Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005
Florida Solar Energy Center y November 1-4, 2005
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems
Principal Investigator: Muhammad M. Rahman Department of Mechanical Engineering University of South Florida Graduate Students: Son H. Ho, Steve Hong, Santosh K. Mukka, P. Sharath C. Rao Start Date = June 1, 2002 Planned Completion = December 31, 2006
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems Muhammad M. Rahman University of South Florida 1
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005
Florida Solar Energy Center y November 1-4, 2005
Research Goals and Objectives
Problem Addressed:
A working numerical simulation model is needed to efficiently design future zero boil-off (ZBO) cryogenic storage systems for NASA applications.
Solution:
Developing a finite element based numerical simulation model for fluid flow and heat transfer in zero boil-off cryogenic storage systems.
Innovation:
A practical numerical prediction tool for thermo-fluid behavior within a cryogenic storage tank.
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems Muhammad M. Rahman University of South Florida 2
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005
Florida Solar Energy Center y November 1-4, 2005
Relevance to Current State-of-the-Art
Design of cryogenic storage tanks for space and automotive applications. Optimization of operation of active boil-off control systems under different operating conditions. Establishment of methodology of using numerical simulation modeling by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in designing industrial equipment and processes.
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems Muhammad M. Rahman University of South Florida 3
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005
Florida Solar Energy Center y November 1-4, 2005
Relevance to NASA
With passive storage, the storage tank size and insulation weight increase with days in orbit, whereas in the ZBO storage system mass remains constant. A validated modeling and simulation tool will be needed to support ongoing experimental studies at NASA. The code will help the design of future experiments and mission applications. The ZBO concept and the computer model can be used for storage vessel design for any liquid hydrogen storage and transportation.
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems Muhammad M. Rahman University of South Florida 4
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005
Florida Solar Energy Center y November 1-4, 2005
Budget, Schedule and Deliverables
Budget & Schedule Year 1 (June 2002 June 2003): $ 91,278 Developed Basic Numerical Simulation Model Single Phase (Liquid). Year 2 (July 2003 December 2004): $85,069 Advanced Model for Two Phase (Liquid and Vapor) in the Tank. Year 3 (January 2005 December 2005): $ 90,000 Developed Three-Dimensional Simulation Model for the Storage Tank. Year 4 (Proposed, January 2006 December 2006): $90,000 Advancements for Transient Heat Transfer under Periodic Heat Loads. Development of Post-Processing Programs (MATLAB-based) for Converting Massive CFD Results into a Ready-to-Use Engineering Tool. Deliverables Technical Reports. Computer Simulation Programs (in electronic files).
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems Muhammad M. Rahman University of South Florida 5
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005
Florida Solar Energy Center y November 1-4, 2005
Anticipated Technology End Use
Effective storage technology for liquid hydrogen as fuel for space applications and for general transportation. Extension to storage technology for other liquefied gases (LO2, LN2, natural gas) used in industry. Methodology of modeling fluid flow and heat and mass transfer phenomena in liquefied-gas storage systems. Optimize structural design based on pressure simulation.
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems Muhammad M. Rahman University of South Florida 6
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005
Florida Solar Energy Center y November 1-4, 2005
Accomplishments To Date
Enhancement of fluid mixing within the tank by using liquid spray.
Analysis for completely filled tank, various inlet opening shapes. Analysis for partially filled (liquid + vapor) tank. Analysis for completely filled tank with axial spraying nozzle.
Analysis for heat dissipation to the cryo-cooler using a heat pipe.
Analysis for nitrogen storage in a spherical vessel. Analysis for hydrogen storage in a cylindrical vessel with elliptical top and bottom with array of nozzles using axi-symmetric model. Analysis for hydrogen storage in a cylindrical vessel with elliptical top and bottom with single nozzle using three-dimensional model.
Comparison with NASA experimental data. Four technical papers published.
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems Muhammad M. Rahman University of South Florida 7
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005
Florida Solar Energy Center y November 1-4, 2005
LH2 Completely Filled Tank Single Phase Analysis
Schematic of LH2 filled tank.
