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Ingles Derrame de Petroleo

- An oil spill pollutes the environment, especially the sea, with oil products. This affects wildlife and fisheries as the oil forms a black slick on the water, preventing photosynthesis and damaging the food chain. - When the slick reaches coasts, beaches and rocks are coated with oil. Oil penetrates sand and soil, contaminating land and killing invertebrates. Cleanup requires removing oil with absorbent materials, scraping, and burning oil at sea if conditions allow. - The largest spills were the 1979 Atlantic Empress and Aegean Captain collision, which spilled 2.2 million barrels, and the Ixtoc I well blowout, which spilled over 3 million barrels of oil.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
101 views6 pages

Ingles Derrame de Petroleo

- An oil spill pollutes the environment, especially the sea, with oil products. This affects wildlife and fisheries as the oil forms a black slick on the water, preventing photosynthesis and damaging the food chain. - When the slick reaches coasts, beaches and rocks are coated with oil. Oil penetrates sand and soil, contaminating land and killing invertebrates. Cleanup requires removing oil with absorbent materials, scraping, and burning oil at sea if conditions allow. - The largest spills were the 1979 Atlantic Empress and Aegean Captain collision, which spilled 2.2 million barrels, and the Ixtoc I well blowout, which spilled over 3 million barrels of oil.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Oil Spill

An oil spill occurs due to an accident or improper practice that pollutes the
environment, especially the sea with oil products. These spills affecting
wildlife and fisheries of the maritime area or affected coastline and the
coast where virulently slicks with effects that can become very persistent
over time occur.
Birds stay on the beach to avoid injury and even die of cold or hunger. Fish
can incorporate POPs and predators that consume the oil poisoning
transmitted from one animal to another through the food chain,
endangering the safety for human consumption.
Oil impregnated sediment beaches and cause its closure as a threat to
public health contact with the skin. Economically, oil surges left jobless
thousands of sailors and shellfish, and also require institutions and
administrations to make a great economic effort to assist in the cleanup and
restoration of disaster.

Damage to marine life


- When the spill occurs, the oil forms a black spot, a sheet floating on water.
This film prevents the penetration of sunlight and photosynthesis takes
place. This causes the primary organisms are affected and with them the
entire food chain.

Damage to the terrestrial ecosystem


- When the oil slick reaches the coast the beaches are stained black and
rocks are covered with a film of oil. The oil is introduced between the sand
grains and penetrates the soil, currently land contamination occurs. The
most affected are the invertebrates living things that inhabit this ecosystem.
Interstitial populations living in this habitat die.

Effects of oil pollution


It depends on several factors; types of petroleum (crude or refined),
released quantity, distance from the site of release from the beach, season,
water temperature, climate and ocean currents. The oil that reaches the sea
evaporates or is slowly broken down by bacteria. Volatile organic
hydrocarbon oil immediately kill various animals, especially in their larval
stages.

Cleaning and recovery


Spills are cleaned with "sausage", a long sponges that absorb pollution.
Sometimes it rises levers scraping water or a hose that filters water and
collected in a pond oil. On the beaches volunteer groups and government
agents come together to make cleaning with shovels and hand. When it
occurs at sea and the sea is calm and there is little wind can burn the oil.
Sometimes detergents to disperse or break the contaminant and
microorganisms (bioremediation) are used.

Methods for cleaning up


There are many cleaning methods used in spills, including:
Bioremediation: by microorganisms or biological agents to break down
or remove oil
Dredging: some types of oil are denser than water, so they sink. This
requires that cleaning takes place below the surface of contaminated water.
Separation: can be effective in areas where water is still.
Dispersion: certain materials, such as some detergents can break down
the oil into smaller clusters, which can be removed more easily than larger.
However, detergents can penetrate much deeper in the water than oil, so
while reduce surface damage can impair the depths.
Engine: controlled burning usually eliminate a large proportion of oil in
the water, but obviously requires extreme care to prevent the spread of fire.
Furthermore, this type of combustion can cause air pollution.

The 3 worst oil spill in history


The environmental disaster that is living the Gulf of Mexico caused by the
explosion of the rig Deepwater is certainly an ecological disaster of epic
proportions, but how to be among the worst oil spills in history? This list
reveals the biggest oil spill that occurred on our planet.
Collision between the Atlantic Empress and the Aegean Captain
(287,000 tons)
On July 19, 1979, the Caribbean Sea off the Venezuelan coast near the
island of Tobago was the site of a severe tropical storm. Caught in the storm
were two ships: the Atlantic Empress (a "supertanker" fully loaded) and the
Aegean Captain. Both vessels collided causing a huge explosion and the
largest spill known to date produced by the collision of two ships. About 2.2
million barrels of crude oil spilled into the sparkling blue waters of Tobago.
The 1970s was the worst decade in the history of mankind with regard to oil
spills at sea, being spills the Exxon Valdez and the Amoco Cadiz which
caused more damage to the environment.
Ixtoc I spill (530,300 tons)
Ixtoc I was an exploratory oil well located in the Gulf of Mexico, 965
kilometers south of Texas and 94 kilometers from Ciudad del Carmen. On
June 3, 1979, he suffered an accident while drilling (blowout) and
transformed into the largest unintentional spill in history.
PEMEX was drilling at a depth 3.22 kilometers an oil well when the auger
and the circulation of drilling mud was lost. Because of this, the stability was
lost and there was an explosion of high pressure which caused the
"blowout". Oil entered ignition due to a spark and collapsed platform.

