SITE CRITERIA AND LOADS ON STRUCTURE

SITE CRITERIA:

Basic Wind Speed 90 mph, Exposure C

Ground Snow 40 psf
Roof Live Load 10 psf
Roof Dead Load 5 psf assumed

CODE IBC 2000 / ASCE 7-98

NGMA Structural Design Manual Design Example 1 - 1

WIND DESIGN

Assume 20o roof slope

Velocity pressure, qz:

qz = 0.00256KzKztKdV2I (psf) (Eq. 6-13)

Where:
Kz = 0.85 (Table 6-5, Exposure C, 0-15' ht)
Kzt = 1 (Assume no wind speed-up effects)
Kd = 0.85 (Table 6-6)
V= 90 mph (Figure 6-1)
I= 0.87 (Table 6-1, Category I)

qz = 13.03 psf

Design wind pressures, p (Eq. 6-15)

p = q(GCpf) - qi(GCpi) (psf)

Where:
q = qi = 13.0 psf (= qz = qh for this example)

(transverse)
(GCpf) =

CASE A
0.53 (Figure 6-4, Case A, building surface 1 = wall, windward)
-0.69 (Figure 6-4, Case A, building surface 2 = roof, windward)
-0.48 (Figure 6-4, Case A, building surface 3 = roof, leeward)
-0.43 (Figure 6-4, Case A, building surface 4 = wall, leeward)

-0.45 (Figure 6-4, Case B, building surface 1 = wall)

-0.69 (Figure 6-4, Case B, building surface 2 = roof) (longitudinal)
CASE B

-0.37 (Figure 6-4, Case B, building surface 3 = roof)

-0.45 (Figure 6-4, Case B, building surface 4 = wall)
0.40 (Figure 6-4, Case B, building surface 5 = wall, windward)
-0.29 (Figure 6-4, Case B, building surface 6 = wall, leeward)

(GCpi) = 0.55
(Table 6-7, partially enclosed buildings)
-0.55
0.18
(Table 6-7, enclosed buildings)
-0.18

NGMA Structural Design Manual Design Example 1 - 2

 Design Wind Pressure, p
Case A
(psf)
Partially Enclosed Enclosed
max min max min
Windward:
Wall (surface 1) 14.08 -0.26 9.25 4.56
Roof (surface 2) -1.82 -16.16 -6.65 -11.34

Leeward:
Roof (surface 3) 0.91 -13.43 -3.91 -8.60
Wall (surface 4) 1.56 -12.77 -3.26 -7.95

Design Wind Pressure, p

Case B
(psf)
Partially Enclosed Enclosed
max min max min

Wall (surface 1) 1.30 -13.03 -3.52 -8.21

Roof (surface 2) -1.82 -16.16 -6.65 -11.34
Roof (surface 3) 2.35 -11.99 -2.48 -7.17
Wall (surface 4) 1.30 -13.03 -3.52 -8.21

Windward:
Wall (surface 5) 12.38 -1.96 7.56 2.87

Leeward:
Wall (surface 6) 3.39 -10.95 -1.43 -6.13

Determine which wind loads to use (which govern) in load combinations:

Transverse direction (Case A):

Vertical load due to wind, on roof (outward pressure)
-11.34 psf, max
Horizontal load
9.25 psf, max - windward
-7.95 psf, max - leeward

Longitudinal direction (Case B):

Vertical load due to wind, on roof (outward pressure)
-11.34 psf, max (same as vertical load due to
wind in transverse direction)
Horizontal load
7.56 psf, max - windward
-6.13 psf, max - leeward
side walls:
-8.21 psf, max

NGMA Structural Design Manual Design Example 1 - 3

WIND PRESSURES ON STRUCTURE:

-8.60 psf
3
-7.95 psf
4
2
-11.34 psf

1
9.25 psf

CASE A

-7.17 psf
3 6
-8.21 psf -6.13 psf
4
2
-11.34 psf

1
-8.21 psf
5
7.56 psf

CASE B

NGMA Structural Design Manual Design Example 1 - 4

SNOW DESIGN

Flat-roof snow load, p f:

p f = 0.7CeCtIpg (Eq. 7-1)

Where:
pg = 40 psf (Figure 7-2)
Ce = 1.0 (Table 7-2, partially exposed roof)
Ct = 1.1 (Table 7-3, structure kept just above freezing)
I= 0.8 (Table 7-4, Category I)

pf = 24.6 psf

Sloped-roof snow load, p s:

p s = Cs p f (Eq. 7-2)

Where:
pf = 24.6 psf
Cs = 0.90 (Figure 7-2a, 4:12 roof slope, warm roof)

ps = 22.2 psf

NGMA Structural Design Manual Design Example 1 - 5

LOAD COMBINATIONS

Roof Dead Load, D = 5.0 psf

Roof Live Load, Lr = 10.0 psf (Lr < than S therefore S governs)
Snow Load, S = 22.2 psf
Wind Load, W = 9.25 psf (inward pressure at wall, transverse) 7.56 psf (inward pressure at wall, longitudinal)
Assume enclosed -7.95 psf (outward pressure at wall, transverse) -6.13 psf (outward pressure at wall, longitudinal)
building -11.3 psf (upward wind pressure acting normal to roof)

Basic Combinations - Strength Design (Section 2.3.2)

