13.

Column Design
Columns:
- Axially loaded columns:

M=0

- Eccentric columns:

M0

Short columns:

Pu , M u

Long (slender) columns:

Pu , M u ns

13.1. Axially Loaded Columns

Safety provision
Pu Pn.max
where
Pu

= required strength

Pn.max

= design strength

= strength reduction factor

Pn

= nominal strength

Pn.max

= maximum (allowable) strength

For tied columns:

Pn.max = 0.80 0.85 f'c Ag Ast + Ast fy

with

= 0.65

For spirally reinforced columns:

Pn.max = 0.85 0.85 f'c Ag Ast + Ast fy

with

= 0.70

where
Ast

= area of steel reinforcement

Page 76

Ag = b c h c

= area of gross section of column

Ac = Ag Ast

= area of concrete section

Column steel ratio:

Ast
g =
= 1% .. 8%
Ag
Lateral ties
According ACI 7.10.5 the diameters of lateral tie are
For longitudinal bar D 32mm:

Dv 10mm

For longitudinal bar D > 32mm:

Dv 12mm

The spacing of tie

s 16D

s 48Dv

s bc

In practice
Dv =

1 .. 1 D

3 4

s = 100mm .. 150mm .. 300mm

Page 77

Spirals
According ACI 7.10.4 the diameter of spiral:

Dv 10mm

Clear spacing of spiral:

25mm s 75mm

Determination of concrete section

Pu
0.80

Ag =
0.85 f'c 1 g + fy g

Determination of steel area

Pu
Ast =

0.85 f'c Ag

0.80

0.85 f'c + fy

Example 13.1
Tributary area

B := 4m

L := 8m

Materials

f'c := 25MPa

fy := 390MPa

Loads on slab
DL := 50mm 22

kN
3

+ 100mm 25

m
LL := 2.00

kN
3

+ 0.40

kN

kN
2

+ 1.00

kN
2

= 5

(for classroom)

Reduction of live load

2

AT := B L = 32 m

(tributary area)

KLL := 4

(for interior column)

2

AI := KLL AT = 128 m
LL := 0.25 +

4.572

(influence area)
kN
LL LL = 1.308
2
m

= 0.654

AI
2

m
Loads of wall

Void := 30mm 30mm 190 mm 4

Page 78

kN
2

Brickhollow.10 := 120mm Void

20 kN = 1.648 kN
2
3
2
1m
m
m
55

Loads on column
PD.slab := DL B L = 160 kN
PL.slab := LL LL B L = 41.863 kN
PB1 := 25cm ( 65cm 100mm) 25

kN
3

L = 27.5 kN

m
PB2 := 20cm ( 35cm 100mm) 25

kN
3

B = 5 kN

Pwall.1 := Brickhollow.10 ( 3.5m 65cm) ( L 2m) = 28.174 kN

Pwall.2 := Brickhollow.10 ( 3.5m 35cm) B = 20.76 kN
Pcolumn := 35cm 45cm 25

kN
3

( 3.5m 65cm) = 11.222 kN

PD := PD.slab + PB1 + PB2 2.5 + Pwall.1 + Pwall.2 2 + Pcolumn 5 = 1404.577 kN

PL := PL.slab 5 = 209.316 kN
Pu := 1.2 PD + 1.6 PL = 2020.397 kN
Verification
PL

PD + PL

= 12.97 %

PD + PL

Pcolumn 5
PD + PL

B L 5

= 10.087

kN
2

= 3.477 %

Column section
g := 0.02

:= 0.65
Pu
0.80

Ag :=
= 1357.338 cm
0.85 f'c 1 g + fy g

k :=

35cm
45cm

h c :=

Ag
k

= 417.75 mm

h c := Ceil h c , 50mm = 450 mm

Page 79

b c := k h c = 324.916 mm

b c 350
=
mm
h c 450

b c := Ceil b c , 50mm = 350 mm

Ag := b c h c = 1575 cm

Steel area
Pu
Ast :=

0.80

0.85 f'c Ag

0.85 f'c + fy

= 14.604 cm

450mm 50mm 2 5 16mm

4

= 67.5 mm

Lateral ties
D := 16mm

Dv := 10mm

s := min 16 D , 48 Dv , b c = 256 mm
s := Floor( s , 50mm) = 250 mm

13.2. Design of Short Columns

Safety provision
Pu Pn
M u Mn

Equilibrium in forces

X = 0
Page 80

12

( 16mm)

