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The document defines local extrema of a function as either a local maximum or minimum value within an interval of the function's domain. It presents two tests for determining local extrema: 1) the First Derivative Test examines the sign of the derivative on both sides of a critical point, and 2) the Second Derivative Test examines the concavity of the function by checking the sign of the second derivative at a critical point where the first derivative is zero. Several examples are then given to demonstrate applying these tests to find all local extrema of various functions.

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119 views8 pages

18 Post Notes

The document defines local extrema of a function as either a local maximum or minimum value within an interval of the function's domain. It presents two tests for determining local extrema: 1) the First Derivative Test examines the sign of the derivative on both sides of a critical point, and 2) the Second Derivative Test examines the concavity of the function by checking the sign of the second derivative at a critical point where the first derivative is zero. Several examples are then given to demonstrate applying these tests to find all local extrema of various functions.

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raw.junk
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18B Local Extrema

Local Extrema

18B Local Extrema

Definition
Let S be the domain of f such that c is an element of S.
Then,
1) f(c) is a local maximum value of f if there exists an interval (a,b) containing c
such that f(c) is the maximum value of f on (a,b)S.
2) f(c) is a local minimum value of f if there exists an interval (a,b) containing c
such that f(c) is the minimum value of f on (a,b)S.
3) f(c) is a local extreme value of f if it is either a local maximum or local minimum
value.

18B Local Extrema

How do we find the local extrema?


First Derivative Test
Let f be continuous on an open interval (a,b) that contains a critical x-value.
1) If f'(x) > 0 for all x on (a,c) and f'(x)<0 for all x on (c,b), then f(c) is a local
maximum value.
2) If f'(x) < 0 for all x on (a,c) and f'(x)>0 for all x on (c,b), then f(c) is a local
maximum value.
3) If f'(x) has the same sign on both sides of c, then f(c) not a maximum nor a
minimum value.

18B Local Extrema


EX 1

Determine local maximum and minimum points for

EX 2

Find all local maximum and minimum points for

18B Local Extrema

Theorem: Second Derivative Test


Let f' and f'' exist at every point on the interval (a,b) containing c and f'(c) = 0.
1) If f''(c) < 0, then f(c) is a local maximum.
2) If f''(c) > 0, the f(c) is a local minimum.

EX 3

Find all critical points for

18B Local Extrema


EX 4

Find local and global extrema for

18B Local Extrema

EX 5

Let f be continuous such that f' has the following graph.


Try to sketch a graph of f(x) and answer these questions.
f'(x)

a) Where is f increasing?
b) Where is f decreasing?
| | | | | | |
-3 -2 -1

c) Where is f concave up?

d) Where is f concave down?

1 2 3

e) Where are inflections points?


f) Where are local max/min values?

| | | | | | |
-3 -2 -1

1 2 3

18B Local Extrema

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