I nternational J ournal of Advanced Computer Research (I SSN (print): 2249-7277 I SSN (online): 2277-7970)

Volume-2 Number-3 Issue-5 September-2012

208

BER Analysis of MIMO-OFDM System using BPSK Modulation Scheme

Shruti Trivedi
1,
Mohd. Sarwar Raeen
2
, Shalendra Singh pawar
3

Electronics and Communication Engineering, ASCT, Bhopal, M.P., India
1,2,3
[email protected]
1
, [email protected]
2


Abstract

Multiple transmit and receive can be used to form multiple-
input multiple-output (MIMO) channels to increase the
capacity and data rate. The key advantage of employing
multiple antennas is to get reliable performance through
diversity and the achievable higher data rate through spatial
multiplexing. In MIMO system the some information can
transmitted and received from multiple antennas
simultaneously since the fading for each link between a pair
of transmit and receive antennas can usually be considered
to be independent, the probability that the information is
detected accurately is higher. Fading of the signal can be
mitigated by different diversity techniques, where the signal
is transmitted through multiple independent fading paths in
terms of the time, frequency or space and combined
constructively at the receiver. In this paper we analyze Bit
Error Rate (BER) using bpsk modulation and then optimum
modulation is analyzed.

Keywords

MI MO, OFDF, BER, Fading, Modulation, Scheme

1. Introduction

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)is an
effective technique to mitigate ISI. OFDM[1]is a frequency
division multiplexing(FDM)scheme utilized as a digital multi-
carrier modulation method[2] In other words OFDM is
frequency division multiplexing of multi-carriers which are
orthogonal to each other i.e. they are placed exactly at the
nulls in the modulation spectra of each other. This makes
OFDM [3] spectrally more efficient. In OFDM data is divided
into several parallel data streams or sub-channels, one for each
sub carrier which are orthogonal to each other although they
overlap spectrally Each sub-carrier is modulated with a
conventional modulation scheme(such as QAM or PSK) at a
low symbol rate maintaining total data rates similar to
conventional single-carrier modulation schemes in the same
bandwidth.

In todays scenario MIMO is very useful with the combination
of OFDM system. Exploiting the flexibility of MIMO systems
in order to have high data rates is an especially attractive
research topic for future scheduling scheme designs and their
applications. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems
offer much larger channel capacity over traditional single-
input single-output (SISO) system. Recently, many
transmit beam forming Algorithms have been developed
to exploit the high capacity in the MIMO systems
[4][5].Furthermore, in MIMO systems, after selecting the
group of users with the currently maximum feasible rates
determined by a packet scheduler in each time-slot, we
need to assign them to the transmitters antennas in such a
way that we can achieve the maximum throughput in the
system. Diversity techniques such as space-time coding
have received a great deal of attention due to their ability
to provide higher spectral efficiency than conventional
single-input single-output (SISO) systems[6] When
applying these techniques in a frequency-selective
channel, a space-time equalizer is required at the receiver
to compensate for the inter symbol interference (ISI).

It is thus critical that one designs a channel estimator that
takes into account the channel correlation and is capable
of providing good identification performance. However,
such an estimator often requires information of channel
correlation, which is to be obtained by on-line
measurement error. We propose a model-based channel
estimation analysis with different aspects and scheme that
can do without knowledge of second order.

We also discuss antenna assignment scheme, referred to as
max deviation delete (MDD), for the downlink of a
MIMO cellular system based on spatial multiplexing. This
exploits multiple antennas to achive a diversity effect from
multiple users. Multiple inputs multiple output (MIMO)
systems are capable of delivering large increase in
capacity through utilization of parallel communication
channels [7],[8],[9].