= 24.127 cm

350mm 50mm 2 3 16mm

2

= 101 mm

Pn = C + Cs T
where
C = 0.85 f'c a b
Cs = A's f's
T = As fs

M = 0

Equilibrium in moments

a
h
h
h
M n = Pn e = C + Cs d' + T d
2
2 2
2

a
h
h
h
M n = 0.85 f'c a b + A's f's d' + As fs d
2
2 2
2

Conditions of strain compatibility

s
dc
=
c
u
dc
s = u
c
's
u

fs = Es s = Es u

dc
c

fy

c d'
c
's = u

c d'
c

Unknowns = 5:

a , As , A's , fs , f's

Equations = 4:

X = 0

f's = Es 's = Es u

M = 0

Case of symmetrical column:

Ast
As = A's =
2

Case of unsymmetrical column:

fs = fy

A. Determination of Steel Area

Given:

Pu , M u , b h , f'c , fy

Find:

Ast
As = A's =
2

Page 81

c d'
c

fy

2 conditions of strain compatibility

Pu
Functions

AsN( a) =

AsM( a) =

Answer:

0.85 f'c a b

f's( a) fs( a)
Mu
h
a
0.85 f'c a b

2 2
h
h
f's d' + fs d
2
2

As = AsN( a) = AsM ( a)

Example 13.2
Pu := 1200kN

Required strength

M u := 30kN m
b := 300mm

Concrete dimension

h := 300mm
f'c := 25MPa
fy := 390MPa

Materials

Solution
d := h 30mm + 10mm +

d' := 30mm + 10mm +

20mm

20mm
2

1 := 0.65 max 0.85 0.05

5

Es := 2 10 MPa
c( a) :=

= 250 mm

= 50 mm
f'c 27.6MPa
6.9MPa

min 0.85 = 0.85

u := 0.003

a
1

fs( a) := min Es u

d c( a)

, fy
c( a)

c( a) d'
f's( a) := min Es u
, fy
c( a)

d t := d

Page 82

fs( 150mm) = 250 MPa

f's( 100mm) = 345 MPa

( a) :=

t u

d t c( a)

( 90mm) = 0.824

c( a)

1.45 + 250 t

min 0.9
3

0.65 max
Pu
AsN( a) :=

( a)

0.85 f'c a b

f's( a) fs( a)
Mu

AsM( a) :=

a1 := 257.9mm

h
a
0.85 f'c a b
( a)
2 2
h
h
f's( a) d' + fs( a) d
2
2

a2 := 258mm

4.09 10

4.08 10
A sN( a)

A sM( a)

4.07 10

4.06 10

4.05 10

0.2579

0.25795
a

a := 257.94mm
AsN( a) = 4.071 cm

h
2

AsM( a) = 4.071 cm

Ast := AsN( a) + AsM( a) = 8.141 cm

6

Ag := b h

( 14mm)
4

= 9.236 cm

= 0.86

Ag = 900 cm

Page 83

Asteel( N) :=

h
N

i ORIGIN
for a a , a + a .. h
f f's( a) fs( a)
( continue ) if f = 0
Pu
AsN

( a)

