Micro

Notes *These are only the extra notes I added to each slide.. broken down by title of the slide * 1st test will be the 4th class * Exam = powerpoints & book * Disregard slides 37-75 (except slide #57 will be on exam) * For lists of bacteria on exam: should know the normal floras in each body area will ask you Name of few bacteria that belong in this area / Name a pathogen thats not part of the normal flora A Few Concepts Normal flora: mostly non-pathogenic / dont cause disease. But if immune system is compromised, or if diffuses to tissue/other areas they are not supposed to be, can become pathogenic o Ex: Candida causes thrush (due to immune system being compromised) / or can be found in the gut (abnormal area) and must be treated with probiotics Contamination: used for diagnostic purposes. Can mislead diagnostic tests o Ex: epithelial skin cells present in a urinalysis can mislead diagnosis and mimic infection (but are really just due to not obtaining a clean catch urine specimen) Colonization: bacteria has reached a certain number that it can start colonizing and developing Infection: tissue/organ is infected with a pathogen. Starts the innate immunity response

Viruses Examples of viruses: Influenza, Chickenpox (varicella), Rhinovirus, HIV/AIDS, Herpes Simplex virus 1 (typically oral) & 2 (usually genital) HSV 2 has a dormant phase the 2 strands can intertwine between oral & genital Viruses cannot be seen by a microscope o Ex: RBC diameter = 3000 nm / a virus = 50 300nm Viruses are so small because they have to be able to diffuse into our tissues to reach target receptors & use host cell to propagate o Ex: Rabies brain : has high affinity for neurons. Small enough to pass the blood-brain barrier Virulence = what makes something pathogenic Herd immunity = If most people in a population are vaccinated, the chance of becoming infected is close to zero Side note: The brain and eye are special privilege organs = something has to have special characteristics to be able to reach it

Bacteria Remember to always wear gloves, masks, protective wear & wash hands to prevent spread of bacteria

Fungi

Do not need a host cell to propagate

Normal Flora In sterile environments, if anything other than normal flora is present, it is considered pathogenic Skin is covered by normal flora o Part of the innate immunity mucosal & skin membrane are one of the 1st parts of immunity

Importance of the Normal Flora The oral bacterial flora exert microbial antagonism against nonindigenous species by production of inhibitory fatty acids, peroxides, bacteriocins, etc. o These productions are secreted from the normal flora if transient bacteria that is not part of the normal flora is present, it can be destroyed by these secretions In the mouth, some of the normal flora can cause infection in teeth & gum if hygiene is not well kept aka normal flora can become pathogenic

Normal Flora of the Skin The most important sites are the: axilla, groin, & areas between the toes o Contains the highest concentration of normal flora of the skin o Due to the high concentration, if disease/infection is starting these are areas that will be first affected

Normal Flora of the Conjunctiva The eye is another of the privileged sites There is a strong relationship between the retina, optic nerve & brain o Disease of back of eye = disease of brain & nervous system o Ex: macular degeneration One normal flora of one area can be pathogenic if diffuses to another organ o Ex: Haemophilus influenza normal if present in eye, but pathogenic (causes otitis media middle ear infection) if present in ears of infants

Normal Flora of the GI Tract Both bottle feeding & breast feeding help to establish some of the normal flora in the GIT for infants (b/c at birth the entire tract is sterile, until bacteria enter with first feeding) Different parts of the GIT have different pH values makes normal flora different than the rest of the body Antibiotics destroy normal flora susceptible to Crohns disease

Candida albicans (yeast) is the most common infection of GIT/mouth in an immunocompromised person In humans the GIT flora are influenced by: o 1. Age o 2. Diet o 3. Cultural conditions o 4. The use of antibiotics o 5. (added- not in powerpoint) Probiotic consumption o 6. (added- not in powerpoint) Environment where you live Opportunistic means not part of the normal flora pathogenic if not in native organ Mutualistic means they get nutrition from the host, but still provide advantages

The Immune System Vaccines = sample of bacteria that will elicit responses / expand T & B cells. Then effector cells will come back and fight the pathogen B cells make antibodies & carry antibodies as receptors The human immune system recognizes self from non-self. Antibodies get alarmed when encounter non-self & become activated. Then receptors travel to closest lymph node & enlarge it. RBCs and platelets do not have a nucleus You see an increase in eosinophils with allergic reactions & parasite infections Web of the immune system: (specific parts explained in detail) o 1. Pluripotent stem cell comes from the bone marrow; can go to thymus to make T cells, NK cells & B cells o 2. Plasma cell when B cells are encountered with dendritic cells, they become plasma cells that can secrete antibodies o 3. Myeloid stem cells make RBCs and megakaryotes (which make platelets), monocytes which become macrophages (engulf antigen or present the antigen), and granulocytes aka neutrophils and eosinophils Monocyte = in the blood / Macrophage = in the tissue

Immunity and the Immune Response System Cell Mediated Response Antigen o Mostly viruses that require cell mediated response AND antibody mediated response Antibody Mediated Response Antigen o Sensitized B cells - are sensitized, meaning they encounter the antigen presenting cell to alarm them of the invader o Memory B cells in case you see non-self pathogen again, your body will remember it Make sure future process goes faster Similar concept as receiving a vaccine Booster shot = durable antibody response with lots of memory cells

 Classes of Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) IgA1 & IgA2 = secretory antibodies found in saliva, genital secretions; helps to prevent STDs; contributes to mucosal immunity IgD = only on surface of Bcells IgE = allergy & parasite (remember E for eosinophil, which increase in allergic reactions/parasites) o Releases histamine from mast cells o Undetectable in many people o So low that it has its own unit of measurement IgG & IgM = main antibodies IgM = first line response to infection; if positive, can tell a person recently had an infection