(Note, only the governing load combinations are given with the governing loads)

3. 1.2 D + 1.6 S = 1.2 * (5.0 psf) + 1.6 * (22.2 psf) = 6.0 psf D + 23.8 psf S

4. 1.2 D + 1.6 W + 0.5 S = 1.2 * (5.0 psf) + 1.6 * (9.25 psf) + 0.5 * (22.2 psf) = 6.0 psf D + 14.8 psf W + 11.1 psf S Wind - transverse, inward pressure at wall
= 1.2 * (5.0 psf) + 1.6 * (-7.95 psf) + 0.5 * (22.2 psf) = 6.0 psf D - 12.72 psf W + 11.1 psf S Wind - transverse, outward pressure at wall
= 1.2 * (5.0 psf) + 1.6 * (7.56 psf) + 0.5 * (22.2 psf) = 6.0 psf D + 12.1 psf W + 11.1 psf S Wind - longitudinal, inward pressure at wall
= 1.2 * (5.0 psf) + 1.6 * (-6.13 psf) + 0.5 * (22.2 psf) = 6.0 psf D - 9.8 psf W + 11.1 psf S Wind - longitudinal, outward pressure at wall
= 1.2 * (5.0 psf) + 1.6 * (-11.3 psf) + 0.5 * (22.2 psf) = 6.0 psf D - 18.1 psf W, roof + 11.1 psf S Wind ld acting normal to roof (upward wind pressure)

6. 0.9 D + 1.6 W = 0.9 * (5.0 psf) + 1.6 * (9.25 psf) = 4.5 psf D + 14.8 psf W Wind - transverse, inward pressure at wall
= 0.9 * (5.0 psf) + 1.6 * (-7.95 psf) = 4.5 psf D - 12.72 psf W Wind - transverse, outward pressure at wall
= 0.9 * (5.0 psf) + 1.6 * (7.56 psf) = 4.5 psf D + 12.1 psf W Wind - longitudinal, inward pressure at wall
= 0.9 * (5.0 psf) + 1.6 * (-6.13 psf) = 4.5 psf D - 9.8 psf W Wind - longitudinal, outward pressure at wall
= 0.9 * (5.0 psf) + 1.6 * (-11.3 psf) = 4.5 psf D - 18.1 psf W Wind ld acting normal to roof (upward wind pressure)

Allowable Stress Design - Load Combinations (Section 2.4.1)

2. D+S = 5.0 psf D + 22.2 psf S

3. D+W+S = 5.0 psf D + 9.25 psf W + 22.2 psf S Wind - transverse, inward pressure at wall
= 5.0 psf D - 7.95 psf W + 22.2 psf S Wind - transverse, outward pressure at wall
= 5.0 psf D + 7.56 psf W + 22.2 psf S Wind - longitudinal, inward pressure at wall
= 5.0 psf D - 6.13 psf W + 22.2 psf S Wind - longitudinal, outward pressure at wall
= 5.0 psf D - 11.3 psf W + 22.2 psf S Wind ld acting normal to roof (upward wind pressure)

4. 0.6D + W = 0.6 * (5.0 psf) + (9.25 psf) = 3.0 psf D + 9.25 psf W Wind - transverse, inward pressure at wall
= 0.6 * (5.0 psf) + (-7.95 psf) = 3.0 psf D - 7.95 psf W Wind - transverse, outward pressure at wall
= 0.6 * (5.0 psf) + (7.56 psf) = 3.0 psf D + 7.56 psf W Wind - longitudinal, inward pressure at wall
= 0.6 * (5.0 psf) + (-6.13 psf) = 3.0 psf D - 6.13 psf W Wind - longitudinal, outward pressure at wall
= 0.6 * (5.0 psf) + (-11.3 psf) = 3.0 psf D - 11.3 psf W Wind ld acting normal to roof (upward wind pressure)

NGMA Structural Design Manual Design Example 1 - 6

STRUCTURE DESIGN

Roof Design:
Using Allowable Stress Design or Basic Load Combinations (Strength Design)
Truss Analysis
Connectors

Lateral Design (Wind):

Using Allowable Stress Design or Basic Load Combinations (Strength Design)

WIND DESIGN:

H = 12'
ES
UT CE
TRIBBRA
S
DI AG.
TER DI
V = w x W/2 V = 912# EC TO
= 912# LL V,
CO AD,
w = p x HT LO
= 76plf

V = 912#
W
VERTICAL =2
BEAM 4'

DIAGONAL BRACE,
T= V x 1.414 (@45°)
= 1290#
WIND PRESSURE, P, AT GABLE END WALL
(LONGIT. DIRECTION), P = 7.6 PSF

w= 7.6 psf x (12'/2 + 2/3x6') = 76 plf

V LONGIT = 76plf x 24'/2 = 912#

(@45°)
TENSION IN DIAG. CROSS BRACE
@ LONGIT. WALL, T = 912# x 1.414 = 1290#

WIND

1E 2E END BAY DESIGN FOR TRANSVERSE

KNEE BRACES
WIND LOAD:

USE KNEE BRACE FRAME

DIAGONAL BRACING OR DIAGONAL BRACING
OR FLAG POLES

FLAG POLES

END BEAM
ELEVATION

NGMA Structural Design Manual Design Example 1 - 7