Numerical solution Streamlines
Cold fluid from inlet continuously replaced heated up fluid inside the tank.
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems Muhammad M. Rahman University of South Florida 8
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005
Florida Solar Energy Center y November 1-4, 2005
LH2 Partially Filled Tank Two Phase Analysis
Numerical solution Temperature distribution Schematic of LH2 tank, two phase.
Cold fluid from inlet continuously replaced heated up fluid inside the tank.
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems Muhammad M. Rahman University of South Florida 9
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005
Florida Solar Energy Center y November 1-4, 2005
LH2 Tank with Axial Spray Nozzle - Model
A
Varying Dimensions
D inlet
F outlet
Constant Dimensions
A
tank wall B
1.50 m 0.65 m 1.30 m 0.05 m 0.01 m 0.02 m 0.02 m
0.10 m 0.15 m 0.20 m
B
H
C
nozzle Q G C M N L P
0.80 m 1.30 m 1.80 m
G M N
0.90 m 1.00 m 1.20 m 1.30 m
P
B
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems Muhammad M. Rahman University of South Florida 10
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005
Florida Solar Energy Center y November 1-4, 2005
LH2 Tank with Spray Nozzle Simulation
Vinlet = 0.01 m/s Tinlet = 15 K
D H L 0.20 m 1.30 m 1.00 m
Numerical solution Streamlines
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems Muhammad M. Rahman University of South Florida 11
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005
Florida Solar Energy Center y November 1-4, 2005
Tank with Heat Pipe and Array of Nozzles
Solar Array
Schematic of the cryogenic storage system for liquid hydrogen.
Cryocooler Heat Exchanger Controller
Heat Pipe
Ullage (vapor)
Liquid Pump Unit
Tank Wall
Insulation
3-D model of liquid hydrogen tank with heat pipe and array of pump-nozzle units.
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems Muhammad M. Rahman University of South Florida 12
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005
Florida Solar Energy Center y November 1-4, 2005
Axi-symmetric Model Parametric Study
25
A
Maximum temperature, K
24 23 22 21 20 19
V = 0.01 m/s V = 0.03 m/s V = 0.05 m/s
H M
O E E G L R Q
P C
18 0.1 0.2 Gap between nozzle and heat pipe (G), m 0.3
Effect of spraying gap between nozzle and heat pipe.
23.4
r z
B
Temperature, K
23.2
Average values Maximum values
Geometric Parameters.
For better cooling: Increase fluid speed at nozzle Decrease gap between nozzle and heat pipe Increase distance from top of tank to inlet of pump
23
22.8
22.6 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 Distance from pump inlet to top (H-P), m
Effect of distance from inlet location to top of tank.
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems Muhammad M. Rahman University of South Florida 13
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005
Florida Solar Energy Center y November 1-4, 2005
Axi-symmetric Model Numerical Solution
Mesh
Temperature distribution
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems Muhammad M. Rahman University of South Florida 14
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005
Florida Solar Energy Center y November 1-4, 2005
Axi-symmetric Model Numerical Solution
Streamlines/Speed distribution
Pressure distribution
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems Muhammad M. Rahman University of South Florida 15
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005
Florida Solar Energy Center y November 1-4, 2005
LH2 Tank with Heat Pipe & Single Nozzle 3-D Model
3-D hexahedral-element mesh, focused on pump-nozzle and heat pipe. 3-D model of LH2 tank with heat pipe & single pump-nozzle unit
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems Muhammad M. Rahman University of South Florida 16
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005
Florida Solar Energy Center y November 1-4, 2005
3-D Model Numerical Solution
Velocity field, focused on pump-nozzle and heat pipe Temperature distribution
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems Muhammad M. Rahman University of South Florida 17
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005
Florida Solar Energy Center y November 1-4, 2005
3-D Model & Axi-symmetric Model, Parametric Study
12 3-dimensional Axi-symmetric
Maximum temperature, K
24 3-dimensional Axi-symmetric
10
Average speed, 10 m/s
23
-3
22
21
20
19
0 0.01
0.02
0.03 Speed at nozzle, m/s
0.04
0.05
18 0.01
0.02
0.03 Speed at nozzle, m/s
0.04
0.05
Effect of fluid speed at nozzle on average fluid speed (mixing)
Effect of fluid speed at nozzle on maximum temperature (boiling)
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems Muhammad M. Rahman University of South Florida 18
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005
Florida Solar Energy Center y November 1-4, 2005
LH2 Tank with Heat Pipe Spherical Model
Heat Flux Heat Flux
l l a w k n a T
e p i p t a e H
Adiabatic s ection Cons t. temp.
