River Routing B
Water Resources Engineering
More Flood Routing
A C
How does the hydrograph for A look when it gets here?
Hydrograph for A Attenuation
Time lag
River Routing
Hydraulic Routing Hydrologic Methods
Recall: Storage indication method/modified Puls method (previous lecture).
2S 2S ( I n + I n +1 ) + n Qn = n+1 + Qn +1 (= R 1 ) t t 2 S n +1 2S Qn +1 = n+1 + Qn +1 2Qn +1 ( = R 2 ) t t 2S (= R 3 ) Q= f +Q t
S = f(Q) only. This is because the storage capacity of any particular reservoir is know
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Reservoir / River Routing
Reservoir routing 1. Continuity equation River routing 1. Continuity equation
Storage Equations
Conservation of Mass
IQ =
dS dt
IQ =
dS dt
2. Storage equation
2. Storage equation
S = f(Q)
Inflow
S = f(I, Q)
Inflow Storage Outflow
I - O = dS dt
Conservation of Momentum
Storage
Outflow
Storage
S = f(I,O)
Previous lecture
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Storage
While flood enters the reach
Storage = volume In general, storage in a channel can be found by integrating the water surface profile. When a flood wave propagate through a channel, storage can be calculated by knowing the difference of inflow and outflow and multiplying with the speed in which information travels.
Prism and Wedge Concepts
After flood passes through
Channel storage
Surface profile Riverbed Reach I Q Sprism = KQ , reach. K is travel time constant through
Muskingum method
Continuity equation: Storage equation:
I n + I n +1 Qn + Qn +1 S n +1 S n = 2 2 t
S n = K [ xI n + (1 x)Qn ] S n +1 = K [ xI n +1 + (1 x)Qn +1 ]
=
Q
+ Sprism = KQ Swedge = xK(I-Q)
Note: x = weighting factor
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Subtracting Sn+1 with Sn:
S n+1 S n = K {[ XI n +1 + (1 X )Qn+1 ] [ XI n + (1 X )Qn ]} I n + I n+1 Qn + Qn+1 t = K {[ XI n+1 + (1 X )Qn +1 ] [ XI n + (1 X )Qn ]} 2 2
=
S = Sprism + Swedge
S = K [xI + (1 x)Q ]
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Muskingum method
Continuity equation: Storage equation:
I n + I n +1 Qn + Qn +1 S n +1 S n = 2 2 t
S n = K [ xI n + (1 x)Qn ] S n +1 = K [ xI n +1 + (1 x)Qn +1 ]
Muskingum parameters
X related to shape of wedge. 0 < x < 0.5 x=0 level pool (reservoir) x=0.5 pure translation (no attenuation) typical values are 0.2 0.3
KQ
Muskingum routing equation:
Qn +1 = C0 I n +1 + C1 I n + C2 Qn
Kx + t 2 D Kx + t 2 C1 = D C0 = C2 = K Kx t 2 D
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Travel time through reach
D = K(1 x) + t 2
Numerical accuracy require 2Kx < t < K t and K must have same units
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Muskingum Routing Method
Routing procedure
Index n-1 Index n Index n+1
X = 0.0
discharge
Known inflow hydrograph
X = 0.5
time
Known starting conditions
t
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Routed outflow hydrograph
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Example
Time (hrs) Route the inflow hydrograph given below using the Muskingum method. Assume t = 1 hr, X = 0.2, K = 0.7 hrs. Given that the initial inflow and outflow through the river reach is 0 cfs. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Inflow (cfs) 0 800 2000 4200 5200 4400 3200 2500 2000 1500 1000 700 400 0
