Answer Key to Hess Law Problems The general strategy to working these problems is to manipulate the known equations

so that they sum to the equation you are seeking. To find a good starting point, look for a compound found in the equation you want that is found in only one of the known equations that is known. Manipulate this equation as needed multiplying or dividing by a factor, or reversing the direction in which the reaction is written. Try to do the same tactic with each of other compounds in the desired equation. Sometimes it is necessary to use one of the known equations to cancel out compounds not found in the equation you want. These strategies are applied in determining the answers below. 1. ou want to find the enthalpy change for! "ant! Sr#s$ % &#graphite$ % '() *)#g$

Sr&*'#s$

+,-

. /

ou know the following reactions and their enthalpy changes! #1$ Sr#s$ % 0 *)#g$ 1 Sr*#s$ #)$ Sr*#s$ % &*)#g$ 1 Sr&*'#s$ #'$ &#graphite$ % *)#g$ 1 &*)#g$ +,+,+,. 2 34) k5 . 2)'6 k5 . 2'46 k5

7otice that 8quation #1$ is the only equation containing Sr#s$ found in the equation we want. 9n the equation we want, 1 mole Sr#s$ is found as a reactant. 9n the equation we know, 1 mole of Sr#s$ is also found as a reactant, so we can use 8quation #1$ as is: manipulation of the equation is not necessary! ;se #1$ as is Sr#s$ % 0 *)#g$ 1 Sr*#s$ +,. 2 34) k5

7otice that 8quation #'$ is the only equation containing &#graphite$ found in the equation we want. 9n the equation we want, 1 mole &#graphite$ is found as a reactant. 9n the equation we know, 1 mole of &#graphite$ is also found as a reactant, so we can use 8quation#'$ as is: manipulation of the equation is not necessary! ;se #'$ as is! &#graphite$ % *)#g$ 1 &*)#g$ +,. 2'46 k5

7otice that in 8quation #)$ Sr&*'#s$ is found as a product and it is also a product in the equation we want, so we can also use 8quation #)$, as is! ;se #)$ as is! Sr*#s$ % &*)#g$ 1 Sr&*'#s$ +,. 2)'6 k5

7e<t, sum the reactions together and sum the enthalpy changes to find the overall reaction and the overall enthalpy change. 7otice how unwanted compounds cancel out during the summation! Sr#s$ % 0 *)#g$ 1 Sr*#s$ 1 &*)#g$ +,+,+,. 2 34) k5 . 2'46 k5 . 2)'6 k5 . 21))= k5

&#graphite$ % *)#g$ Sr*#s$ % &*)#g$ Sr#s$

1 Sr&*'#s$

% &#graphite$ % '() *)#g$

Sr&*'#s$

+,-

).

ou want to find the enthalpy change for! )&#s$ % ) ,)*#l$ 1 &,6#g$ % &*)#g$ +,. /

ou know the following reactions and their enthalpy changes! #1$ &#s$ % ,)*#g$ 1 &*#g$ % ,)#g$ #)$ &*#g$ % ,)*#g$ 1 &*)#g$ % ,)#g$ #'$ &,6#g$ % ,)*#g$ 1 ',)#g$ % &*#g$ +,+,+,. %1'1.' k5 . 261.) k5 . %)=>.1 k5

7otice how gaseous water, ,)*#g$, is found in all three of the known equations, so you don?t want to start the problem using water as the criterion to chose the initial equation. 9n the equation you want there are two moles of &#s$. *nly 8quation#1$ contains &#s$, so that would be a good starting point. 9n 8quation #1$, however, there is only one mole of &#s$ as a reactant and we need two moles of &#s$ as a reactant. Thus, take 8quation #1$ and multiply through by ), including the enthalpy change! Take #1$ and multiply by )! )&#s$ % ),)*#g$ 1 )&*#g$ % ),)#g$ +,- . )#%1'1.' k5$ . %)>).> k5

9n the equation you want, one mole of &*)#g$ is a product. *nly 8quation#)$ has &*)#g$ as a component. Since there is one mole of &*)#g$ present as a product, we can use 8quation#)$ as is! ;se #)$, as is! #)$ &*#g$ % ,)*#g$ 1 &*)#g$ % ,)#g$ +,- . 261.) k5

