WHITE PAPER
Linear Variable Displacement Transducers
An LVDT is an electromechanical device used to convert
mechanical motion or vibrations, specifically rectilinear
motion, into a variable electrical current, voltage or electric
signals, and the reverse. Actuating mechanisms used primarily
for automatic control systems or as mechanical motion
sensors in measurement technologies. The classification of
electromechanical transducers includes conversion principles
or types of output signals.
ConversionPrinciples:
Electromagnetic
Magnetoelectric
Electrostatic
LVDTs Have Three Armature MechanismTypes as Well:
Captive Armatures: These mechanisms are better for long
working ranges. Captive armatures help prevent misalignment
because they are guided and restrained by low friction
assemblies.
Unguided Armatures: Infinite resolution qualities, theunguided
armature mechanism is a no-wear design that doesnt restrict
the resolution of measured data. This mechanism type is
attached to the specimen to be measured, fitting loosely in
the tube, requiring the body of the LVDT to be supported
separately.
Force-Extended Armatures: Use internal spring mechanisms,
pneumatic force, or electric motors to push the armature
continuously to its fullest extension possible. Force-extended
armatures are used in LVDTs for slow moving applications.
These mechanisms require no connection between the
specimenand armature.
Output Signals:
Analog and discrete output
Digital
Evaluating Electromechanical Transducers:
Static and dynamic qualities
Sensitivity or transfer ratio - E= y / x or y is the
change in outputquantity y when input quantity x is
changed by x
Output signalrange of operating frequency
Static error of conversion or of the signal
What is a Linear Variable Displacement Transducer (LVDT)?
Linear Transducer: A device that provides voltage output
quantity, related to the parameters being measured, for
example, force, for simple signal conditioning. Transducer
Position Sensor devices are sensitive to electromagnetic
interference. Reduction of electrical resistance can be improved
with shorter connection cables to eliminatesignificant errors.
A transducerrequires three to four connection wires for power
supply and output signal delivery.
Transducers differ from transmitters because a transducer is a
voltage-output device, transmitters are current-output devices.
Transmitter/Linear devices have less signal degradation
related to long cables and transmission distance.
Types of LVDTs
Linear Position Sensors - determine whether you need to
measure a relative current: C-in, AC-out, DC-in, DC-out; or
measuring resonant frequencies of coils as a function of coil
position, frequency based devices.
LD400 Miniature DC Output LVDT Transducers.
Linear Variable Displacement Transducers are commonly
used in modern machining tools, avionics, robotics, and
computerized or motion control, Automation manufacturing.
The selection of an applicable type of LVDT can be considered
using the following specifications:
Linearity: Maximum deviation from direct proportion between
distance measured and output distance over measuring
range.
> 0.025 % Full Scale
0.025 - 0.20 % Full Scale
0.20 - 0.50 % Full Scale
0.50 - 0.90 % Full Scale
0.90 - % Full Scale & Up
2015 OMEGA Engineering, Inc. All rights reserved.
Operating Temperatures: > -32F, -32 to 32F, 32 to 175F,
175 to 257F, 257F and up. Range of temperature within which
the device must accurately operate.
Measurement Ranges: 0.02", 0.02 to 0.32", 0.32 to 4.0",
4.0 to 20.0", 20.0" (range of measurement or maximum
distance measured)
Accuracy: Describes percentage of deviation from the actual/
real value of measurement data.
Output: Voltage, Current, or Frequency
Interface: SerialStandard digital output protocol (serial) like
RS232, or ParallelStandard digital output protocol (parallel)
like IEEE488.
LVDT Type: Current Balance AC/AC, or DC/DC, or Frequency
Based
Precision manufactured LVDT displacement transducers
are mounted on most modern product lines for automatic
gaging in sorting, go-no go applications, and quality
operations. Construction of hardened steel shafts, O-ring
seals, and titanium push rods optimize precision function in
most industrial conditions. Utilizing hybrid IC modules provide
linear mV/V/mm or mV/V/inch output to interface with standard
DC input meters, industrial controllers, recorders, and data
interfaces.
LVDTs are engineered and designed to accommodate many
industry applications:
General Purpose
Aerospace
Flush Diaphragm
Heavy Duty/Industrial
Hazardous Location
PC Board Mountable
High Accuracy
LD320 AC LVDT Displacement Sensors.