MIMO systems now constitute a major research area in
telecommunications. It is also considered to be one of the
technologies that have a chance to resolve the bottlenecks
of traffic capacity in the forthcoming broadband wireless
Internet access networks which is Universal Mobile
Telephone Services(UMTS) and beyond Antenna
selection has been proposed for enhanced performance in
correlated fading [10],[11].Assuming that the number of
RF chains is less than the number of antennas ,the antenna
selection algorithms choose the optimum subset of
transmit and receive antennas based on minimum error
rate. The size of the active subsets of transmit and receive
antennas is fixed by the number of RF chains, Per-antenna
rate control witch equal power allocation is applied to
I nternational J ournal of Advanced Computer Research (I SSN (print): 2249-7277 I SSN (online): 2277-7970)
Volume-2 Number-3 Issue-5 September-2012

209

uncorrelated fading channels in [12] ,where it is shown that
per-antenna rate control at the fading rate nearly achieves
capacity. However, adaptation at the fading rate may be
difficult to achieve in practice due to inaccuracies in channel
estimates and feedback delays.

The remaining of this paper is organized as follows. We
discuss MIMO and OFDM in Section 2. In Section 3 we
discuss about Evolution and Recent Scenario.BER in
section4.In section 5 we discuss about proposed approach. In
section 6 we discuss about result analysis. The conclusions
and future directions are given in Section 7. Finally references
are given.

2. MIMO and OFDM

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is one
of the most promising physical layer technologies for high
data rate wireless communications due to its robustness to
frequency selective fading, high spectral efficiency, and low
computational complexity. OFDM can be used in conjunction
with a Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) transceiver to
increase the diversity gain and/or the system capacity by
exploiting spatial domain. Because the OFDM system
effectively provides numerous parallel narrowband channels,
MIMO-OFDM is considered a key technology in emerging
high-data rate systems such as 4G, IEEE 802.16, and IEEE
802.11n.

MIMO communication uses multiple antennas at both the
transmitter and receiver to exploit the spatial domain for
spatial multiplexing and/or spatial diversity. Spatial
multiplexing has been generally used to increase the capacity
of a MIMO link by transmitting independent data streams in
the same time slot and frequency band simultaneously from
each transmit antenna, and differentiating multiple data
streams at the receiver using channel information about each
propagation path, future standards need to specify both
bandwidth requirements and type of signaling that achieves
the data rate required for minimal predefined qualities of
services for future applications.

Frequency bands used by mobile devices are strictly specified
by responsible regulatory bodies, which set limits on the
bandwidth available for communication. Therefore, a very
natural and important question is what the maximum data rate
is (equivalently, information rate) at which reliable
communication over a mobile channel of a given bandwidth is
attainable. This quantity is known as the channel capacity .for
the well-known expression for the maximum data rate that can
be achieved, for reliable communication. That is the average
bit error rate (BER) can be made arbitrarily close to zero by
use of channel coding, for transmissions up to the maximum
achievable rate. For mobile channels, that are time-varying
and dispersive in time and frequency however the channel
capacity derivation is still an open research area. In this
context we point out the lack of equivalent vector channel
models for realistic continuous-time SISO and MIMO
dispersive fading channels such models serve as the
foundation upon which channel capacity results are
derived.

In contrast to spatial multiplexing the purpose of spatial
diversity is increase the diversity order of a MIMO link to
mitigate fading by coding a signal across space and time ,
so that a receiver could receive the replicas of the signal
and combine those received signals constructively to
achieve a diversity gain.In recent years we have witnessed
an increasing popularity of multimedia applications that
run on personal mobile devices. Services such as high
quality video calls ,mobile TV, audio and video contents
on demand and various interactive map/locator services
(such as GPS)are becoming widely supported in new
generations of personal mobile devices. A majority of
these services require a minimal guaranteed data rate
between users (or between a user and a base station) in
order to provide a minimal predefined quality of service,
which puts a demand on transmission band width and need
for spectral efficiency on wireless channels. To provide
support for bandwidth demanding applications on the
physical layer.

