconciliation engineered 'y social ser!ice inter!entionB 5+g-"7- 2 California statute in $69: states) A2ny hus'and ,ho ,illfully inflicts u+on his ,ife cor+oral in/ury resulting in a traumatic condition) and any +erson ,ho ,illfully inflicts u+on any child any cruel and inhumane cor+oral +unishments or in/ury resulting in a traumatic condition) is guilty of a felony) and u+on con!iction thereof shall 'e +unished 'y im+risonmentHB 5Safe<et,or1) $666) +g- 97The F(%s and F#%s ,ere a ma/or time for ,omen and children in 2merica- For instance) 'y $6(() e!ery state ,ith the e8ce+tion of 3a,aii +assed child a'use re+ort la,s 5Safe<et,or1) $666) +g-97- .n $6#%) the Richmond) California +olice de+artment made domestic crisis inter!ention training reCuired ,ith their in?ser!ice training) 'ecoming the first in the nation to do so and to train all their +olice officers

Running head: Family Violence 5Safe<et,or1) $666) +g-:7- .n $6#9) 3a!en 3ouse +ro!ides the countryEs first ChildrenEs @rogram 5Safe<et,or1) $666) +g-#7- 2lthough all the other shelters ,ere aimed directly at 'attered ,omen and allo,ed children) es+ecially of single mothers) to stay at their shelters) this ,as the first +rogram directed to,ards childrenThe &omestic Violence 2ct ,as +assed in $6#;) ,hich Aallo,s for tem+orary e8clusion from the house of the !iolent +artner using a ci!il in/unction ,ith the +ossi'ility of attaching +o,ers of arrest for su'seCuent !iolationB 5Safe<et,or1) $666)

+g-$$7- 2lso in >#;) The <a!y 'egan a +rogram 1no,n as the Family 2d!ocacy @rogram that ,as the only ser!ice?,ide +rogram for treating ,omen and children 'eing a'usedThe Family Violence @re!ention and Ser!ices 2ct of $6;9 ,as a great !ictory for ,omen and children- 2ccording to the <ational <et,or1 to End &omestic Violence) this act 'ecame the only federal funding source s+ecifically for family !iolence shelters and +rograms- 2s +art of those +rograms) emergency shelters o+ened u+) hotlines 'ecame readily a!aila'le to anyone ,ho could ma1e a +hone call) counseling and ad!ocacy to hel+ ,omen and children 'ecame a!aila'le and +rimary and secondary family !iolence +re!ention ,as enacted 5*%$$7- 2lthough the Family Violence @re!ention and Ser!ices 2ct e8+ired in *%%;) it ,as reauthorized as +art of the Child 2'use @re!ention and Treatment 2ct in *%$%- This ne, act maintains se!eral features of the original one) ,hile also adding se!eral other features- This act is so im+ortant to ,omen and children all o!er the country- .t su++orts lifesa!ing emergency shelters) crisis lines) safety +lanning) legal assistance) counseling) and +re!entati!e education for millions of adults and children each year-

Running head: Family Violence .n $669) California +assed the Friedman?2l+ert?Solis Jattered omen>s

@rotection 2ct) ,hich +ro!ided L$$-: million for ,omen>s and children>s shelters and another L"-: million to im+ro!e domestic !iolence +rosecutions 5Safe<et,or1) $666) +g-$#7- This California la, +assing ,as the first time that a su'stantial amount of state general funds are committed to domestic !iolence +rotectionThe most im+ortant +iece of legislature for family !iolence ,as +assed in $669 and is still going strong today: The Violent Crime Control and 0a, Enforcement 2ct of $669= also 1no,n as the Violence 2gainst omen 2ct 5V2 27- This act) according to

