INTEGRAL CALCULUS

REDUCTION FORMULAE
Requisites
1
2
sin cos 1
sin sin
n
n n
n
x x n
I x dx x dx
n n

+

.
1
2
sin cos 1
cos cos
n
n n
n
x x n
I x dx x dx
n n

+

.
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
0 0
1 3 5
sin cos
2 4
n n
n n n
x dx x dx k
n n n





L L
L L L
, where
if is even
2
1 if is odd
n
k
n

'

.
If
, 2,
1
sin cos
m n
m n m n
m
I x x dx I
m n

,
0, 0 m n > >
If
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
,
0
1 3 1 3
sin cos
2 4
m n
m n
m m n n
I x x dx k
m n m n m n

+ + +

L L L L
L L L
,
0, 0 m n > >
, where
if is even
2
1 if is odd
n
k
n

'

.
Using reduction formuls sol!e t"e follo#ing $ro%lems:
1.
4
sin xdx

Ans:
3
sin cos 3 sin cos
4 4 2 2
x x x x x _
+ +

,
2.
4 2
sin cos x xdx

Ans:
3 3 3
sin cos 1 sin cos 1
(2 sin 2 )
6 2 4 16
x x x x
x x
_
+ + +
' ;
,
3.
2
6
0
cos x dx

. Ans:
5
32

.
4.
/2
9
0
cos xdx

Ans:
128
315
5.
/6
5
0
sin 3 d

Ans:
8
45
6.
/6
4 3
0
cos 3 sin 6 x xdx

Ans:
1
15
Ra and rewa!
".
/4
2 4
0
sin cos x xdx

Ans:
3 4
192
+
Ra and rewa!
8.
/2
4 6
0
sin cos x xdx

Ans:
3
512

9.
/2
15 3
0
sin cos x xdx

Ans:
1
144
10.
2
0
1 cos
sin
1 cos
d

Ans:
8 2
3
.
11.
"
2 2
0
a
x
dx
a x

Ans:
"
16
35
a
.
12.
( )
6
"
2
0 1
x
dx
x

+
Ans:
5
2048

.
13.
( )
6
9
2
0 2
1
x
dx
x

Ans:
1
"
.
14.
1
3
4 2
2
0
(1 ) x x dx

Ans:
3
256

.
15.
2
2 2
0
2
a
x ax x dx

Ans:
4
5
8
a
.
16.
1 9
2
0
1
x
dx
x

. Ans:
128
315
.
1".
1
5 1
0
sin x x dx

. Ans:
11
192

.
18.
( )
8
2
0 1
dx
x

+
. Ans:
429
4096

19.
1
6 2
0
(1 ) x x dx

Ans:
15
"68

20.
2 " 2
0
2
a
x
dx
a x

Ans:
4
35
8
a

21.
2 3
2
0
2
a
x
dx
ax x

Ans:
3
5
2
a
22.
2
5
2
0
2 x xdx

. Ans:
5
8

23.
4
3 2
0
4 x x x dx

. Ans: 20
24. If n is a #osi$ive in$e%er, #rove $ha$
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
0
2 1
2
2 3 2 5 1 1
2 2 2 4 2 2
n
n
a
dx
n n
a x
a n n

'

+

,
&ence eva!'a$e
( )
8
2
0 1
dx
x

+
,
( )
"
2 2
0
1
dx
x

+
,
( )
"
2 2
0
dx
a x

25. (va!'a$e
2 2
0
a n
x
dx
a x

and hence find $he va!'e of

1
1
0
sin
n
x x dx

Ans:
( 1)( 3)( 5)........2
n is odd
( 2)( 4)....3
( 1)( 3)( 5)........1
n is even
( 2)( 4)....2 2
n
n
n n n
a
n n n
I
n n n
a
n n n


;

'

and
( )
( )
1 ( 2)( 4) 1
n is odd
1 2 ( 1)( 1) 3 2 2
1 ( 2)( 4) 2
n is even
1 2 ( 1)( 1) 3 3
n n n
n n n n
n n n
n n n n

' ;
+ +

'