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Qn+1 = C0 I n +1 + C1 I n + C2Qn
Kx + t 2 D Kx + t 2 C1 = D C0 = C2 = K Kx t 2 D
D = K(1 x) + t 2
D=0.7(1-0.2)+1/2= 1.06 Co = {-0.7(0.2)+1/2}/1.06 = 0.3396 C1 = {0.7(0.2)+1/2}/1.06 = 0.6038 C2 = {0.7-0.7(0.2)-1/2}/1.06=0.0566 Check : Co+C1+C2 = 1
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Qn+1 = C0 I n +1 + C1 I n + C2Qn
Kx + t 2 D Kx + t 2 C1 = D K Kx t 2 D
C0 =
C2 =
D = K(1 x) + t 2
Graphical estimation of Muskingum parameters
0.3396 0.6038
Time (hr)
n
0.566
C2(Qn) Qn+1 0
I (cfs) 0
Co In+1
C 1 In
If observed inflow and outflow hydrographs are available, x and K can be estimated using a graphical method. Storage equation: S = K[xI + (1 x)Q]
0 1 2 3
271.68
n+1
0 483.04 1207
0 272 15.40 1178 67 2701
Weighted discharge
800 679.20 2000 1426 4200
xI+(1-x)Q
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S
Storage
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Determining X and K
Day I O Si+1 Si+1 (cfs) (cfs) (cfs-days) (cfs-days) Where Si+1 = Si + Idt - Odt K Select x from data set that gives the best linear loop K = slope of best fit line through best linear loop
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Example: Muskingum routing
The following parameters for a reach are given: x = 0.2 K = 2 days t = 1 day Route the tabulated inflow hydrograph through the reach.
Time (day) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Inflow (cfs) 4,000 7,000 11,000 17,000 22,000 27 ,000 30,000 28,000 25,000 23,000 20,000 17 ,000 14,000 11,000 8,000 5,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000
xI + (1-x)O x=.1 x=.2 x=.3
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Solution: t=1 day Estimation of coefficients: Q1 = I1 = 4,000 cfs t = 2 days
Check: C0+C1+C2=1
Time (day) 1 2 3 4
Inflow (cfs) 4,000 7,000 11,000 17,000
D = K(1 x) + t 2 = 2(1 0.2) + 1 2 = 2.1 C0 = Kx + t 2 2(0.2) + 1 2 = = 0.0476 D 2 .1 Kx + t 2 2(0.2) + 1 2 C1 = = = 0.4286 D 2.1 K(1 x) t 2 2(1 0.2) 1 2 C2 = = = 0.5238 D 2.1
Q2 = 0.0476 I2 + 0.4286 I1 + 0.5238 Q1 = 0.0476 (7000) + 0.4286 ( 4000) + 0.5238 ( 4000) = 4143 cfs
t = 3 days
Routing equation: Qn = C0 I n +1 + C1 I n + C2Qn
Q3 = 0.0476 I3 + 0.4286 I2 + 0.5238 Q2 = 0.0476 (11,000) + 0.4286 (7000) + 0.5238 ( 4143) = 5694 cfs
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Qn +1 = 0.0476 I n +1 + 0.4286 I n + 0.5238 Qn
Reservoir Routing Inflow and outflow hydrographs for Example
Solution: 1. Develop Storage function Curve (2S/t +Q) Vs Q 2. Construct the Table
Needed Details: 1. Inflow Hydrograph
T I 0 0 1 10 2 22
2 days
3. Using initial conditions, find (2Sn/t +Qn) 4. Then using R1, R3, R2 in sequence, Solve the problem and find Qn+1
2. Stage Discharge Relationship Stage Storage Relationship 3. Initial Storage, Initial Outflow (Qn)
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River Routing Muskingum Routing
Solution: 1. Find Co,C1, C2 using t, K,X 2. Remember base equation
Qn+1 = C0 I n +1 + C1 I n + C2Qn
2. Construct the Table
Needed Details: 1. Inflow Hydrograph
T I 0 0 1 10 2 22
3. Qn is given
2. K Travel Time constant (same as t units) X Wedge Shape Factor 3. Initial Outflow (Qn)
4. Then using Co, C1, C2 in sequence, Solve the problem and find Qn+1
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