0.85 f'c a b
f

( continue ) if AsN 0
h
h
fd f's( a) d' + fs( a) d
2
2

( continue ) if fd = 0
Mu

AsM

a
h
0.85 f'c a b
( a)
2 2
fd

( continue ) if AsM 0
A

AsM AsN
AsN

a
h
AsN

i
Z Ag
A
sM
Ag
A

ii+1

csort Z , ORIGIN + 3

Z := Asteel( 10000 )
a := Z

h = 257.94 mm

0, 0

AsN := Z Ag = 4.071 cm
0, 1

AsM := Z Ag = 4.071 cm
0, 2

Ast := AsN + AsM = 8.141 cm

Page 84

Z=

0.86

4.52310-3

0.86

4.51810-3

4.53210-3

3.02210-3

0.86

4.52810-3

4.51410-3

3.07810-3

0.86

4.51310-3

4.54110-3

6.08310-3

0.86

4.53310-3

4.50510-3

6.11610-3

0.859

4.53710-3

4.49610-3

9.14710-3

0.86

4.50910-3

4.5510-3

9.15110-3

0.859

4.54210-3

4.48710-3

0.012

0.86

4.50410-3

4.55910-3

0.012

0.859

4.54710-3

4.47810-3

0.015

10

0.86

4.49910-3

4.56810-3

0.015

11

0.859

4.55210-3

4.46910-3

0.018

0.86

4.49410-3

4.57710-3

0.018

0.859

4.55710-3

4.4610-3

0.021

0.86

4.48910-3

4.58610-3

0.022

0.859

4.56210-3

4.45110-3

...

12
13
14
15

4.52310-3

3.16910-5

B. Interaction Diagram for Column Strength

Interaction diagram is a graph of parametric function M n , Pn

Pn ( a) = ( a) 0.85 f'c a b + A's f's As fs Pn.max

Mn ( a) = ( a) 0.85 f'c a b

where

fs( a) = Es u
f's( a) = Es u

dc
c
c d'
c

+ A's f's d' + As fs d

2
2

fy
fy

Example 13.3
Concrete dimension

b := 300mm

h := 300mm

d' := 30mm + 8mm +

16mm
2

d := h 30mm + 8mm +

Page 85

= 46 mm

16mm
2

= 254 mm

As := 3

Steel reinforcements

( 16mm)

A's := 3

= 6.032 cm

4
( 16mm)

= 6.032 cm

f'c := 20MPa

Materials

fy := 390MPa

Solution
Ag := b h = 900 cm

Ast := As + A's = 12.064 cm

Case of axially loaded column

:= 0.65

Pn.max := 0.80 0.85 f'c Ag Ast + fy Ast

Pn.max = 1029.588 kN
Case of eccentric column

1 := 0.65 max 0.85 0.05

c( a) :=

f'c 27.6MPa
6.9MPa

min 0.85 = 0.85

a
1
5

u := 0.003

Es := 2 10 MPa

fs( a) := min Es u

d c( a)

, fy

fs( 200mm) = 47.7 MPa

c( a)

c
(
a
)

d'
f's( a) := min Es u
, fy
c
(
a
)

f's( 100mm) = 365.4 MPa

d t := d
( a) :=

t u

d t c( a)

( 100mm) = 0.773

c( a)

1.45 + 250 t

min 0.9
3

0.65 max

Pn ( a) := min( a) 0.85 f'c a b + A's f's( a) As fs( a) , Pn.max

Mn ( a) := ( a) 0.85 f'c a b

+ A's f's( a) d' + As fs( a) d

2
2

Page 86

a := 0 ,

h
100

.. h

Interaction diagram for column strength

1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
Pn( a)

600

kN
500
400
300
200
100
0

10

20

30

40
Mn( a)
kN m

Page 87

50

60

70

80

C. Case of Distributed Reinforcements

Equilibrium in forces
n

Pn = C

(As , if s , i)

T = 0.85 f'c a b
i

i= 1

i= 1

Equilibrium in moments
h
a
M n = Pn e = C +
2 2

i= 1
n

h
a
M n = 0.85 f'c a b +
2 2

T d
i i

i= 1

A f d
s, i s, i i

Condition of strain compatibility

s, i

d c
=

d c

= u
s, i

d c

= Es = Es u
s, i
s, i

Unknows = 2 n + 1

a, A

Equations = n + 2

X = 0

with
c

,f

s, i s, i

M = 0

n Conditions of strain compatibility

Page 88

s, i

fy

Additional conditions
A

s, i

= n A
i

s0

Interaction Diagram for Column Strength

Mn ( a) = 0.85 f'c a b

A f d
s, i s, i i

2 2
i= 1

Pn ( a) = 0.85 f'c a b
A

f
( s , i s , i) Pn.max

i= 1

Abscissa

Ordinate

Example 13.4
Concrete dimension

b := 700mm

h := 1000mm

Steel reinforcements

7
7
4

4 ( 32mm) 2
As := 4
4
4

4
7
7

70
177.5
285

392.5
d := 500 mm
607.5

715
822.5
930

f'c := 45MPa

Materials

fy := 390MPa

Solution
ORIGIN := 1
Case of axially load column

( )

