i

2
v
1
v
R
v
i
1
v
2
v
R
v
v = v
1
v
2
v = v
1
v
2
v = iR v = iR
i = Gv i = Gv
1
Amplifiers Circuits,
& Filters of Basics
Ohms Law Ohms Law
Review single-stage BJT and FET amplifiers, multi-stage and differential amplifiers
Ohms Law Ohms Law
10 V
1
I
1
V
1 = 5 R 10 V
1
I
1
V
1 = 5 R
V
1
= 10 V V
1
= 10 V
I
1
= 2 A I
1
= 2 A
2
KVL & KCL KVL & KCL
KVL: Kirchos Voltage Law
Sum of all node-to-node voltages around the
closed loop is zero.
KCL: Kirchos Current Law
Sum of all currents leaving a node is zero.
3
KVL KVL
1
i
4
i
3
L1 L2
1 2
R
2
R
1
R
3
R
4
v
i
i i
2
L
1
v
i
+i
1
R
1
+i
3
R
3
= 0
L
2
i
2
R
2
+i
4
R
4
i
3
R
3
= 0
4
KVL KVL
of loop
direction
R i i
of loop
R
direction
of loop
V
direction
of loop
V
direction
+iR iR
+V V
5
KVL KVL
3
i
1
i
2
1
i
4
2
v
i R
4
R
3
R
2
R
1
i
L
1
v
i
= i
1
R
1
+i
3
R
3
L
2
i
3
R
3
= i
2
R
2
+i
4
R
4
6
KVL KVL
SS
V
CC
R
1
R
2
I
2
I
1
I
3
V
x
R
3
V
V
CC
= I
1
R
1
+I
3
R
3
V
SS
= I
2
R
2
+I
3
R
3
7
KVL KVL
5 V
1
V
x
I
2
10
100
50
I
3
+10 V
I
10 = 50I
1
+100I
3
5 = 10I
2
+100I
3
10 = 50I
1
+10I
2
5
8
KCL KCL
1
i
4
i
3
L1 L2
1 2
R
2
R
1
R
3
R
4
v
i
i i
2
1 i
1
+i
2
+i
3
= 0
v
1
v
i
R
1
+
v
1
v
2
R
2
+
v
1
R
3
= 0
2 i
2
+i
4
= 0
v
2
v
1
R
2
+
v
2
R
4
= 0
9
KCL KCL
SS
V
CC
R
1
R
2
I
2
I
1
I
3
V
x
R
3
V
V
x
V
SS
R
2
+
V
x
V
CC
R
1
+
V
x
R
3
= 0
10
KCL KCL
5 V
1
V
x
I
2
10
100
50
I
3
+10 V
I
V
x
(5)
10
+
V
x
100
+
V
x
10
50
= 0
11
Linear Network Analysis Linear Network Analysis
Z
1
Z
2
Z
Z = Z
1
+Z
2
12
Linear Network Analysis Linear Network Analysis
1
Z
2
Z
Z
Z = Z
1
Z
2
13
Linear Network Analysis Linear Network Analysis
2
v
o
1
Z v
i
Z
v
o
v
i
=
Z
2
Z
1
+Z
2
14
Linear Network Analysis Linear Network Analysis
o
R
2
R
3
v
R
1
v
i
v
o
v
i
=
R
3
R
1
+R
2
+R
3
15
Linear Network Analysis Linear Network Analysis
R
2
R
3
R
1
v
o
v
i
v
o
v
i
=
R
2
R
3
R
1
+(R
2
R
3
)
16
Linear Network Analysis Linear Network Analysis
R
3
R
2
R
4
R
5
v
o
v
i
R
1
v
o
v
i
=
R
4
R
5
R
1
+(R
2
R
3
) +(R
4
R
5
)
17
Linear Network Analysis Linear Network Analysis
i
R v
i
v L
C v
i
v = iR v = sLi v =
1
sC
i
Z = R Z = sL Z =
1
sC
18
Linear Network Analysis Linear Network Analysis
C
Z
R
Z = R
1
sC
19
Linear Network Analysis Linear Network Analysis
R
Z
C
Z = R+
1
sC
20
Linear Network Analysis Linear Network Analysis
C
1
R
2
C
2
R
1
Z
Z =
1
sC
1
+

