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Illumination Models in Computer Graphics

This document discusses lighting and shading models in computer graphics. It introduces three basic illumination models: ambient light which models background light; diffuse reflection which models how light scatters equally in all directions from matte surfaces; and specular reflection which models highlights on shiny surfaces. It describes how the Phong shading model combines these three components to calculate the intensity of light at each point on a surface. Global illumination techniques can also be used to model how light interacts and bounces around in a scene.

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Davinder Kumar
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62 views7 pages

Illumination Models in Computer Graphics

This document discusses lighting and shading models in computer graphics. It introduces three basic illumination models: ambient light which models background light; diffuse reflection which models how light scatters equally in all directions from matte surfaces; and specular reflection which models highlights on shiny surfaces. It describes how the Phong shading model combines these three components to calculate the intensity of light at each point on a surface. Global illumination techniques can also be used to model how light interacts and bounces around in a scene.

Uploaded by

Davinder Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Shading

1. Light sources
2. Basic illuminication models
3. Phong shading
4. Polygon shading
5. Global illumination (later)

Photorealistic rendering
1. accurate graphical representations of
objects
2. good physical descriptions of the lighting
effects in a scene
Lighting effects:
light reflection
transparency
surface texture
shadows
Modeling the colors and lighting effects that
we see on an object is a complex process
approximation

Light sources
Sun, light bulbs, and any other
lightemitting sources
How about lightreflected sources?

Point light sources


emits light equally in all directions

I (p,p0) =

1
| pp0 |2

I(p0)

Spotlights
a narrow range of angles through which
light is emitted
Distant light sources
parallel light
sun

Surface types

Rough, grainy surfaces tend to scatter light

Glossy, shiny surfaces result in highlighting effect

Transparent surfaces can transmit light

Basic illumination models


1. Ambient light
2. Diffuse reflection
3. Specular reflection
Ambient light
model the combination of light reflections
from surrounding objects in the scene
no spatial or directional characteristics
background light
account for all the complex ways in which light
can reach an object that are not addressed
in the other parts of the illumination equation

I = kaIa

where I is the intensity of the


ambient light, and ka (the ambient
reflection coefficient ) is the percentage
of ambient light reflected from the
objects surface

Diffuse reflection (Lambertain reflection)


Dull, matte surfaces
Surfaces appear equally bright from
all viewing angles since they reflect
light with equal intensity in all directions
Brightness depends only on the angle
between the light direction L and the surface
normal N.

N
dA

= Id kd cos = d kd (
= Ia ka + d kd (

L)

surfaces
L)

dA
cos

Specular reflection
on any shiny surface
appear white, the color of the incident light
reflect light unequally in different directions
on a perfectly shiny surface, light is relfected
only in the mirrowed direction of L about N.
N
R
L

V

= Is ks

(R V)

where n makes the specular


highlight rapidly fall off

= Ia ka + d kd (

L) + Is ks (R V)

This is the Phong shading model!!

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