Ag := b h
Ast :=

n s := rows As
As

ns = 9

Ast = 386.039 cm

Ast
g :=
= 0.055
Ag

:= 0.65

Pn.max := 0.80 0.85 f'c Ag Ast + fy Ast

Pn.max = 20984.038 kN
Page 89

Case of eccentric column

1 := 0.65 max 0.85 0.05

c( a) :=

f'c 27.6MPa

min 0.85 = 0.724

6.9MPa

a
1
5

u := 0.003

Es := 2 10 MPa
d c( a)

fs( i , a) :=

s u

( )

fs( 2 , 200mm) = 214.516 MPa

c( a)

sign s min Es s , fy
d t := max( d )
( a) :=

t u

d t = 930 mm
d t c( a)

( 300mm) = 0.794

c( a)

1.45 + 250 t

min 0.9
3

0.65 max

ns

Pn ( a) := min ( a) 0.85 f'c a b

Asi fs( i , a) , Pn.max

i= 1

ns

h
a
h

Mn ( a) := ( a) 0.85 f'c a b +
Asi fs( i , a) d i

2
2 2

i= 1

a := 0 ,

h
100

.. h

Page 90

Interaction diagram for column strength

25000

20000

15000
Pn( a)
kN
10000

5000

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Mn( a)
kN m

Determination of Steel Area

X=0

Pn = 0.85 f'c a b

i= 1

0.85 f'c a b
AsN( a) =

= 0.85 f'c a b As0

s, i s, i

(ns , if s , i)
i= 1

Pu

(ns , if s , i)
i= 1

M=0

h
a
M n = 0.85 f'c a b +
2 2

i= 1

h
a
M n = 0.85 f'c a b + As0
2 2

Page 91

A f d
s, i s, i i

i= 1

n f d
s, i s, i i

Mu
AsM( a) =

0.85 f'c a b

i= 1

n f d
s, i s, i i

Example 13.5
Pu := 19000kN

Required strength

M u := 300kN m
Concrete dimension

b := 700mm

Concrete cover

Cover := 40mm

Diameter of stirrup

Dv := 10mm

Diameter of coner bar

D0 := 32mm

h := 1000mm

Distribution of reinforcements

7
7
4

4
n := 4
4

4
7
7
f'c := 45MPa

Materials

fy := 390MPa

Solution
Case of axially loaded column
2

Ag := b h = 0.7 m
:= 0.65
Pu
Ast :=

0.80

0.85 f'c Ag

0.85 f'c + fy

= 277.568 cm

Case of eccentric column

Page 92

48

( 32mm)
4

= 386.039 cm

D0
d := Cover + Dv +
= 66 mm
1
2

h d 2
1

n s := rows( n ) = 9

:=

i := 2 .. n s

d := d

d t := max( d )

d t = 934 mm

1 := 0.65 max 0.85 0.05

c( a) :=

ns 1
i 1

= 108.5 mm

f'c 27.6MPa
6.9MPa

min 0.9 = 0.724

a
1

( a) :=

t u

d t c( a)

( 300mm) = 0.797

c( a)

1.45 + 250 t

min 0.9
3

0.65 max

d c( a)
fs( i , a) :=

s u

( )

fs( 2 , 300mm) = 347.354 MPa

c( a)

sign s min Es s , fy

Page 93

hd
Asteel( No) :=

No

k1
for a d , d + .. h
1

ns

nf

(nifs(i , a))
i= 1

( continue ) if nf = 0
0.85 f'c a b

AsN

Pu
( a)

nf

( continue ) if AsN 0
ns

nfd

i= 1

n f ( i , a) d h
is
i

( continue ) if nfd = 0
Mu

AsM

h
a
0.85 f'c a b
( a)
2 2
nfd

( continue ) if AsM 0
A AsM AsN

a
h

AsN
A
g
k

Z
AsM

Ag
A
A
g
kk+1

csort Z , 4

Z := Asteel( 20000 )
a := Z

rows( Z) = 766

h = 980.806 mm

1, 1

AsN := Z Ag = 1.917 cm
1, 2

Page 94

AsM := Z Ag = 1.918 cm
1, 3

As :=

AsN + AsM
2

As = 92.044 cm

Ast = 277.568 cm

As := max As , Ast , 0.01 Ag

As = 277.568 cm

D. Design of Circular Column

Area and centroid of segment

rc a

rc

Dc
rc =
2

= acos

Asector =

Radius Arch
2

rc rc 2
2

= rc

Page 95

Atriangle =

Base Height
2

rc sin( ) 2 rc cos( )