' ;

+ +


L
L
L
L
26. If n is a #osi$ive in$e%er, show $ha$ In ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2 1
0
2 2 2 2 4 4 2
2 1 2 1 5 3
a
n
n
n n n
a x dx a
n n
+


+

. *ed'ce
$ha$ In )
2
n+1
2
I
2 1
n
a
n +
.
2". If n is a #osi$ive in$e%ers, show $ha$
( )
2 2
2
0
(2 1),
2
, 2 ,2
a n
n
n
n a
x ax x dx
n n

+
+

+

. &ence eva!'a$e
8
3 2
0
(8 ) x x x dx

and
2
2 2
0
(2 )
a
x ax x dx

.
-ddi$iona! #ro.!e/s
1.
8 4
0
sin cos d

Ans:
2
"
2048

.
2.
4
0
sin d

Ans:
3
8

.
3.
2
6
0
cos tdt

. Ans:
5
8

.
4.
6 4
0
sin cos x xdx

. Ans:
3
256

.
5.
2
6 4
0
sin cos x xdx

Ans:
3
128

.
6.
"
0
sin x xdx

Ans:
16
35

".
4 6
0
sin cos d

Ans:
2
3
512

Rmn
1.
4
sin xdx

Ans:
2
cos sin 3 3
sin cos
4 8 8
x x
x x x +
2.
5
sin xdx

and hence find

2
5
0
sin xdx

3.
6
sin xdx

and hence find

2
6
0
sin xdx

4. (va!'a$e
3
cos xdx

and hence eva!'a$e

2
3
0
cos xdx

.
5.
2
"
0
sin xdx

Ans:
16
35
.
6.
/4
6
0
cos 2tdt

Ans:
5
64

".
2
9
0
cos xdx

Ans:
128
315
.
8.
2
4 5
0
sin cos x xdx

Ans:
8
315
.
9.
/2
8 12
0
sin cos x xdx

Ans:
539
36"0016

10.
/2
4 8
0
cos sin x xdx

Ans:
"
2048

11.
/2
2 6
0
sin cos x xdx

Ans:
5
256

12.
/4
4 4
0
8cos sin x xdx

Ans:
3
64

13.
/2
9 3
0
sin cos x xdx

Ans:
1
60
14.
/2
8 4
0
sin cos x xdx

Ans:
"
2048

15.
/2
5 6
0
sin cos x xdx

Ans:
8
693
16.
/2
6 8
0
sin cos x xdx

. Ans:
5
4096

1".
5 6
2
0
25
x
dx
x

Ans:
"8125
32

18.
( )
"
2 2
0
dx
a x

+
. Ans:
13
1 231
2048 a
19.
( )
9
2 2
0
16
dx
x

+
Ans:
6
1 1
35.4 143360
.
20.
( )
4
5
2 2
0
x dx
a x

+
Ans:
5
3
256a

21.
"
2 2
0
a
x
dx
a x

Ans:
"
16
35
a
.
22.
( )
"
2 2 2
0
dx
a x

+
. Ans:
6
8
15a
23.
2 3
2
0
2
a
x
dx
ax x

Ans:
3
5
2
a
24.
1
3 1
2 2
0
(1 ) x x dx

Ans:
16

.
25.
2
2
0
2
a
x ax x dx

Ans:
3
2
a
26.
( )
2
4
2
0 1
x
dx
x

+
Ans:
32

2". ( )
1
3 2
4 2
0
1 x x dx

A&&LICATIONS OF INTEGRAL CALCULUS

Requisites
-rea 'nder $he c'rve .o'nded .0 1+a1is is %iven .0
b
a
A ydx

.
2en%$h of $he c'rve .e$ween $he #oin$s ( )
1 1
, x y
and ( )
2 2
, x y
is given by
( )
( )
2 2
1 1
,
,
x y
x y
S ds

where ds is $he
deriva$ive of arc %iven .0
2 2 2
ds dx dy +
Are of Crtesin cur!es
1. 3ind $he area of $he se%/en$ c'$ off fro/ $he #ara.o!a
2
8 x y .0 $he !ine
2 8 0 x y +
. Ans: 36 (r)
2. 3ind $he area of $he #ara.o!a
2
y ax and $he circ!e
2 2
4 x y ax + . Ans:
2
4
3 3
3
a
_
+