Evaporator s ection
Liquid Hydrogen
Liquid Hydrogen
LH2 tank with heat pipe, cylindrical wall & oblate spheroid top and bottom
Spherical equivalent model
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems Muhammad M. Rahman University of South Florida 19
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005
Florida Solar Energy Center y November 1-4, 2005
Transient Solution Comparison of Temperature between Models (Axi-symmetric, 3-D, and Spherical) Temperature vs. Time
23.00 T max (axi-) T mean (axi-) T max (3d) T mean (3d) T max (spherical) T mean (spherical)
22.00
21.00
20.00
19.00
18.00 0 12 24 Time (hours) 36 48
Solution for spherical model has the same form as that for axisymmetric and 3-D models. A simple coefficient can make the spherical model match a better equivalent model for the real problem.
Temperature (K)
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems Muhammad M. Rahman University of South Florida 20
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005
Florida Solar Energy Center y November 1-4, 2005
Comparison of Pressure in Spherical Nitrogen Tank
30.2 30 29.8
Pressure (psi)
29.6 29.4 29.2 29 28.8 Computational Experimental 0 10 20 30 Elapsed time (hours) 40 50 60
3-D tetrahedral-element mesh for spherical tank with heat pipe and pump-nozzle.
Comparison with NASA experiment data on nitrogen storage in spherical tank.
Computational results show good agreement with experimental data.
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems Muhammad M. Rahman University of South Florida 21
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005
Florida Solar Energy Center y November 1-4, 2005
Comparison of Temperature Profile with NASA Test Data for Hydrogen Storage
350 Outer surface = 305 K (Numerical) 300 305 K (Experimental) Outer surface = 235 K (Numerical) 235 K (Experimental) 250 Outer surface = 164 K (Numerical) 164 K (Experimental) 200
Temperature (K)
150
100
50
0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Distance (x 10E-2 m)
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems Muhammad M. Rahman University of South Florida 22
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005
Florida Solar Energy Center y November 1-4, 2005
Publications
1. S.K. Mukka and M.M. Rahman, Analysis of Fluid Flow and Heat
Transfer in a Liquid Hydrogen Storage Vessel for Space Applications, Space Technology and Applications International Forum, Albuquerque, New Mexico, February 2004. 2. S.K. Mukka and M.M. Rahman, Computation of Fluid Circulation in a Cryogenic Storage Vessel, AIAA 2nd International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, Providence, Rhode Island, August 2004. 3. M. Rahman and S. Ho, Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage of Hydrogen, NHA Hydrogen Conference 2005, Washington, D.C., March 2005. 4. S. Ho and M. Rahman, Three-Dimensional Analysis of Liquid Hydrogen Cryogenic Storage Tank, 3rd International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference and Exhibit, San Francisco, California, August 2005.
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems Muhammad M. Rahman University of South Florida 23
Florida Universities Hydrogen Review 2005
Florida Solar Energy Center y November 1-4, 2005
Future Plans
Three-dimensional modeling for liquid hydrogen tank with auxiliary equipment inside the tank. Bubble formation and boiling in closed tank and resulting pressure profile. Transient solutions for periodic heat transfer and fluid flow. Development of a MATLAB-based design program using CFD numerical results as input.
Numerical Simulation Modeling of Transport Phenomena in Zero Boil-Off Cryogenic Storage Systems Muhammad M. Rahman University of South Florida 24
