Why Graphics standards
• Program Portability - which permits
applications programs involving graphics to
be easily transferred to and executed on
almost any installation
• Programmer Portability – which means a
programmer can leave one graphics
applications project for another without the
need to learn a new set of graphics
commands again
Why Graphics standards
• Graphics Hardware – it serves as a
guideline for manufactures of graphics
equipments in providing useful
combinations of graphics capabilities in a
device, thus speed up the development of
projects.
Data Exchange Format
• Lead to various national and international
groups and standardization organization to
evolve standards.
• The evolution of standards is in two
phases
Shape based format ( IGES,DXF,SDF, etc.,)
Product data based format( PDDI, STEP,
ESPRIT)
Shape based format
First initiatives
US AIR Force (ICAM)
Integrated Computer Aided Manufacturing
Program
Boeing Company (CIIN)
CAD/CAM Integrated Information Network
GE Neutral database
IGES
(Initial Graphics Exchange Specification)
IGES
• Is a standard data format for product
design and manufacturing information
created and stored in a CAD/CAM system
in digital form
• Independent of all CAD/CAM systems
• US NBS ( National Bureau of Standards)
published its first report on IEGS in
Jan1980 (IGES version 1.0)
Different Versions of IGES
CAD Data Transfer using IGES
Entities of IGES
• Geometry – lines, circles, surfaces etc.,
that define as an object
• Annotation – dimensions, drawing notes,
title block, etc.,
• Structure – Ways in which CAD systems
combine other entities to make description
of object easier ( BLOCK, CELL or DITTO
in CAD system) Properties, associations,
groups etc.,
IGES files are divided into six
sections
IGES files are divided into six
sections
Example of IGES
Shortcomings of IGES
DXF Files
• ASCII Drawing Interchange Files is a text
file easily translated to format of other
CAD systems
• Auto CAD command for creating DXF file
DXFOUT
• AutoCAD command for reading DXF file
DXFIN
DXF file format
DXF file _ Example
Product Data Based Format
• Exchange standards which include design
and manufacturing data
• The earliest Product data definition
interface (PDDI)
• Exchange format Incorporating the
functionalities of design, analysis,
manufacturing, quality assurance, testing
and support led to the PDES (Product
Data Exchange using STEP) 1985
• PDES has three layers
• Application layers
• Logical layers
• Physical layer
US Air force
ISO Technical Committee TC184
(Industrial Automation Systems)
STEP ( Standard for Transfer and Exchange of Product
Model Data) Similar effort in this direction is ESPRIT
PDES
• ISO-10303-21;
STEP Example
• HEADER;
• FILE_DESCRIPTION((''),'2;1');
• FILE_NAME('PRT0001','2007-02-03T',('Administrator'),(''),
• 'PRO/ENGINEER BY PARAMETRIC TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION, 2002490',
• 'PRO/ENGINEER BY PARAMETRIC TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION, 2002490','');
• FILE_SCHEMA(('CONFIG_CONTROL_DESIGN'));
• ENDSEC;
• DATA;
• #1=CARTESIAN_POINT('',(7.314430575857E1,0.E0,0.E0));
• #2=DIRECTION('',(0.E0,0.E0,-1.E0));
• #3=DIRECTION('',(1.E0,0.E0,0.E0));
• #4=AXIS2_PLACEMENT_3D('',#1,#2,#3);
• #6=CARTESIAN_POINT('',(7.314430575857E1,0.E0,0.E0));
• #7=DIRECTION('',(0.E0,0.E0,-1.E0));
• #8=DIRECTION('',(-1.E0,0.E0,0.E0));
• #9=AXIS2_PLACEMENT_3D('',#6,#7,#8);
• #11=DIRECTION('',(0.E0,-1.E0,0.E0));
• #12=VECTOR('',#11,1.634990364015E2);
• #13=CARTESIAN_POINT('',(-1.198583161590E2,7.314430575857E1,0.E0));
• #14=LINE('',#13,#12);
• #15=DIRECTION('',(1.E0,0.E0,0.E0));
• #16=VECTOR('',#15,2.704495338972E2);
• #17=CARTESIAN_POINT('',(-1.198583161590E2,-9.035473064294E1,0.E0));
• #18=LINE('',#17,#16);
• #19=DIRECTION('',(0.E0,1.E0,0.E0));
• #20=VECTOR('',#19,1.634990364015E2);
• #21=CARTESIAN_POINT('',(1.505912177382E2,-9.035473064294E1,0.E0));
• #22=LINE('',#21,#20);
• #23=DIRECTION('',(-1.E0,0.E0,0.E0));
• #24=VECTOR('',#23,2.704495338972E2);
• #274=CC_DESIGN_PERSON_AND_ORGANIZATION_ASSIGNMENT(#266,#273,(#250));
• #275=PERSON_AND_ORGANIZATION_ROLE('design_owner');
• #276=CC_DESIGN_PERSON_AND_ORGANIZATION_ASSIGNMENT(#266,#275,(#241));
• #5=CIRCLE('',#4,1.739601681791E1);
• #10=CIRCLE('',#9,1.739601681791E1);
• #39=CIRCLE('',#38,1.739601681791E1);
• #44=CIRCLE('',#43,1.739601681791E1);
• #106=EDGE_CURVE('',#83,#84,#14,.T.);
• #108=EDGE_CURVE('',#84,#86,#18,.T.);
• #110=EDGE_CURVE('',#86,#88,#22,.T.);
• #112=EDGE_CURVE('',#88,#83,#26,.T.);
• #116=EDGE_CURVE('',#79,#80,#5,.T.);
• #118=EDGE_CURVE('',#80,#79,#10,.T.);
• #129=EDGE_CURVE('',#79,#91,#30,.T.);
• #131=EDGE_CURVE('',#91,#92,#39,.T.);
• #133=EDGE_CURVE('',#80,#92,#34,.T.);
• #145=EDGE_CURVE('',#92,#91,#44,.T.);
• #156=EDGE_CURVE('',#95,#96,#48,.T.);
• #158=EDGE_CURVE('',#100,#95,#52,.T.);
• #160=EDGE_CURVE('',#98,#100,#56,.T.);
• #162=EDGE_CURVE('',#96,#98,#60,.T.);
• #177=EDGE_CURVE('',#83,#95,#64,.T.);
• #180=EDGE_CURVE('',#84,#96,#76,.T.);
• #191=EDGE_CURVE('',#88,#100,#68,.T.);
• #204=EDGE_CURVE('',#86,#98,#72,.T.);
• #236=ADVANCED_BREP_SHAPE_REPRESENTATION('',(#224),#235);
• #243=PRODUCT_DEFINITION('design','',#242,#239);
• #244=PRODUCT_DEFINITION_SHAPE('','SHAPE FOR PRT0001.',#243);
• #245=SHAPE_DEFINITION_REPRESENTATION(#244,#236);
Other graphics standard
• GKS Graphical Kernal Systems developed
by Deutsches institut fÜr normung (DIN)