,
.
3. 3ind $he area of $he e!!i#se
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ . Ans: ab
4. 3ind $he area .o'nded .0 $he #ara.o!a
2
4 y ax and i$s !a$'s rec$'/. Ans:
2
8
3
a
5. 3ind $he area of $he !oo# of $he c'rve
2 2
( ) ( ) y a x x a x + . Ans:
2
2
2
a
_

,
6. 3ind $he who!e area of $he as$roid
2/3 2/3 2/3 3 3
cos , sin x y a or x a y a + . Ans:
2
3 a
". 3ind $he area enc!osed .e$ween one arch of $he c0c!oid
( sin ) (1 cos ) x a and y a +
and i$s
.ase. 3ind $he area .e$ween $he c'rve and $he 1+a1is. Ans:
2 2
3 , a a
8. 3ind $he area co//on $o $he circ!es
2 2
4 x y + and
2 2
4 x y x + . Ans:
11
2 3
3

9. 3ind $he area co//on $o $he #ara.o!as

2
4 x ay and
2
4 y ax Ans:
2
16
3
a
.
10. 3ind $he area inc!'ded .e$ween $he circ!e of $he #ara.o!a
2
y ax and $he circ!e
2 2
2 x y ax + .
Ans:
(3 8)
6
a
11. 3ind $he area .o'nded .0 $he #ara.o!a
2
4 y ax and $he !ine
3 x y a +
. Ans:
2
64
3
a
12. 3ind $he area of $he se%/en$ c'$ off fro/ $he #ara.o!a
2
4 y x y .0 $he s$rai%h$ !ine
y x
.
13. 3ind $he area of $he cardioid
(1 cos ) r a
. Ans:
2
3
2
a
14. 3ind $he area co//on $o
2 r a
and 2 cos r a Ans: ( )
2
1 a
.
15. 3ind $he area co//on $o $he cardioids
(1 cos ) r a +
and
(1 cos ) r a
. Ans:
2
3
4
2
a
_

,
.
16. 3ind $he area of $he cardioid
(1 cos ) r a +
. Ans:
2
3
2
a
1". 3ind $he area of $he !e/nisca$es
2 2
cos 2 r a . Ans:
2
a
18. 3ind $he area o'$side $he circ!e 2 cos r a and inside $he cardioid
(1 cos ) r a +
. Ans:
2
2
a
.
Rmn
1. 3ind $he co//on area inc!'ded .e$ween $he #ara.o!as
2 2
4 ( ) 4 ( ) y a a x and y b b x + .
Ans: 8 ( ) 3 ab a b +
2. *e$er/ine $he co//on area .e$ween $he circ!e
3
2
r a and $he cardioids
(1 cos ) r a +
. *ed'ce $he
area which is e1$erna! $o $he circ!e .'$ inside $he cardioids. Ans:
2
2
3 " 9 3
2 4 8
a
a

_



,
.
3. 3ind $he area .o'nded .0 $he #ara.o!a
2
y x and $he !ine
y x
. Ans:
1
6
.
4. 3ind $he area of $he #ara.o!a
2
2 x ay and $he !ine
2 y a
. Ans:
2
16
3
a
5. 3ind $he area of $he c'rve
sin y x
and $he 1+a1is 0 2 x . Ans: 4
6. 3ind $he area .o'nded .0 $he #ara.o!ae
2
y x and
2
y x . Ans:
1
3
.
". 3ind $he area of $he e!!i#se
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ . Ans: ab
8. 3ind $he area enc!osed .e$ween one arch of $he c0c!oid
( sin ) (1 cos ) x a and y a m
and i$s
.ase. Ans:
2
3 a
9. 3ind $he area inc!'ded .e$ween $he circ!e of $he #ara.o!a
2
y ax and $he circ!e
2 2
4 x y ax + .
10. 3ind $he area of $he !e/nisca$es
2 2
cos 2 r a . Ans:
2
a
(1$ra 4'es$ions
1. 3ind $he area inc!'ded .e$ween $he c'rve
2 3
ay x , $he 1+a1is and $he ordina$e 1)a. Ans:
2
2
5
a
2. 3ind $he area of a !oo# of $he c'rve sin 2 r a . Ans:
2
8
a
3. 3ind $he area of a !oo# of $he c'rve cos r a n . Ans:
2
4
a
4. 3ind $he area of a !oo# of $he c'rve sin r a n . Ans:
2
4
a
5. 3ind $he area of a !oo# of $he c'rve sin3 r a . Ans:
2
12
a
6. 3ind $he area of a !oo# of $he c'rve cos3 r a . Ans:
2
12
a
". 3ind $he area .o'nded .0 $he #ara.o!a
2
4 y ax and $he !ine
y x