= rc sin( ) cos( )

Asegment = Asector Atriangle = rc ( sin( ) cos( ) )

dA =

xc =

rc

r r d =
d
2
2 c c
2 rc
3

cos( )

x c dA =

rc

cos( ) d =

x sector =

x triangle =

x segment =

x segment =

x dA
c

x segment =

2 rc sin( )

2 rc sin( )
3

1
rc

=
2

r cos( )
3 c

x sector Asector x triangle Atriangle

Asegment
2 rc sin( )
2 rc
2
2

rc
cos( ) rc sin( ) cos( )
3
3

rc ( sin( ) cos( ) )
2 rc
3

sin( )

sin( ) cos( )

Location of steel re-bars

( )

d = rc rs cos
i
i

rs = rc Cover
2
=
(i 1)
i
ns
= number of steel re-bars
ns

Equilibrium in forces

Page 96

2 rc sin( )

ns

Pn = C

ns

T = 0.85 f'c Ac
i

i= 1

(As , if s , i)
i= 1

Equilibrium in moments
ns

M n = Pn e = C x c +

Ti ( di rc)

i= 1
ns

M n = 0.85 f'c Ac x c +

As , i f s , i ( d i rc)

i= 1
2

Ac = rc ( sin( ) cos( ) )

where

xc =

2 rc
3

sin( )

sin( ) cos( )

Condition of strain compatibility

s, i

d c
=

d c

= u
s, i

c
d c

= Es = Es u
s, i
s, i

fy

Example 13.6
Pu := 3437.31kN

Required strength

M u := 42.53kN m
f'c := 25MPa

Materials

fy := 390MPa

Solution
Case of axially loaded column
:= 0.70
g := 0.025

Assume

Pu
0.85

Ag :=
0.85 f'c 1 g + fy g

Ag = 1.896 10 cm

Page 97

 Ag

Dc := Ceil

Diameter of column

Ag :=

Dc

Ast :=

4
Pu

, 50mm

0.85 f'c Ag

0.85

Dc = 500 mm
3

Ag = 1.963 10 cm

Ast = 43.514 cm

0.85 f'c + fy

Ast
g :=
Ag

g = 0.022

Ds := Dc 2 30mm + 8mm +

n s := 14

As0 :=

20mm

( 20mm)

Ds = 404 mm

Ast := n s As0 = 43.982 cm

s :=

Pn.max := 0.85 0.85 f'c Ag Ast + fy Ast

Ds
ns

= 90.657 mm

Pn.max = 3447.594 kN

Case of Eccentric Column

Dc
rc :=
2

Ds
rs :=
2

i := 1 .. n s

s :=
i

360deg
ns

( i 1)

d := rc rs cos s
i
i

1 := 0.65 max 0.85 0.05

( a) :=

f'c 27.6MPa

c( a) :=

6.9MPa

min 0.85 = 0.85

d t := max( d )

1
t u

d t c( a)

1.7 + 200 t

min 0.9
3

rc a

rc

( a) := acos
2 rc
3

sin( ( a) )

d t = 452 mm
( 150mm) = 0.879

c( a)

0.70 max

x c( a) :=

( a) sin( ( a) ) cos( ( a) )

Ac( a) := rc ( ( a) sin( ( a) ) cos( ( a) ) )

Page 98

d c( a)
fs( i , a) :=

s u

( )

c( a)

sign s min Es s , fy

ns

, P
Pn ( a) := min ( a) 0.85 f'c Ac( a)
A

f
(
i
,
a
)
( s0 s ) n.max

i= 1

ns

Mn ( a) := ( a) 0.85 f'c Ac( a) x c( a) +

As0 fs( i , a) ( di rc)

i= 1

a := 0 ,

Dc
100

.. Dc

Interaction diagram for column strength

3000

Pn( a)
kN
Pu

2000

kN

1000

100

200
Mn( a)
kN m

300
Mu
kN m

Page 99

13.3. Long (Slender) Columns

Stability index
Q=

where

Pu 0
Vu Lc

Pu , Vu

= total vertical load and story shear

= relative deflection between the top and bottom of story

Lc

= center-to-center length of column

Q 0.05

: the column is nonsway (braced)

