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Transition Metal Catalysis

Transition metal catalysis can catalyze several reactions including hydrogenation, hydrosilation, hydrocyanation, hydroformylation, carbonylation, and coupling reactions. Common catalysts used include Wilkinson's catalyst RhCl(PPh3) for hydrogenation, HCo(CO)4/HRh(PPh3)2(CO) for hydroformylation, and PdLn for Mizoroki-Heck coupling reactions between aryl halides and alkenes. Metathesis and polymerization reactions can be catalyzed by Schrock's molybdenum alkylidene complexes or Ziegler-Natta titanium halide catalysts activated by alkylaluminum cocatalysts.

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Transition Metal Catalysis

Transition metal catalysis can catalyze several reactions including hydrogenation, hydrosilation, hydrocyanation, hydroformylation, carbonylation, and coupling reactions. Common catalysts used include Wilkinson's catalyst RhCl(PPh3) for hydrogenation, HCo(CO)4/HRh(PPh3)2(CO) for hydroformylation, and PdLn for Mizoroki-Heck coupling reactions between aryl halides and alkenes. Metathesis and polymerization reactions can be catalyzed by Schrock's molybdenum alkylidene complexes or Ziegler-Natta titanium halide catalysts activated by alkylaluminum cocatalysts.

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  • Transition Metal Catalysis - Catalytic Cycles: Overview of transition metal catalysis focusing on catalytic cycles used in alkene addition and carbonylation processes.
  • Coupling Reactions and Carbenes: Details various coupling reactions like Grignard and Stille, along with carbene reactions, including their catalysts and conditions.
  • Metathesis and Alkene Polymerisation: Covers metathesis processes and polymerisation of alkenes alongside catalyst details for industrial applications.

Transition Metal Catalysis Catalytic Cycles

Addition to Alkene

Topic

Cycle
Hydrogenation

Catalyst
RhCl(PPh3)

H2C=CH2 + H2 H3C-CH3

Wilkinsons Catalyst

Hydrosilation

H2PtCl6

Ni(P[O(o-tolyl)]3

H2C=CH2 + HSiR3 H3C-CH2SiR3

Hydrocyanation
H2C=CH2 + HCN H3C-CH2CN

Notes

Hydroformylation

HCo(CO)4 / HRh(PPh3)2(CO)

H2C=CH2 + CO + H2 H3C-CH2CHO

Carbonylation

Reppe / BASF
Monsanto

Cobalt-based

CH3OH + CO (HI) CH3COOH

Rhodium-based
Iridium-based

BP Cativa

[RhI2CO2]

Polyketone Formation

Phosphine ligands best


Fast turnover (bulky group
dissociation, good donor
oxidative addition)
Catalysed by whole range of
catalysts
HSiR3 super proton
Forms linear products
Strong donor phosphines do
not give turnover
Isomerise internal alkenes to
give terminal products
Hydrocyanation of butadiene
to give adiponitrile
Co: Harsh conditions,
moderate selectivity,
competitive hydrogenation
Rh: Mild conditions, excess
phosphine needed for high
selectivity

[PdL2(OR)]+

Better than Rh at forming


alkyl bond
Promoted by species such as
[Ru(CO)3I2]2
Addition of alkene and CO to
give polyketone

Grignard

Coupling Reactions

RMgX

Negishi

Ni(acac)2 / (dppe)NiCl2 /
FeCl3 / CoCl2 / CrCl2
(Ph3P)4Ni / (Ph3P)2PdCl2

RZnX

Stille

Pd(dba)3

RSnR3

Make sure you have no betahydrogens


Me3Sn best choice for control
but tBu3Sn much safer
Tin compounds toxic
Aided by bulky ligands and
highly basic additives (CsF)
Base required to remove HX
liberated

(MeCN)2PdCl2

Mizoroki-Heck

PdLn

H2C=CHR

Pd(0) or Pd(II)

Coupling of an aryl halide


with an alkene

Fisher

M=CH2X

R = Hydrogen or Carbon
Alkylidene

Metal in low oxidation state


Back-bonding present
Oxidation state (-2)
Metal in high oxidation state
Back-bonding present
Oxidation state (-2)

R2C:

Introduced using lone pair


(like phosphines)
Stabilised by heteroatom
substituents ie Nitrogen
No Back-bonding present
Neutral so oxidation state (0)

Sonogashira
Cu-CC-R

X = Heteroatom

Schrock

Carbenes

Nucleophillic

M=CH2R

Free carbene

Alkene Polymerisation

Metathesis

Schrocks

Mo(=CHCMe2Ph)(=NAr)(-OR)2

Grubbs

RuCl2(PCy3)2(=CHPh)
RuCl2(PCy3)(:C(NR2)2)(=CHPh)
RuCl2(NR2)2(:C(NR2)2)(=CHPh)

Ziegler

TiCl4

Metallocene

MCl2(Cp)2

Highly active
React with hindered alkenes
Control reactivity by altering
alkoxide groups
Poor functional group
tolerance
Undergo the Chauvin
mechanism

Activated by AlEt3
Mild conditions
Controlled process yields
isotatic, high density
Undergoes Cossee-Arlman
Mechanism
Weak co-catalyst to pull off Cl

Co-catalyst: AlClR2

MCl2(Cp)2
Co-catalyst: MAO

MR2(Cp)2
Co-catalyst: [CPh3][B(C6F5)4]

Strong co-catalyst to pull off


Cl
Scavenges water
Triphenylcarbenum (Trityl)
salts
[Ph3C]+ powerfull alkyl
abstractor

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