The 3otline 5n-d7) fostered Acommunity?coordinated res+onses) recognition and su++ort for the efforts of domestic !iolence shelters) ra+e crisis centers) and other community organizations nation,ide) federal +rosecution of interstate domestic !iolence and se8ual assault crimes) federal guarantees of interstate enforcement of +rotection orders) +rotections for 'attered immigrants) and a ne, focus on underser!ed +o+ulations and <ati!e !ictims of domestic !iolence and se8ual assaultB 5+g-"7- So many im+ortant as+ects ,ent into this act that ,as a 'ig ste+ for family !iolence +re!ention and +rotectionCalifornia +asses @ro+osition $% in $66;) a real ,in for children- @ro+osition $%) 1no,n as the California Children and Families First .nitiati!e +ro!ides Asustaina'le funding for social ser!ice +rograms for children ages %?: and their careta1ers and a significant domestic !iolence com+onentB 5Safe<et,or1) $666) +g-$;7- The funding for these +rograms is all +ro!ided 'y the to'acco ta8Germany is a ,hole other story though- 2ccording to 0egislation Online 5*%$$7) A2s stated 'y the German Jasic 0a, all +eo+le irres+ecti!e of their se8 are guaranteed

Running head: Family Violence

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+rotection of the right to life and freedom from +hysical or mental harm- .t is em+hasized that the state is o'liged to +rotect human dignity ,hich is recognized as an in!iola'le !alueB 5+g-$7- .t also goes on to e8+lain that German +enal code reCuires se!ere +enalties for any form of family !iolence- 2 +articular section of the Ci!il Code is !ery im+ortant for children in Germany- This section guarantees the right of a child to an u+'ringing free from !iolence- Se!eral measures are ta1en to ensure this 53enschel) *%%*) +g- 97Family !iolence ,as considered ta'oo to discuss u+ until $6#:) 1no,n as the .nternational oman>s Kear- 2 year later) according to &r- 2ngeli1a 3enschel 5*%%*7)

the Afirst German shelter for ,omen ,as founded in JerlinHfollo,ed 'y the Rends'urg omen>s Shelter as a model for the rural areasB 5+g-*7- She continues to discuss the areas of focus that the go!ernment has in mind ,hen funding these shelters) and the ne, areas of focus that ha!e 'een added in the +ast $% years2nother ma/or ste+ in family !iolence in Germany ,as the German @arliamentary 2ct that ,as +assed in &ecem'er of $666- This act included measures such as 'anning !iolence against ,omen and children and im+ro!ing the +rotection and +re!ention of !iolence for ,omen and children 53enschel) *%%*) +g-*7- 3enschel 5*%%*7 also states that A&omestic !iolence goes against ci!il and criminal la,) in ,hich the +er+etrator must rec1on ,ith go!ernment sanctionsB 5+g-"72n im+ortant act ,as +assed in *%%* called the 2ct to .m+ro!e Ci!il Court @rotection in the E!ent of Violent 2cts and Un,elcome 2d!ances) as ,ell as to Facilitate 2llocation of the Marital 3ome in the E!ent of Se+aration) ,hich really hel+s in +re!enting and +rotecting against family !iolence- This act hel+s courts 'ecome more a!aila'le in +ro!iding +rotecti!e measures that A+rohi'it the offender from entering the

Running head: Family Violence

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marital house) !isiting a certain +lace ,here the !ictim stays) contacting the !ictim 'y a tele+hone and othersB 5+g-$7- 2ll of the acts mentioned a'o!e ,ere critical for the de!elo+ment of +rotection and +re!ention against family !iolence for ,omen and children ali1eServices Many ser!ices ha!e 'een created to hel+ ,omen and children ,ho are !ictims of family !iolence- Thousands of shelters ,ere created for ,omen and children all o!er the United States 5Safe<et,or1) $666) +g-$:7- Shelters are an o+tion for ,omen and children 'ecause they +ro!ide long?term) safe housing ,hen they may ha!e no ,here else to go after lea!ing their a'user- Shelters often +ro!ide emotional su++ort to hel+ the !ictims find strength and courage through ,hat they are going through2nother a!aila'le ser!ice for !ictims of family !iolence in the US are crisis hotlines- 3otlines are !ery im+ortant 'ecause the +erson may remain anonymous if heIshe ,ants and still get the information they need- 3otlines also +ro!ide su++ort) ad!ice) and assistance if the +erson calling ,ishes to lea!e their a'user- 2ccording to The 3otline 5n-d7) ASince $66() the <ational &omestic Violence 3otline has ans,ered o!er * million calls- The 3otline recei!es o!er *$)%%% calls a month and +ro!ides access to translators in $#% languagesB 5+g-$7One other im+ortant ser!ice +ro!ided to !ictims of family !iolence is go!ernment funding- Go!ernment assistance is im+ortant 'ecause many ,omen struggle ,ith lea!ing their a'user 'ecause they do not ha!e the funds to +ro!ide for their children or get their o,n +lace- The assistance that a !ictim recei!es can hel+ get her going so that she has more o+tions than /ust staying ,ith her a'user until she sa!es enough money) +ro'a'ly