Q > 0.05

: the column is sway (unbraced)

Braced Frame

Shear Wall

Unbraced Frame

Braced Frame
Brick Wall

Ties

Slenderness of Column
Column is short, if
k Lu

For nonsway columns:

r
k Lu

For sway columns:

34 12
22

where
Lu

= unsupported length of column

= radius of gyration of column section

Page 100

r=

I
A

M1
M2

40

For rectangular column

r=

h
12

I, A

= moment of inertia and area of column section

M 1 = min M a , M b
Ma , Mb

M 2 = max M a , M b

= moments at the ends of column

k = k a , b
=

is an effective length factor

EIc
EIb

is a degree of end restraint

(degree of end release)

Page 101

= 0.289 h

For nonsway column

a b
4

+
k

k
1

tan

a + b
2

2 tan
2 k

=1
+

For sway column

a b

36
k
=

6 a + b

tan

Approximate values of k
In nonsway frames:

k = 0.7 + 0.05 A + B 1.0

k = 0.85 + 0.05 min 1.0

min = min A , B

In sway frames:
Case m < 2
k=

20 m
20

1 + m

Case m 2
k = 0.9 1 + m
m =

A + B
2

Case of column is hinged at one end

k = 2.0 + 0.3

is the value in the restrained end.

Page 102

Case of Slender Column

Moment on column
M c = M 2 ns M 2.min ns
where
M 2.min = Pu ( 0.6in + 0.03h ) = Pu ( 15mm + 0.03h )
ns

= moment magnification factor

Cm

ns =
1

0.75Pc

Cm = 0.6 + 0.4

Pc

Pu

M1
M2

0.4

= Euler's critical load

2

Pc =

EI =

EI

( k Lu )

0.4 Ec Ig
1 + d

1.2PD
d =
1.2PD + 1.6PL

Ec

= concrete modulus of elasticity

Ig

= moment of inertia of gross section of column

Page 103

Example 13.7

Design column
b c := 18in = 45.72 cm
h c := 18in = 45.72 cm
Lc := 14ft = 4.267 m

Lu := 13ft = 3.962 m

Loads on column
PD := 230kip = 1023.091 kN

PL := 173kip = 769.542 kN

M 2.D := 2ft kip = 2.712 kN m

M 2.L := 108ft kip = 146.428 kN m

M 1.D := 2 ft kip = 2.712 kN m

M 1.L := 100ft kip = 135.582 kN m

Materials
f'c := 4000psi = 27.579 MPa

fy := 60ksi = 413.685 MPa

Upper column and beams

b a := 18in

h a := 18in

La := 14ft

b a1 := 48in = 1219.2 mm

h a1 := 12in = 304.8 mm

La1 := 24ft = 7.315 m

Page 104

b a2 := 48in = 1219.2 mm

h a2 := 12in = 304.8 mm

La2 := 24ft = 7.315 m

b b := 18in

h b := 18in

Lb := 14ft

b b1 := 48in = 1219.2 mm

h b1 := 12in = 304.8 mm

Lb1 := 24ft = 7.315 m

b b2 := 48in = 1219.2 mm

h b2 := 12in = 304.8 mm

Lb2 := 24ft = 7.315 m

Lower column and beams

Solution
Determination of column section
(Case of axially loaded column)
Pu := 1.2 PD + 1.6 PL = 2458.977 kN
g := 0.02
:= 0.65
Pu
0.80

Ag :=
= 1.513 10 cm
0.85 f'c 1 g + fy g

b :=

Ag = 389.019 mm

h := b = 389.019 mm

b := Ceil( b , 2in) = 16 in
3

h := Ceil( h , 2in) = 16 in

Ag := b h = 1.652 10 cm
Pu
Ast :=

0.80

0.85 f'c Ag

0.85 f'c + fy

= 21.962 cm

Ast := 8

( 20mm)