3. Evolution and Result Analysis

In 2002, Christos Komninakis et al. [13] proposed about a
low-order autoregressive model approximates the MIMO
channel variation and facilitates tracking via a Kalman
filter. Hard decisions to aid Kalman tracking come from a
MIMO finite-length minimum-mean-squared-error
decision-feedback equalizer (MMSE-DFE), which
performs the equalization task. Since the optimum DFE
for a wide range of channels produces decisions with a
delay 0, the Kalman filter tracks the channel with a delay.
A channel prediction module bridges the time gap
between the channel estimates produced by the Kalman
filter and those needed for the DFE adaptation. Their
proposed algorithm offers good tracking behavior for
multiuser fading ISI channels at the expense of higher
complexity than conventional adaptive algorithms.

In 2003, Ravi Narasimhan [14] analysis on spatial
multiplexing systems in correlated multiple-input
multiple-output (MIMO) fading channels with equal
power allocated to each transmit antenna. Under this
constraint, the number and subset of transmit antennas
together with the transmit symbol constellations are
determined assuming knowledge of the channel
correlation matrices. They first consider a fixed data rate
system and vary the number of transmit antennas and
constellation such that the minimum margin in the signal
to- noise ratio (SNR) is maximized for linear and Vertical
Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (V-BLAST)
receivers. They also derive transmit antenna and
constellation selection criteria for a successive
interference cancellation receiver (SCR) with a fixed
detection order and a variable number of bits transmitted
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210

on each sub stream. They compared with a system using all
available antennas, performance results show significant gains
using a subset of transmit antennas, even for independent
fading channels.

In 2004, Tobias Dahl et al. [15] proposed about a new
approach for direct blind identification of the main
independent singular modes, without estimating the channel
matrix itself. The right and left singular vectors with
maximum corresponding singular values are determined using
payload data and are continuously updated while at the same
time being used for communication. The feasibility of the
approach is demonstrated by simulating the performance over
a noisy, fading time-varying channel.

In 2005, Nihar Jindal et al. [16] compare the capacity of dirty-
paper coding (DPC) to that of time-division multiple access
(TDMA)f or a multiple-antenna (multiple input multiple-
output (MIMO)) Gaussian broadcast channel (BC). They find
that the sum-rate capacity (achievable using DPC)of the
multiple-antenna BC is at most min( ) times the largest single-
user capacity (i.e., the TDMA sum-rate)in the system, where is
the number of transmit antennas and is the number of
receivers. This result is independent of the number of receive
antennas and the channel gain matrix, and is valid at all signal-
to-noise ratios (SNRs).

In 2006, Masoomeh Torabzadeh and Yusheng Ji [17]
proposed about nature of independent time-varying channels
across different users in a multi-user wireless system provides
multi-user diversity. In addition, multiple antennas that
spatially separate the signals from different users can be used
to provide multiple access gain. Combining fair scheduling
and efficient antenna assignment, we can achieve the goal of
fairness and maximum capacity.

In 2010, Qihui Liang et al. [18] proposed about the
computational complexities of two methods which are
analyzed and simulation is done for comparing their PAPR-
reducing performance. The simulation results show that
active-set method requires less computational complexity than
that of SCR method while they achieve similar PAPR
reduction performance.

In 2010 , Bhasker Gupta et.[19]show the BER performance
improvement of IEEE 802.11a LAN based OFDM systems
using these equalizers .Two categories of channels are
considered namely frequency flat channels and frequency
selective channels.

In 2010, Zhiyong Wang et al. [20] proposed the anti-BER
ability of 2PSK is best, but its bandwidth efficiency is lower
than other modulation methods. The bandwidth efficiency of
4QAM is as twice as the 2PSK,and the BER of the system is
smaller than 10-3 and the required OSNR is about 9dB.When
the OSNR is 12dB,the transmission distance is up
to1600km.Althought the bandwidth efficiency of 8QAM is
higher than other two kinds of modulation methods, its
performance of anti-BER is relatively poor.

4. BER

In digital transmission, the number of bit errors is the
number of received bits of a data stream over a
communication channel that has been altered due to noise,
interference, distortion or bit synchronization errors.