Running head: Family Violence secretly) or li!ing on the street- O+tions are im+ortant for !ictims so they do not feel tra++ed and aloneSer!ices for ,omen and children in Germany are similar to those offered in the

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US- The main resources a!aila'le are shelters- 2ccording to Summers 5*%%*7) A2 !ariety of agencies that offer su++ort to 'attered ,omen ha!e 'een esta'lished in recent yearsMost nota'le are shelters ,ith associated counseling +rograms and !ictim assistance +rogramsB 5+g-9"7- These shelters) ser!ing o!er 9%)%%% ,omen and children 5Summers) *%%*) +g-997) +ro!ide su++ort) ad!ice) and connections to social ser!ices agencies and agencies to hel+ their children- ATheir o!erall goal is to em+o,er 'attered ,omenB 5Summers) *%%*) +g-9972 ,onderful resource a!aila'le to ,omen and children in Germany is 1no,n as the hite Ring 5&er eisse Ring7 and is the most ,idely used and a!aila'le source-

2ccording to Summers 5*%%*7) A.t o+erates a *9?hour !ictim hotline and information ser!ice throughout GermanyB 5+g-997- These ty+es of ser!ices are !ery im+ortant) es+ecially 'ecause this +articular ser!ice occasionally gi!es modest com+ensation to !ictims ,ho lost money due to their !iolenceOne last ser!ice for !ictims of family !iolence in Germany is 1no,n as the Victims Ser!ices Coalition that ,as esta'lished in $6;6- 2ccording to Summers 5*%%*7) Ait>s staff includes counselors ,ho ha!e +re!iously ,or1ed in offender treatment +rogramsB 5+g-997- Most ur'an areas also ha!e a !ariety of counseling and thera+y +rograms for ,omen and childrenThe ser!ices +ro!ided are almost al,ays for ,omen and children) ,ho are the most affected 'y family !iolence- This is im+ortant 'ecause men can 'ecome a fearful

Running head: Family Violence thing in a !ictim>s eyes and a lot of shelters don>t allo, men in at all- The hotlines a!aila'le ,ill not screen calls to a!oid hel+ing men) 'ecause a man can 'e a !ictim too)

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'ut men do not usually reCuire go!ernmental assistance or a shelter 'ecause men are still +redominately the 'read,inners of the householdith e!erything that has ha++ened o!er the years in regards to family !iolence) only one social stigma stands out to me: se8ism- O'!iously se8ism is ,hat +re!ented so many +rograms and la,s from 'eing enacted for as long as it too1- Men had com+lete and utter control o!er ,omen and there ,as nothing they could do a'out it- .f it ,ere not for se8ual o++ression) ,omen and children may ha!e 'een getting hel+ a long time ago.n all fairness no, though) it>s 'een re!ersed- The se8ism in hel+ing !ictims is against men 'ecause they are mostly the offenders- There are male !ictims though and ,hen they are hel+less and a'used) they do not ha!e a shelter they can run to and it>s more difficult for them to get go!ernmental assistance- 2lthough ,omen are 'y far the !ictims more often) it>s still a +re/udice that affects the +olicies 'ased on family !iolenceSocial ,or1 has many !alues and a ,hole code of ethics that must 'e follo,ed- . 'elie!e that the treatment for family !iolence is finally starting to align ,ith those !alues and ethics- For instance) V2 2 has added a lot of +rograms directed to,ards minority grou+s no,) ,hich is a ma/or focus in social ,or1 'ecause it>s those grou+s ,ho ha!e the most trou'le finding resources and getting the hel+ they need- 2nother e8am+le is the social ,or1er>s 'elief in self?determination- 2ccording to 4irst?2shman and 3ull 5*%%67) self?determination is Aeach indi!idual>s right to ma1e his or her o,n decisionsB 5+g (7Self?determination is !ery im+ortant so that each +erson a social ,or1er tries to hel+ ,ill