= 25.133 cm

Slenderness of column

r :=

Radius of gyration

= 0.117 m

12
Concrete modulus of elasticity
wc := 24

kN
3

wc
Ec := 44MPa
kN
m3

Page 105

1.5

f'c
MPa

= 2.717 10 MPa

Relative flexural stiffness of column and beam

b h

EIc := Ec 0.70
12

EIa := Ec 0.70

b a h a

EIb := Ec 0.70

12

EIa1 := Ec 0.35

EIb1 := Ec 0.35

i ca :=
i ba :=

a :=

EIc

EIa1
La1

i ca
i ba

b a1 h a1

EIa2 := Ec 0.35

12
b b1 h b1

EIb2 := Ec 0.35

12

EIa

Lc

i cb :=

La

EIa2

i bb :=

La2

= 3.524

b :=

EIc

Lc

EIb1
Lb1

i cb

b a2 h a2
12

b b2 h b2

12

EIb
Lb
+

EIb2
Lb2

= 3.524

i bb

Effective length factor for nonsway column

F( k ) :=

a b
4

+
k

Bisection( a , b , ) :=

a + b

k
1

tan

2 tan

2 k 1
+

a+b
2
ba

return c if

return Bisection( a , c , ) if F( a) F( c) 0
return Bisection( c , b , ) otherwise

k := Bisection( 0.5 , 1 , 0.000001)

k = 0.906

M a := 1.2 M 1.D + 1.6 M 1.L = 213.677 kN m

M b := 1.2 M 2.D + 1.6 M 2.L = 237.539 kN m

M 1 := min M a , M b = 213.677 kN m
M 2 := max M a , M b = 237.539 kN m
Column :=

"is Short" if

k Lu
r

M1

M2

min 34 12

"is Long" otherwise

Column = "is Long"
Page 106

, 40

bb hb
12

Required moment on column

1.2 PD
d :=
= 0.499
1.2 PD + 1.6 PL
wc := 24

wc
Ec := 44MPa
kN
m3

kN
3

Ig :=

b c h c

EI :=

12

M1

M2

Cm := max 0.6 + 0.4

0.4 Ec Ig
1 + d

1.5

f'c
MPa

= 2.717 10 MPa

= 2.639 10 kN m

, 0.4 = 0.96

Pc :=

EI

k Lu

= 20195.95 kN

Cm

ns := max

Pu

0.75 Pc

, 1 = 1.146

M 2.min := Pu 15mm + 0.03 h c = 70.612 kN m

M c := max M 2 , M 2.min ns = 272.18 kN m

Interaction diagram for column strength

Distribution of reinforcements

1
Bars := 1
1

1 1 1 1

0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1

1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1

As0 :=

n s := cols( Bars) = 5
i := 1 .. n s

n1 :=
i

Bars

d1 := 40mm + 10mm +
1

n := n1
20mm
2

= 60 mm

Page 107

( 20mm)

5

2
n = 2
2

5

 :=

h c d1 2
1

i := 2 .. n s

d1 := d1
i

60

144.3
d = 228.6 mm
312.9

397.2

= 84.3 mm

ns 1

i 1

d := d1

d t := max( d ) = 397.2 mm

1 := 0.65 max 0.85 0.05

c( a) :=

f'c 27.6MPa
6.9MPa

min 0.85 = 0.85

a
1
d c( a)

fs( i , a) :=

s u

c( a)

( )

sign s min Es s , fy

n = 50.265cm

Ast := As0

:= 0.65

Pn.max := 0.80 0.85 f'c Ag Ast + fy Ast = 3033.321 kN

( a) :=

t u

d t c( a)
c( a)

1.45 + 250 t

min 0.9
3

0.65 max
b := b c

h := h c

ns

, P
Pn ( a) := min ( a) 0.85 f'c a b
A

f
(
i
,
a
)
( s0 i s ) n.max

i= 1

ns

h
a

A n f ( i , a) d
Mn ( a) := ( a) 0.85 f'c a b +
s0 i s
i

2 2

i= 1

e :=

a := 0 ,

h
100

Mc
Pu

= 110.688 mm

e
h

= 0.242

.. h

Page 108

Interaction diagram for column strength

3000

Pn( a)
kN
Pu

2000

kN

1000

100

200

300

Mn( a)
kN m

Mc
kN m

Page 109

400