Lengt" of cur!es
1. 3ind $he !en%$h of $he arc of $he #ara.o!a
2
4 x ay /eas'red fro/ $he ver$e1 $o one e1$re/i$0 of $he
!a$'s+ rec$'/. Ans: ( )
2 !o% 1 2 a
1
+ +
]
.
2. 3ind $he #eri/e$er of $he !oo# of $he c'rve
2 2
3 ( ) ay x x a . Ans:
4
3
a
3. 3ind $he !en%$h of one arch of $he c0c!oid
( sin ) (1 cos ) x a and y a
. Ans: 8a
4. 3ind $he en$ire !en%$h of $he cardioid
(1 cos ) r a +
. Ans: 2a
5. 3ind $he !en%$h of $he arc of $he #ara.o!a
2
4 y ax
a. 3ro/ $he ver$e1 $o one end of $he !a$'s+rec$'/. Ans: ( )
2 !o% 1 2 a
1
+ +
]
.. 5'$ off .0 $he !ine 30)81. Ans:
( )
15
!o% 2
16
a +
6. 3ind $he !en%$h of one arch of $he c0c!oid
( sin ) (1 cos ) x a and y a +
. Ans: 8a
". 3ind $he who!e !en%$h of $he c'rve
2/3 2/3 2/3 3 3
cos , sin x y a or x a y a + . Ans: 6a
8. 3or $he c'rve, #rove $ha$ cons$an$
s
r
, s .ein% /eas'red fro/ $he ori%in.
9. 3ind $he #eri/e$er of $he cardioids
(1 cos ) r a
. -!so show $ha$ $he '##er ha!f of $he c'rve is .isec$ed
.0 $he !ine
2
3

. Ans: 8a.
10. 3ind $he who!e !en%$h of $he !e/nisca$es
2 2
cos 2 r a . (6o$ $o .e %iven) Ans: 7eries
11. 3ind $he !en%$h of $he #ara.o!a
(1 cos ) 2 r a +
as c'$ off .0 $he !a$'s+rec$'/. Ans: ( )
2 2 !o% 1 2 a
1
+ +
]
Rmn
1. 7how $ha$ $he c'rve
( sin ) (1 cos ) x a and y a
is divided in $he ra$io 1:3 a$
2
3

.
2. 3ind $he #eri/e$er of $he circ!e of radi's b .
3. 3ind $he #eri/e$er of $he c'rves:
a) cos r a Ans:
a
.) sin r a Ans:
a
c) 2 cos r a Ans: 2 a
(1$ra 4'es$ions
1. 3ind $he !en%$h of $he e8'ian%'!ar s#ira!
co$
r ae