9n the equation you want, one mole of methane, &,6#g$ is a product. 9n 8quation#'$, one mole of methane is present as a reactant. Thus, we must reverse 8quation#'$ and reverse the sign on the enthalpy change. 9f the reaction is endothermic in one direction, it becomes e<othermic in the reverse direction. @everse #'$! ',)#g$ % &*#g$ 1 &,6#g$ % ,)*#g$ +,- . 2)=>.1 k5

7e<t, sum the reactions together and sum the enthalpy changes to find the overall reaction and the overall enthalpy change. 7otice how unwanted compounds cancel out during the summation! )&#s$ % ),)*#g$ 1 )&*#g$ % ),)#g$ &*#g$ % ,)*#g$ 1 &*)#g$ % ,)#g$ ',)#g$ % &*#g$ 1 &,6#g$ % ,)*#g$ )&#s$ % ),)*#g$ 1 &*)#g$ % &,6#g$ +,- . %)>).> k5 +,- . 261.) k5

+,- . 2)=>.1 k5 +,- . %13.' k5

'.

ou want to find the enthalpy change for ! Ae*#s$ % &*#g$ 1 Ae#s$ % &*)#g$ +,- . /

ou know the following reactions and their enthalpy changes! #1$ 'Ae)*'#s$ % &*#g$ 1 ) Ae'*6#s$ % &*)#g$ #)$ Ae)*'#s$ % ' &*#g$ 1 ) Ae#s$ % ' &*)#g$ #'$ Ae'*6#s$ % &*#g$ 1 ' Ae*#s$ % &*)#g$ +,- . 26B k5 +,- . 2)3 k5 +,- . %14 k5

9nspection of the compounds in the sought equation and the known equations reveals that a good starting point for the problem would be using either 8quation #)$ or #'$. 8quation #)$ is the only reaction with Ae#s$ found in the sought equation. 8quation #'$ is the only reaction with Ae*#s$ found in the sought equation. Crbitrarily, chose 8quation #)$, then 8quation #'$ 9n the equation sought, one mole of solid iron, Ae#s$ is found as a product. 9n 8quation #)$, there are two moles of Ae#s$ as a product. Divide 8quation #)$ through by two, including the enthalpy change! Take #)$ divide by )! 1() Ae)*'#s$ % '() &*#g$ 1 Ae#s$ % '() &*)#g$ +,- . 2)3k5() . 21).3k5

9n the equation sought, one mole of solid iron#99$ o<ide, Ae*#s$, is found as a reactant. 9n 8quation #'$, three moles of Ae*#s$ around found as a product. "e need to reverse 8quation #'$ and divide by three, including the enthalpy change! @everse #'$ and divide by '! Ae*#s$ % 1(' &*)#g$ 1 1(' Ae'*6#s$ % 1(' &*#g$ +,- . 214(k5(' . 2>.'k5

8quation#1$ will be used to cancel out unwanted compounds. 9t immediately becomes obvious that the fractions have to be resolved to a common denominator, or it will be difficult to know how to manipulate 8quation #1$. The common denominator will be >, so convert all the coefficients to si<ths! 8quation #)$ and #'$ become! '(> Ae)*'#s$ % 4(> &*#g$ 1 Ae#s$ % 4(> &*)#g$ Ae*#s$ % )(> &*)#g$ 1 )(>Ae'*6#s$ % )(>&*#g$ +,- . 26Bk5() . 21).3k5 +,- . 2)3(k5(' . 2>.'k5

"e need to cancel out Ae)*'#s$ and Ae'*6#s$. To achieve this, 8quation #1$ must be reversed and divided by si<! @everse #1$ and divide by >! )(> Ae'*6#s$ % 1(> &*)#g$ 1 '(> Ae)*'#s$ % 1(> &*#g$ +,- . %6Bk5(> . %B.E k5

"hen we add all the manipulated equations together we notice that the &*#g$ and &* )#g$ components also work out to the sought amounts. The overall enthalpy change is the sum of the manipulated enthalpy changes . >(> >(> '(> Ae)*'#s$ % 4(> &*#g$ 1 Ae#s$ % 4(> &*)#g$ +,- . 2 6Bk5() . 21).3k5 Ae*#s$ % )(> &*)#g$ 1 )(>Ae'*6#s$ % )(>&*#g$ +,- . %)3(k5(' . 2>.' k5 )(> Ae'*6#s$ % 1(> &*)#g$ 1 '(> Ae)*'#s$ % 1(> &*#g$ +,- . 2 14k5(> . %B.E k5 Ae*#s$ % &*#g$ 1 Ae#s$ &*)#g$ +,- . 211.= k5