The currents carried the oil to coastal areas of Campeche, Tabasco, Veracruz
and Tamaulipas, and Texas were contaminated areas, for which the United
States demanded compensation which Mexico rejected.
During the 280 days following the accident from the beginning of Ixtoc-1
(June 3, 1979 until March 24, 1980) a volume of about 3.3 million barrels
(530,300 tons) escaped; of this amount 50% was burned, 16% evaporated,
collected 5.4 percent and dispersed 28%, as reported by Pemex.

Oil spill in the Persian Gulf during the Gulf War (between 1,360,000
and 1,500,000 tons)
The oil spill occurred during the "Gulf War" is considered as the largest oil
spill in history. Occurred as a result of actions taken by the army of Iraq
during the war waged against the United States in 1991.
The incident caused considerable wildlife Persian Gulf, especially in areas
surrounding Kuwait and Iraq damage. An estimated 462 million gallons of oil
were spilled. The oil slick reached a maximum size of 4,242 square
kilometers with 12 centimeters thick.
A recent article in the New York Times suggests that 36 billion gallons during
the Gulf War, a figure which differs significantly from the above estimates
were shed.

ESPAOL

DERRAME DE PETRLEO
Un derrame de petrleo se produce debido a un accidente o prctica
inadecuada que contamina el medio ambiente, especialmente el mar, con
productos petroleros. Estos derrames afectan a la fauna y la pesca de la
zona martima o litoral afectado, as como a las costas donde con especial
virulencia se producen las mareas negras con efectos que pueden llegar a
ser muy persistentes en el tiempo.
Las aves se quedan en la playa para no herirse an ms y se mueren de fro
o de hambre. Los peces pueden incorporar contaminantes orgnicos
persistentes y los depredadores que los consumen transmiten el
envenenamiento petrolero de un animal a otro por la cadena alimenticia,
poniendo en riesgo la seguridad en la alimentacin humana.
El petrleo impregna los sedimentos de las playas y causa su cierre ya que
es una amenaza para la salud pblica el contacto con la piel.
Econmicamente, las mareas de petrleo dejan sin trabajo a miles de
marineros y mariscadores, y tambin, obligan a instituciones y
administraciones a realizar un gran esfuerzo econmico para ayudar en las
labores de limpieza y restauracin del desastre.

Daos a la vida marina


- Cuando se produce el vertido, el hidrocarburo forma una mancha negra,
una lmina que flota sobre el agua. Esta lmina impide que penetre la luz
del sol y que se realice la fotosntesis. Esto causa que los organismos
primarios se vean afectados y con ellos toda la cadena alimenticia.
Daos al ecosistema terrestre
- Cuando la marea negra llega a las costas las playas se tien de negro y las
rocas se cubren de una pelcula de hidrocarburo. El crudo se introduce entre
los granos de arena y penetra en el suelo, en este momento se produce la
contaminacin del terreno. Los seres vivos ms afectados son los
invertebrados que habitan en este ecosistema. Las poblaciones intersticiales
que viven en este hbitat mueren.
Efectos de la contaminacin con petrleo
Depende de varios factores; tipos de petrleo (crudo o refinado), cantidad
liberada, distancia del sitio de liberacin desde la playa, poca del ao,
temperatura del agua, clima y corrientes ocenicas. El petrleo que llega al
mar se evapora o es degradado lentamente por bacterias. Los hidrocarburos
orgnicos voltiles del petrleo matan inmediatamente varios animales,
especialmente en sus formas larvales.
Limpieza y recuperacin
Los derrames se limpian con "salchichas", unas esponjas largas que
absorben la contaminacin. A veces se levanta con palancas que raspan el
agua o con una manguera que filtra el agua y se recoge en un estanque el
petrleo. En las playas se renen grupos de voluntariado y agentes del
gobierno para hacer limpiezas con palas y a mano. Cuando ocurre en alta
mar y el mar est calmado y hay poco viento se puede quemar el aceite. A
veces se utilizan detergentes para dispersar o deshacer el contaminante, y
microorganismos (biorremediacin).