The bit error rate or bit error ratio (BER) is the number of
bit errors divided by the total number of transferred bits
during a studied time interval. BER is a unit less
performance measure, often expressed as a percentage.
The bit error probability pe is the expectation value of the
BER. The BER can be considered as an approximate
estimate of the bit error probability. This estimate is
accurate for a long time interval and a high number of bit
errors.Measuring the bit error rate helps people choose the
appropriate forward error correction codes. Since most
such codes only bit-flips, but not bit insertions or bit
detection, the hamming distance metric is the appropriate
way to measure the number of bit errors. The BER may be
improved by choosing strong signal strength by choosing
a slow and robust modulation scheme or line coding
scheme, and by applying channel coding schemes such as
redundant forward error correction codes.

Binary symmetric channel which is used in analysis of
decoding error probability in case of non bursty bit errors
on Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel
without fading. A worst case scenario is a completely
random channel, where noise totally dominates over the
useful signal.In a noisy channel, the BER is often
expressed as a function of the normalized carrier-to-noise
ratio measured denoted Eb/N0 that is energy permit to
noise power spectral density ratio, or Es/N0 that is energy
per modulation symbol to noise spectral density.

As the name implies, a bit error rate is defined as the rate
at which errors occur in a transmission system. This can
be directly translated into the number of errors that occur
in a string of a stated number of bits. The definition of bit
error rate can be translated into a simple formula:
BER = number of errors / total number of bits sent
If the medium between the transmitter and receiver is
good and the signal to noise ratio is high, then the bit error
rate will be very small - possibly insignificant and having
no noticeable effect on the overall system However if
noise can be detected, then there is chance that the bit
error rate will need to be considered.The main reasons for
the degradation of a data channel and the corresponding
bit error rate, BER is noise and changes to the propagation
path (where radio signal paths are used). Both effects have
a random element to them, the noise following a Gaussian
probability function while the propagation model follows
a Rayleigh model. This means that analysis of the channel
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211

characteristics are normally undertaken using statistical
analysis techniques.

Signal to noise ratios and Eb/No figures are parameters that
are more associated with radio links and radio
communications systems. In terms of this, the bit error rate,
BER, can also be defined in terms of the probability of error or
POE. The determine this, three other variables are used. They
are the error function, erf, the energy in one bit, Eb, and the
noise power spectral density (which is the noise power in a 1
Hz bandwidth), No.

It should be noted that each different type of modulation has
its own value for the error function. This is because each type
of modulation performs differently in the presence of noise. In
particular, higher order modulation schemes (e.g. 64QAM,
etc) that are able to carry higher data rates are not as robust in
the presence of noise. Lower order modulation formats (e.g.
BPSK, QPSK, etc.) offer lower data rates but are more robust.
The energy per bit, Eb, can be determined by dividing the
carrier power by the bit rate and is a measure of energy with
the dimensions of Joules. No is a power per Hertz and
therefore this has the dimensions of power (joules per second)
divided by seconds). Looking at the dimensions of the ratio
Eb/No all the dimensions cancel out to give a dimensionless
ratio. It is important to note that POE is proportional to Eb/No
and is a form of signal to noise ratio.

It can be seen from using Eb/No, that the bit error rate, BER
can be affected by a number of factors. By manipulating the
variables that can be controlled it is possible to optimize a
system to provide the performance levels that are required.
This is normally undertaken in the design stages of a data
transmission system so that the performance parameters can
be adjusted at the initial design concept stages. The
interference levels present in a system are generally set by
external factors and cannot be changed by the system design.
However it is possible to set the bandwidth of the system. By
reducing the bandwidth the level of interference can be
reduced. However reducing the bandwidth limits the data
throughput that can be achieved.

It is also possible to increase the power level of the system so
that the power per bit is increased. This has to be balanced
against factors including the interference levels to other users
and the impact of increasing the power output on the size of
the power amplifier and overall power consumption and
battery life, etc.

Lower order modulation schemes can be used, but this is at the
expense of data throughput. It is necessary to balance all the
available factors to achieve a satisfactory bit error rate.
Normally it is not possible to achieve all the requirements and
some trade-offs are required. However, even with a bit error
rate below what is ideally required, further trade-offs can be
made in terms of the levels of error correction that are
introduced into the data being transmitted. Although more
redundant data has to be sent with higher levels of error
correction, this can help mask the effects of any bit errors
that occur, thereby improving the overall bit error rate.