Running head: Family Violence

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not feel +o,erless or unim+ortant and can ma1e the choices necessary in life- Germany>s la, is !ery clear a'out trying to em+o,er ,omen in the countryConclusion Family !iolence is an im+ortant social +ro'lem that +eo+le need to focus a little more attention on- 2lthough the United States has come a long ,ay in regards to +olicy and social acce+tance) it is still an all too often occurrence for a child to get 'eaten or ,itness hisIher family mem'ers get a'used- The same is true for the ,omen and children in!ol!ed in family !iolence in Germany- The effects are detrimental for the child and more +olicy needs to 'e enacted to ensure the safety and ,ell 'eing of e!ery child= after all) they are our future-

Running head: Family Violence Resources Cam+oreale) C-) Crouse) 0-) Foley) T-) Motroni) M- 5no date7 3istory of domestic !iolence- Retrie!ed from htt+:II,,,-colum'ia-eduIcuIss,IcoursesI$666? "It(6$%I+$$%"?"**'d,Id!Mhistory-htm &a!is) D- 5*%%$7 Ca'ot @olice &e+artment) School of 0a, Enforcement Su+er!ision Session NV..- &omestic 2'use- Retrie!ed from htt+:II,,,-c/i-eduI+a+ersIdomesticO*%2'useO*%Re+ort-+df & Staff 5*%$$7 AFighting Violence 2gainst omenB & ? OR0&-&E &eutsche

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elle- Retrie!ed from htt+:II,,,-d,?,orld-deId,IarticleI%))$#6*"9"%%-html Fin1elhor) &-) Turner) 3-) Ormrod) R-) 3am'y) S-) and 4rac1e) 4- 5*%%67Children>s e8+osure to !iolence: 2 com+rehensi!e national sur!ey- Du!enile Dustice Julletin- Retrie!ed from htt+:II,,,-nc/rs-go!I+dffile$Io//d+I**#99-+df 3enschel) 2- 5*%%*7- AThe Federal Go!ernment of Germany>s Cam+aign for Com'atting Violence 2gainst omenB Retrie!ed from

htt+:II,,,-austduclearinghouse-uns,-edu-auIConferenceO*%+a+ersIe8+? horizI3enschel-+df Dohn 3o,ard Society of 2l'erta 5*%$%7 Family !iolence: Juilding a definitionRetrie!ed from htt+:II,,,-/ohnho,ard-a'-caIdocsImodulesIFamilyViolenceIFMV0%$%$? 'uildingadefinition-+df DMC 5*%$$7 AGermany: Violence against ,omenB 0egislationonline- Retrie!ed From htt+:IIlegislationonline-orgIto+icsIsu'to+icI*:Ito+icI#IcountryI*; 4irst?2shman) 4-4- and 3ull) G-3- 5*%%67 Understanding generalist +ractice 5(

Running head: Family Violence ed7- Jelmont) California) Jroo1sICole) cengage learning <ational <et,or1 to End &omestic Violence 5*%$$7- Family Violence +re!ention and ser!ices act- Retrie!ed from htt+:II,,,-nned!-orgI+olicyIissuesIf!+sa-html Safe<et,or1: California>s &omestic Violence Resource 5$6667- Minca!a electronic clearinghouse: Minnesota Center 2gainst Violence and 2'use3erstory of domestic !iolence: 2 timeline of the 'attered ,omen>s mo!ement-

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Retrie!ed from htt+:II,,,-minca!a-umn-eduIdocumentsIherstoryIherstory-html Summers) R- -) 5*%%*7- A&omestic Violence: 2 Glo'al Vie,B- Retrie!ed from htt+:II'oo1s-google-comI'oo1sPidQf,?+1Je;,:1R+g The 3otline 5no date7- Get Educated) !iolence against ,omen act 5V2 27- $% years of +rogress and mo!ing for,ard- Retrie!ed from htt+:II,,,-thehotline-orgIget?educatedI!iolence?against?,omen?act?!a,aI The <ational Center for Victims of Crime 5*%%;7- &omestic !iolence- Retrie!ed from htt+:II,,,-nc!d-orgInc!cImain-as+8P d'<ameQ&ocumentVie,erR&ocument.&Q"*"9#S$ aller) M-R- R Rycenga) D 5*%%$7- AFrontline Feminisms: omen) ar) and

ResistanceB Retrie!ed from htt+:II'oo1s-google-comI'oo1sPidQtgd<szs