Submersible
Displacement
Sanitary
A linear variable displacement transducer, or LVDT, is an
electrical transducer used in measuring linear position. Linear
displacement is the movement of an object in one direction
along a single axis. Measuring displacement indicates the
direction of motion. The output signal of the linear displacement
sensor is the measurement of the distance an object has
traveled in units of millimeters (mm), or inches (in.), and can
have a negative or positive value.
Customized forSpecial Purposes
Basic LVDTDiagrams
Principle of Rotary Variable Differential Transformer
Free Diagrams courtesy of Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_variable_differential_transformer
How Do They Work?
LD500 LVDT Precision DC Gaging Transducers.
A typical LVDT has three solenoid coils lined end-to-end,
surrounding the tube. Primary coil is in the center and
secondary coils are top and bottom. The object of position
measurement is attached to the cylindrical ferromaticcore,
and slides along the axis of the tube. Alternating currentdrives
the primary coil causing voltage induced in the two secondary
coils proportionate to the length of the linking core. Range of
frequency is usually from 1 to 10 kHz.
2015 OMEGA Engineering, Inc. All rights reserved.
Movement of the core triggers the linkage from primary
to both the secondary coils, which changes the induced
voltages. Top and bottom secondary output voltage
differential is the movement from calibrated zero phase. Using
a synchronousdetector reads a signed output voltage that
relates to the displacement. LVDT linear displacement can
be up to several inches long, working as an absolute position
sensorwhich is repeatable and reproducible. Other actions or
movements will not alter measurement accuracy. The LVDT is
also highly reliable because the sliding core does not touch the
inside of the tube, and allows the LVDT to be in a completely
sealed environment.
Innovations and Applications
Some applications such as municipalwater and waste water
operations, pulp and paper, industrial waste water neutralization,
and other process control systems use multi-parameter
controllers. For measuring pH, conductivity, transmitters,
and ORP controllers, typically require microprocessor-based
controllers.
Satellites: Consider the applications in satellite technology
and related areas, in addition to satellite production,position
transducers are needed for space vehicles, cargo aircraft,
military fighters, drones, experimental aircraft, missiles,
nuclear reactors, flight simulators, or high speed railways.
The engineering staff at OMEGA are trained and experienced
in design and manufacture specifics forindustries including
industrial automation controls, motion controllers, power
turbines, linear servo actuators, robotics, and proportional
actuators. If we do not have your industry specific LVDT
measurement mechanisms in stock, we will discuss our
solutions and ideas for custom designed systems for
the optimal standards for you company. From satellites,
aircraft, nuclear reactors, to hydraulics and power turbines,
we have state-of-the artcapabilities to update, modernize and
build-in the highest precision measuring, sensor functionsand
industrial automation controlsfor your production standards.
LD620 DC Voltage Output Displacement Transducers.
Power Turbines: Power generation turbine applications for
power plants around the world use linear variable differential
transducers as position sensors with signal conditioners to
provide the necessaryoperating power. The AC voltages and
frequencies needed for inductive or LVDT types of position
sensors are not available from power line sources.
Hydraulics: Linear position sensors serve as charge sensors
in hydraulicaccumulators, special external sensors in harsh
environments with high immunity to vibration and shock, and
includes all stroke lengths within our sensor capabilities. If you
require longer stroke lengths, call our professional engineering
staff at OMEGA, for custom design information.
Automation: LVDT automation applications make use of
hermetically sealed dimensional gagingprobes to perform
beyond your R & D laboratories, fabrication workshops, an
into the harsh environmental working conditions of factory
automation, process control environments, TIR measurements,
and industrial gaging.
Aircraft: The majority of aerospace/aircraft applications use
miniature or sub-miniature position transducers. They are
cable-actuated displacement sensing mechanisms. OMEGA
can developprecision products for applications in commercial
aircraft,space, aviation and environmental systems for
space habitats. Products are mounted to a fixed position,
the displacement cable is attached to a moving object like
landing gear or an aileron. The cable retracts and extracts
when movement occurs. Depending on signal conditioning,
andmounting system, the electrical output will indicate various
rates, angles, lengths, and motions.
Source
1. http://opencourseware.kfupm.edu.sa/colleges/ces/me/me413/
files%5C2-Chapters_Chapter_6_Electrical_and_Electromechanical_
Systems_2.pdf
2.http://www.omega.com/pptst/LD500.html
3.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_variable_differential_transformer
4. http://www.omega.com/section/sensors-transducers.html
2015 OMEGA Engineering, Inc. All rights reserved.