.e$ween $he #oin$s for which $he radii vec$ors are
1
r
and
2
r
. Ans:
2 1
( ) sec r r
'olumes of Re!olution (Illustrti!e e)m$les*
1. 3ind $he vo!'/e of a s#here of radi's a. Ans:
3
4
3
a
2. 3ind $he vo!'/e for/ed .0 $he revo!'$ion of !oo# of $he c'rve
2 2
( ) (3 ) y a x x a x + , a.o'$ $he 1+a1is.
Ans:
3
(8!o% 2 3) a
3. 3ind $he vo!'/e of $he so!id for/ed .0 $he revo!'$ion , a.o'$ $he 1+a1is, of $he !oo# of $he c'rve:
2 2
( ) ( ) y a x x a x + Ans:
3
2 (!o%2 2 / 3) a
4. 9rove $ha$ $he vo!'/e of $he ree! for/ed .0 $he revo!'$ion of $he c0c!oid
( sin ) x a +
(1 cos ) y a
a.o'$ $he $an%en$ a$ $he ver$e1 is
2 3
a .
5. 3ind $he vo!'/e of $he so!id %enera$ed .0 $he revo!'$ion of $he cardioids
(1 cos ) r a +
a.o'$ $he ini$ia!
!ine. Ans:
3
8
3
a
6. 3ind $he vo!'/e of $he so!id %enera$ed .0 $he revo!'$ion of $he !e/nisca$es
2 2
cos 2 r a a.o'$ $he !ine
2

. Ans:
3
4 2
a
". 3ind $he vo!'/e %enera$ed .0 revo!vin% $he #or$ion of $he #ara.o!a
2
4 y ax c'$ off .0 i$s !a$'s+rec$'/
a.o'$ $he a1is of $he #ara.o!a. Ans:
3
2 a
8. 3ind $he vo!'/e of $he so!id %enera$ed .0 revo!vin% $he e!!i#se
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+
a. -.o'$ $he /a:or a1is Ans:
2
4
3
a b
.. -.o'$ $he /inor a1is. Ans:
2
4
3
ab
9. 3ind $he vo!'/e o.$ained .0 revo!vin% one arch of $he c0c!oid
a.
( sin ) (1 cos ) x a and y a
, a.o'$ i$s .ase Ans:
2 3
5 a
..
( sin ) (1 cos ) x a and y a +
, a.o'$ $he 1+a1is. Ans:
2 3
5 a
10. 3ind $he vo!'/e of $he s#ind!e ; sha#ed so!id %enera$ed .0 $he revo!'$ion of $he as$roid
2/3 2/3 2/3
x y a +
a.o'$ $he 1+a1is. Ans:
3
32
105
a
11. 3ind $he vo!'/e %enera$ed .0 $he revo!'$ion a.o'$ $he ini$ia! !ine of
a. 2 cos r a Ans:
3
4
3
a
..
(1 cos ) r a
. Ans:
3
4
3
a
12. 3ind $he vo!'/e of $he so!id for/ed .0 revo!vin% a !oo# of $he !e/nisca$es
2 2
cos 2 r a a.o'$ $he
ini$ia! !ine. Ans:
( )
3
!o% 1 2
1
4 3 2
a
1
+
1

1
]
E)tr +uestions
1. 3ind $he vo!'/e of $he ree! sha#ed so!id for/ed .0 $he revo!'$ion a.o'$ $he 0+a1is, of $he #ar$ of $he
#ara.o!a
2
4 y ax c'$ off .0 $he !a$'s+rec$'/. Ans:
3
4
5
a
2. 3ind $he vo!'/e of so!id of revo!'$ion %enera$ed when $he area is .o'nded .0
2
y x , 3 x and $he 1+
a1is is revo!ved a.o'$ (a) 1+a1is (.) 0+a1is. Ans:
243
5

,
81
2

3. 3ind $he vo!'/e of a s#herica! se%/en$ of hei%h$ h c'$ off fro/ a s#here of radi's a. Ans:
2
( / 3) h a h
4. 3ind $he vo!'/e %enera$ed .0 $he revo!'$ion of $he c'rve 2 cos r a a.o'$ $he ini$ia! !ine. Ans:
3
4
3
a
Surfce res of Re!olution (Illustrti!e e)m$les*
1. 3ind $he s'rface of $he so!id %enera$ed .0 $he revo!'$ion of $he cardioids
(1 cos ) r a +
a.o'$ $he ini$ia!
!ine. Ans:
2
32
5
a
2. 7how $ha$ $he s'rface of $he so!id %enera$ed .0 $he revo!'$ion of $he c'rve
3 3
cos , sin x a y a
a.o'$ $he 1+a1is , is
2
12
5