R
1

R
2
+
1
sC
2

21
Low-pass Network Low-pass Network
v
o
v
i
R
C
v
o
v
i
=
1
sC
R+
1
sC
=
1
sRC +1
=
1
s

o
+1
= T(s)

o
=
1
RC
22
Low-pass Network Low-pass Network
T(s) =
1
s

o
+1
T(j) =
1
j

o
+1
|T(j)| =
1

2
+1
20log|T(j)| = 20log

2
+1

o
20log|T(j)| 0

o
20log|T(j)| 20log
o
20log
=
o
20log|T(j)| = 20log

2 3 dB
23
Low-pass Network Low-pass Network
3 dB
o

o
20 log |T(j )|

o
10
20 dB
10 dB
10

(log scale)
20 dB / dec
0 dB

24
Low-pass Network Low-pass Network
T(s) =
1
s

o
+1
T(j) =
1
j

o
+1

T(j) = tan
1

o


T(j) 0

o


T(j) 90

=
o


T(j) = 45

25
Low-pass Network Low-pass Network
()
o

o

o
10
45
90
10

(log scale)

26
High-pass Network High-pass Network
v
i
v
o
C
R
v
o
v
i
=
R
1
sC
+R
=
s
s +
1
RC
=
s
s +
o
= T(s)

o
=
1
RC
27
High-pass Network High-pass Network
T(s) =
s
s +
o
T(j) =
j
j +
o
=
1
1
j
o

|T(j)| =
1

1 +

2
20log|T(j)| = 20log

1 +

2

o
20log|T(j)| 20log 20log
o

o
20log|T(j)| 0
=
o
20log|T(j)| = 20log

2 3 dB
28
High-pass Network High-pass Network
(log scale)

o

o

o
10
20 dB / dec
10 dB
10
20 dB
3 dB
0 dB

20 log |T(j )|
29
High-pass Network High-pass Network
T(s) =
s
s +
o
T(j) =
j
j +
o
=
1
1
j
o

T(j) = tan
1

o


T(j) 90

o


T(j) 0

=
o


T(j) = 45

30
High-pass Network High-pass Network
()
o
10

o
10
90

(log scale)
45

31
STC Networks STC Networks
Generalized rst order low-pass:
T(s) =
K
s

o
+1
20log|T(j)| = 20logK20log

2
+1
Generalized rst order high-pass:
T(s) =
Ks
s +
o
20log|T(j)| = 20logK20log

1 +

2
32
Generalized Low-pass Generalized Low-pass
20 dB / dec
o

o
10

o
10

(log scale)
20 log |T(j )|
20 log |K|
3 dB
20 dB

33
Generalized High-pass Generalized High-pass
20 dB / dec

o
10

o
10

(log scale)
3 dB
20 dB
20 log |K|
20 log |T(j )|
34
Ampliers Ampliers
o
v
o
v
i
v
i
v
o i
v v
In: Dierential Dierential Single-ended
Out: Dierential Single-ended Single-ended
35
Voltage Amplier Voltage Amplier
i
A
vo
v
i
R
i
v v
o
R
o
R
i
: Input resistance
R
o
: Output resistance
A
vo
: Open-loop voltage gain
36
Voltage Amplier Voltage Amplier
v
s
R
s
R
i
v
i
A
vo
v
i
R
o
R
L
v
o
v
o
v
s
=
R
i
R
s
+R
i
A
vo
R
L
R
o
+R
L
37
Voltage Amplier Voltage Amplier
v
i1
R
i1
R
i2
v
s R
L
v
o
A
vo2
v
i2
A
vo1
v
i1
R
s
R
o1
R
o2
i2
v
v
o
v
s
=
R
i1
R
s
+R
i1
A
vo1
R
i2
R
o1
+R
i2
A
vo2
R
L
R
o2
+R
L
38
Transconductance amplier Transconductance amplier
v
o
i
o
v
i
R
o
R
i
G
m
v
i
R
i
: Input resistance
R
o
: Output resistance
G
m
: Short-circuit transconductance gain
39
Voltage Amplier Voltage Amplier
C
i
R
s
v
s R
i
v
i
R
L v
o
R
o
A
vo
v
i
v
o
v
s
=
R
i

1
sC
i
R
s
+

R
i

1
sC
i

A
vo
R
L
R
o
+R
L
= T(s)
T(s) =
K
s

o
+1
K =
R
i
R
s
+R
i
A
vo
R
L
R
o
+R
L
,
o
=
1
(R
i
R
s
)C
i
40
Voltage Amplier Voltage Amplier
20 dB / dec
o

o
10

o
10

(log scale)
20 log |T(j )|
20 log |K|
3 dB
20 dB

41
Voltage Amplier Voltage Amplier
()
o

o

o
10
45
90
10

(log scale)

42