Bit error rate BER is a parameter which gives an excellent
indication of the performance of a data link such as radio
or fibre optic system. As one of the main parameters of
interest in any data link is the number of errors that occur,
the bit error rate is a key parameter. Knowledge of the
BER also enables other features of the link such as the
power and bandwidth, etc to be tailored to enable the
required performance to be obtained.

As data errors occur in a random fashion it can take some
while before an accurate reading can be gained using
normal data. In order to shorten the time required for
measurements, a pseudorandom data sequence can be
used. To expand the reason for using a pseudo random
sequences take the example of a typical data link. To make
a simple measurement of the number of errors that take
place it is possible to use an error detector that compares
the transmitted and received data and then counts the
number of errors. If one error were detected while sending
10^12 bits, then a first approximation may be that the
error rate is 1 in 10^12, but this is not the case in view of
the random nature of any errors that may occur. In theory
an infinite number of bits should be sent to prove the
actual error rate, but this is obviously not feasible.

The remaining noise can be simulated and introduced to
the receiver using a noise diode generator. Fading
characteristics for radio communications systems: It is
very important to simulate the real life characteristics of
the transmission path in as realistic a way as possible.
With signals constantly varying as a result of many factors
it is necessary to simulate a this. To achieve this for a
radio link it is necessary to use a fading simulator that
adds Rayleigh fading characteristics to the signal. A
sophisticated fading simulator may also use multiple
channels with variable time delays to simulate changing
path conditions. Although fading simulators are
complicated items of test equipment they are able to give a
realistic medium for testing bit error rate, BER within the
laboratory.

One of the main precautions when testing BER in the
laboratory is to ensure that none of the transmitted signal
leaks directly into the receiver and avoids passing through
the fading simulator. If the transmitter power is relatively
high, then it is difficult to give adequate levels of
screening and some of the testing may not be valid. Great
care must be taken to ensure that the entire signal travels
via the fading simulator. Considerable levels of screening
may be required. In some occasions screened rooms have
been used.

5. Proposed Approach

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Volume-2 Number-3 Issue-5 September-2012

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In a communication system, the receiver side BER may be
affected by transmission channel noise, interference,
distortion, bit synchronization problem, attenuation, wireless
multipath fading etc. In this paper we present the variation on
BPSK modulation schemes so that we can choose the
optimum SNR.
In a circularly symmetric complex Gaussian random variable
is of the form,
h=h
re
+ jh
im
Where real and imaginary parts are zero mean independent
and identically distributed Gaussian random variables with
mean 0 and variance
2
.

The magnitude |h| which has a probability density,
P(h)=h/
2
e
-
h
2
/2
2
z>=0
is called a Rayleigh random variable. This model,
called Rayleigh fading channel model, is reasonable for an
environment where there are large numbers of reflectors.

System model:
The received signal in Rayleigh fading channel is of the form,
Y=hx + n

Where y is the received symbol, h is complex scaling factor
corresponding to Rayleigh multipath channel.

x is the transmitted symbol (taking values +1s and -1s) and
n is the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN).

Assumptions
1. The channel is flat fading In simple terms, it means that
the multipath channel has only one tap. So, the convolution
operation reduces to a simple multiplication. For a more
rigorous discussion on flat fading and frequency selective
fading.
2. The channel is randomly varying in time meaning each
transmitted symbol gets multiplied by a randomly varying
complex number h. Since h is modeling a Rayleigh channel,
the real and imaginary parts are Gaussian distributed
having mean 0 and variance 1/2.
3. The noise n has the Gaussian probability density function
with
P(n)=1/sqrt(2
2
) e
-(n-)2 /
2
2

With

=0 and
2
= N
0 /2

4. The channel h is known at the receiver. Equalization is
performed at the receiver by dividing the received symbol y
by the apriori known h i.e.
= y/h=hx +n/H =x +
Where
=n/h
is the additive noise scaled by the channel coefficient.