Mtodos de limpieza
Existen muchos mtodos de limpieza que se utilizan en los derrames,
incluyendo:
Biorremediacin: mediante microorganismos o agentes biolgicos para
descomponer o eliminar el petrleo
Dragado: algunos tipos de petrleo son ms densos que el agua, por lo
cual se hunden.
Ello requiere que la limpieza se efecte debajo de la superficie del agua
contaminada.
Separacin: puede ser eficaz en zonas donde el agua sea quieta.
Dispersin: ciertos materiales, como algunos detergentes, pueden
descomponer el petrleo en aglomeraciones ms pequeas, que se pueden
eliminar con mayor facilidad que las ms grandes. Sin embargo, los
detergentes pueden penetrar mucho ms profundamente en el agua que el
petrleo, por lo cual, si bien reducen el dao en la superficie, pueden
perjudicar las profundidades.

Combustin: la quema controlada suele eliminar una gran proporcin del


petrleo en el agua, pero evidentemente requiere sumo cuidado para
impedir la propagacin del fuego. Adems, este tipo de combustin puede
provocar contaminacin atmosfrica.

Los 3 peores derrames de petrleo de la historia


El desastre ambiental que est viviendo el Golfo de Mxico causado por la
explosin de la plataforma de perforacin en aguas profundas es sin duda
un desastre ecolgico de proporciones picas, pero cmo ubicarse entre los
peores derrames de petrleo de la historia? Esta lista revela los mayores
derrames de petrleo que se produjeron en nuestro planeta.
Colision entre Atlantic Empress y el Aegean Captain (287,000
toneladas)
El 19 de julio de 1979, el Mar Caribe frente a la costa venezolana cerca de la
isla de Tobago fue el sitio de una tormenta tropical severa. Atrapados en esa
tormenta haba dos buques: el Atlantic Empress (un superpetrolero con su
carga completa) y el Aegean Captain. Ambas embarcaciones colisionaron
produciendo una gran explosin y el mayor derrame conocido hasta la fecha
producido por el choque de dos barcos. Cerca de 2,2 millones de barriles de
petrleo crudo se derramaron en las brillantes aguas azules de Tobago.
La dcada de 1970 fue el peor decenio en la historia de la humanidad en lo
referido a derrames de hidrocarburos en el mar, siendo los derrames del
Exxon Valdez y del Amoco Cdiz los que ms daos causaron al medio
ambiente.
Derrame Ixtoc I (530.300 toneladas)
Ixtoc I fue un pozo exploratorio de petrleo localizado en el Golfo de Mxico,
a 965 kilmetros al sur de Texas y 94 kilmetros de Ciudad del Carmen. El 3
de junio de 1979, sufri un accidente durante la perforacin (blowout) y se
transformo en el derrame no intencional ms grande de la historia.
La empresa PEMEX estaba perforando a una profundidad 3,22 kilmetros un
pozo de petrleo, cuando se perdi la barrena y la circulacin de lodo de
perforacin. Debido a esto, se perdi la estabilidad y hubo una explosin de
alta presin la cual provoc el reventn. El petrleo entr en ignicin
debido a una chispa y la plataforma colaps.
Las corrientes llevaron el petrleo a las zonas costeras de Campeche,
Tabasco, Veracruz y Tamaulipas, y tambin zonas de Texas resultaron
contaminadas, por lo cual Estados Unidos pidi compensacin lo cual
Mxico rechaz.
Durante los 280 das que siguieron desde el inicio del accidente del Ixtoc-1
(3 de junio de 1979 hasta el 24 de marzo de 1980) se derram un volumen
aproximado de 3,3 millones de barriles de crudo (530.300 toneladas); de
esta cantidad se quem el 50%, se evapor el 16 %, se recolect el 5,4 por
ciento y se dispers el 28%, segn informes de Pemex.

Derrame de petroleo en el golfo de Prsico durante la guerra del


golfo ( entre 1.360.000 y 1.500.000 toneladas)
El derrame de petrleo producido durante la llamada Guerra del Golfo es
considerado como el mayor derrame de petrleo en la historia. Se produjo
como resultado de las medidas adoptadas por el ejercito de Iraq durante la
guerra que libraron contra Estados Unidos en 1991.
El incidente caus daos considerables a la fauna del Golfo Prsico,
especialmente en zonas aledaas a Kuwait y el Iraq . Se estima que se
derramaron 462 millones de galones de petroleo. La marea negra lleg a un
tamao mximo de 4.242 kilmetros cuadrados con 12 centmetros de
espesor.
Un reciente articulo del New York Times sugiere que se derramaron 36
billones de galones durante la Guerra del Golfo, cifra que difiere
significativamente de las estimaciones antes mencionadas.
http://www.conocimientosweb.net/portal/article2117.html
http://www.lareserva.com/home/peores_derrames_petroleo
http://tryengineering.org/lang/spanish/lessons/spillsolutions_sp.pdf

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