.
3. 3ind $he area of $he s'rface for/ed .0 $he revo!'$ion of
2
4 y ax a.o'$ i$s a1is, .0 $he arc fro/ $he
ver$e1 $o one end of $he !a$'s+rec$'/. Ans:
2
8 (2 2 1)
3
a
4. 3ind $he s'rface of $he so!id %enera$ed .0 $he revo!'$ion of $he e!!i#se
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ a.o'$ $he 1+a1is.
Ans:
2 2
1
2 2
2 sin
b a a b
ab
a a
a b

_ 1

+ 1

1
] ,
5. <.$ain $he s'rface area of a s#here of radi's a. Ans:
2
4 a
6. =he arc of $he c'rve
2/3 2/3 2/3
x y a + in $he firs$ 8'adran$ revo!ves a.o'$ 1+a1is. 7how $ha$ $he area of
$he s'rface %enera$ed is
2
6
5
a
.
". 3ind $he s'rface area of $he so!id %enera$ed .0 revo!vin% $he c0c!oid
( sin ) x a
and
(1 cos ) y a
a.o'$ $he .ase. Ans:
2
64
3
a
8. 3ind $he s'rface of $he ree! for/ed .0 $he revo!'$ion ro'nd $he $an%en$ a$ $he ver$e1 of an arch of $he
c0c!oid
( sin ) (1 cos ) x a and y a +
. Ans:
2
32
3
a
9. 3ind $he s'rface of $he so!id %enera$ed .0 $he revo!'$ion of $he cardioids
(1 cos ) r a
a.o'$ $he ini$ia!
!ine. Ans:
2
32
5
a
10. 3ind $he s'rface of $he so!id %enera$ed .0 $he revo!'$ion of $he !e/nisca$es
2 2
cos 2 r a a.o'$ $he
ini$ia! !ine. Ans:
2
1
4 1
2
a
_

,
11. =he #ar$ of #ara.o!a
2
4 y ax c'$ off .0 $he !a$'s+rec$'/ revo!ves a.o'$ $he $an%en$ a$ $he ver$e1. 3ind
$he c'rved s'rface of $he ree! $h's for/ed. Ans: ( )
2
3 2 !o%( 2 1) a +
.
(1$ra 8'es$ions
1. 3ind $he area of $he s'rface of $he so!id of revo!'$ion %enera$ed .0 revo!vin% $he #ara.o!a
2
4 , 0 3 y ax x a a.o'$ $he 1+a1is. Ans:
2
56
3
a
2. *e$er/ine $he s'rface of $he #ara.o!a %enera$ed .0 revo!vin% $he c'rve
2
y x inc!'ded .e$ween
6
0
5
x and x a.o'$ 0+a1is. Ans:
1036
3"5

3. 5a!c'!a$e $he area of $he s'rface of revo!'$ion %enera$ed .0 revo!vin% $he arc of $he #ara.o!a
2
y x fro/
0 3 x and x
a.o'$ 1+a1is. Ans: 24(2 2 1)
4. 3ind $he area of $he s'rface of revo!'$ion %enera$ed .0 revo!vin% one arch of $he c'rve
sin y x
a.o'$
$he 1+a1is. Ans:
2 !o%(1 2)
1
+ +
]
5. 3ind $he s'rface of $he so!id %enera$ed .0 $he revo!'$ion of $he !e/nisca$es
2 2
cos 2 r a a.o'$ $he !ine
2

. Ans:
2 3
4 2
a
6. 3ind $he s'rface of $he so!id %enera$ed .0 $he revo!'$ion of $he !e/nisca$es
2 2
cos 2 r a a.o'$ a
$an%en$ a$ $he #o!e. Ans:
2
4 a
". =he arc of $he cardioids
(1 cos ) r a +
inc!'ded .e$ween
2 2

is ro$a$ed a.o'$ $he !ine. 7how

$ha$ $he area of $he s'rface $h's %enera$ed is
2
48 2
5
a
.