Problem 4.8 The op-amp circuit shown in Fig. P4.
8 has a constant dc voltage of
6 V at the noninverting input. The inverting input is the sum of two voltage sources,
a 6-V dc source and a small time-varying signal s .
(a) Use the op-amp equivalent-circuit model given in Fig. 4-5 to develop an
expression for o .
(b) Simplify the expression by applying the ideal op-amp model, which lets A
, Ri and Ro 0.
+
_
+
6V _
+
6V _
s
RL
+
_
Figure P4.8: Circuit for Problem 4.8.
Solution: (a) Replacing the op amp with its equivalent circuit:
p
Ro
Ri
n
6V
+
_
For node o ,
+
_ A(p n)
+
6V _
s
RL
+
_
o o A(p n )
+
= 0.
RL
Ro
Also,
p = 6 V,
n = 6 V + s .
Solving for o , we have:
o =
(b) For RL Ro ,
As RL
.
RL + Ro
o = As .
c
All rights reserved. Do not reproduce or distribute.
2013
National Technology and Science Press
Hence, the output will be amplified by A, but inverted. If |As | Vcc , then the op
amp will saturate. Hence,
Vcc
As , for |s |
V
o = Vcc , if |s | > cc and s is positive
+Vcc , if |s | > Vcc and s is negative.
A
Assume all op amps to be ideal from here on forward.
c
All rights reserved. Do not reproduce or distribute.
2013
National Technology and Science Press