BER computation in AWGN, the probability of error for
transmission of either +1 or -1 is computed by integrating the
tail of the Gaussian probability density function for a given
value of bit energy to noise ratio E
b
/ N
0
. The bit error rate is,
P
b
=1/2 erfc(sqrt(E
b
/N
0
))
.
However in the presence of channel h, the effective bit
energy to noise ratio is h
2
E
b
/N
0
. So the bit error
probability for a given value of h is,
P
b|h
=1/2 erfc(sqrt(|h|
2
E
b
) /N
0
) =1/2 erfc(sqrt())
Where = (|h|
2
E
b
) /N
0

Simulation Model:
It will be useful to provide a simple Matlab/Octave
example simulating a BPSK transmission and reception in
Rayleigh channel. The script performs the following
(a) Generate random binary sequence of +1s and -1s.
(b) Multiply the symbols with the channel and then add
white Gaussian noise.
(c) At the receiver, equalize (divide) the received symbols
with the known channel.
(d) Perform hard decision decoding and count the bit
errors.
(e) Repeat for multiple values of Eb/N0 and plot the
simulation and theoretical results.


Figure 1: BER for BPSK modulation in Rayleigh Channel


Figure 2: BER for BPSK Modulation



Figure 3: BER Error probability Curve for BPSK
Modulation
I nternational J ournal of Advanced Computer Research (I SSN (print): 2249-7277 I SSN (online): 2277-7970)
Volume-2 Number-3 Issue-5 September-2012

213

6. Result Analysis

In result analysis we show the comparison between SNR and
BER which is shown in table 1. It is taken from different
points to show the comparison. The SNR is ratio of signal
power to noise power. If SNR =1, it is for ideal condition
where signal=Noise. SNR=Signal Power/ Noise Power So we
increase signal power for increasing signal to noise ratio.











Table 1: SNR vs. BER

S.NO SNR BER
1 1.0103 bit error probability = 0.217700
2 2.0103 bit error probability = 0.184200
3 3.0103 bit error probability = 0.173600
4 4.0103 bit error probability = 0.146700
5 5.0103 bit error probability = 0.133400
6 6.0103 bit error probability = 0.104700
7 7.0103 bit error probability = 0.086800
8 8.0103 bit error probability = 0.074400
9 9.0103 bit error probability = 0.063400
10 10.0103 bit error probability = 0.051600
11 11.0103 bit error probability = 0.043900
12 12.0103 bit error probability = 0.032200
13 13.0103 bit error probability = 0.027700
14 14.0103 bit error probability = 0.023300
15 15.0103 bit error probability = 0.020300
16 16.0103 bit error probability = 0.015200
17 17.0103 bit error probability = 0.011800
18 18.0103 bit error probability = 0.009150
19 19.0103 bit error probability = 0.007600
20 20.0103 bit error probability = 0.005850
21 21.0103 bit error probability = 0.004733
22 22.0103 bit error probability = 0.003933
23 23.0103 bit error probability = 0.003433
24 24.0103 bit error probability = 0.002180
25 25.0103 bit error probability = 0.001867
26 26.0103 bit error probability = 0.001363
27 27.0103 bit error probability = 0.001222
28 28.0103 bit error probability = 0.001144
29 29.0103 bit error probability = 0.000594
30 30.0103 bit error probability = 0.000667
31 31.0103 bit error probability = 0.000439
32 32.0103 bit error probability = 0.000421
33 33.0103 bit error probability = 0.000263
34 34.0103 bit error probability = 0.000237


7. Conclusion

Multi input Multi output is a very attractive technique for
multicarrier transmission and become one of the standard
choices for high speed data transmission over a
communication channel. It has various advantages, but also
has one major drawback i.e. Effect of noise within

frequency selective fading channel In this paper we present
BER Analysis for MIMO OFDM System using Different

Modulation Schemes. In this paper we present a
comparative study with inphase component to show the
better noise reduction parameters.


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Volume-2 Number-3 Issue-5 September-2012

214

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