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Conditional Clause and Main Clause

If I have enough money,
conditional clause
I will go to Japan.
main clause
I will go to Japan,
main clause
if I have enough money
conditional clause
First, Second, and Third Conditional
1. First conditional: If I have enough money, I will go to Japan.
2. Second conditional: If I had enough money, I would go to Japan.
3. Third conditional: If I had had enough money, I would have gone to Japan.







Uses of the Conditional
First conditional
Nature: Open condition, what is said in the condition is possible.
Time: This condition refers either to present or to future time.
e.g. If he is late, we will have to go without him.
If my mother knows about this, we are in serious trouble.

Second conditional
Conditional clause Main clause
1. If + Present Tense will + inf / present tense / imperative
a. If you help me with the dishes (if + pres),
I will help you with your homework. (will + inf)
b. If the sum of the digits of a number is divisible by three,
the number is divisible by three (Pres. tense)
c. If you see Mr Fox tonight, tell him I am ill. (imperative).
2. If + Past Tense would + inf
3. If + Past Perfect Tense would have + past participle
We do not normally use will or would in the conditional clause,
only in the main clause.
2
Nature: unreal (impossible) or improbable situations.
Time: present; the TENSE is past, but we are talking about the present,
now.
e.g. If I knew her name, I would tell you.
If I were you, I would tell my father.
Compare: If I become president, I will change the social security system.
(Said by a presidential candidate)
If I became president, I would change the social security system. (Said by a
schoolboy: improbable)
If we win this match, we are qualified for the semifinals.
If I won a million pounds, I would stop teaching. (improbable)
Third conditional
Nature: unreal
Time: Past (so we are talking about a situation that was not so in the past.)
e.g. If you had warned me, I would not have told your father about that
party.(But you didn't, and I have).
Remember!
1. The conditional construction does not normally use will or would in if-
clauses. EXCEPTION: If will or would express willingness, as in requests, they can be used in if-clauses.
e.g. If you will come this way, the manager will see you now.
I would be grateful if you would give me a little help.
(= please, come this way; please, give me...)
2. For the second conditional, were replaces was:
If I were a rich man...
3. After if, we can either use "some(-one, -where...)" or "any(-one, -where...).
If I have some spare time next weekend....or :
If I have any spare time...
4. Instead of if not, we can use unless.
e.g. I'll be back tomorrow unless there is a plane strike.
He'll accept the job unless the salary is too low.
[Link] is a "mixed type" as well, for the present results of an unreal condition in the
past:
If + Past Perfect - would + inf.
If you had warned me [then], I would not be in prison [now].
In English conditional sentences, the condition clause (protasis) is a dependent clause, most
commonly introduced by the conjunction if. Other conjunctions or equivalent expressions may also
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be used, such as unless (meaning "if...not"), provided (that), providing (that) andas long as. Certain
condition clauses can also be formulated using inversion without any conjunction; see Inversion in
condition clausesbelow.
The apodosis, expressing the consequence of the stated condition, is generally the main clause of
the sentence. Depending on the sentence type, it may be a statement, question, or order. It may
appear before or after the condition clause:
If I see him, I will tell him. (declarative sentence, condition first)
I will tell him if I see him. (declarative sentence, condition second)
If you saw him, would you tell him? (interrogative sentence, condition first)
Would you tell him if you saw him? (interrogative sentence, condition second)
If you see it, photograph it. (imperative sentence, condition first)
Photograph it if you see it. (imperative sentence, condition second)
As with other dependent clauses in English, it is common for a comma to be used to separate
the clauses if the dependent clause comes first (as is done in the above examples).
See Comma: Separation of clauses.
It is possible for the consequence clause to appear alone in a sentence, without a condition
clause, if the condition has been previously stated or is understood from the context. It may also
be shortened by verb phrase ellipsis; a minimal conditional sentence could therefore be
something like "Would you?" or "I would."
English language teaching[edit]
In English language teaching, conditional sentences are often classified under the
headings zero conditional, first conditional (or conditional I), second
conditional(or conditional II), third conditional (or conditional III) and mixed conditional,
according to the grammatical pattern followed, particularly in terms of the
verb tenses andauxiliaries used.
Zero conditional[edit]
"Zero conditional" refers to conditional sentences that express a factual implication, rather than
describing a hypothetical situation or potential future circumstance (seeTypes of conditional
sentence). The term is used particularly when both clauses are in the present tense; however
such sentences can be formulated with a variety of tenses/moods, as appropriate to the
situation:
If you don't eat for a long time, you become hungry.
If the alarm went off, there's a fire somewhere in the building.
If you are going to sit an exam tomorrow, go to bed early tonight!
If aspirins will cure it, I'll take a couple tonight.
The first of these sentences is a basic zero conditional with both clauses in the present tense. The
last is an example of the use of will in a condition clause
[1]
(for more such cases, see below). The
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use of verb tenses, moods and aspects in the parts of such sentences follows general principles, as
described in Uses of English verb forms.
Occasionally, mainly in a formal and somewhat archaic style, a subjunctive is used in the condition
clause (as in "If the prisoner be held for more than five days, ...). For more details see English
subjunctive. (See also Inversion in condition clauses below.)
First conditional[edit]
"First conditional" or "conditional I" refers to a pattern used in predictive conditional sentences, i.e.
those that concern consequences of a possible future event (seeTypes of conditional sentence). In
the basic first conditional pattern, the condition is expressed using the present tense (having future
meaning in this context), and the consequence using the future construction with will (or shall):
If you make a mistake, someone will let you know.
If he asks me, I will/shall consider his proposal carefully.
The use of present tense in dependent clauses with future time reference is not confined to condition
clauses; it also occurs in various temporal and relative clauses (as soon as he arrives; take the first
train that comes; etc.), as described under Uses of English verb forms: Dependent clauses.
The present tense used in the condition clause may take the form of the simple present as in the
above examples, or the present progressive, present perfect or present perfect progressive as
appropriate (according to general principles for uses of English verb forms):
If he is sleeping when we arrive, we shan't wake him. (present progressive)
Will you wake him if he hasn't stirred by 10 o'clock? (present perfect)
If you have been working for more than ten hours when he returns, he will take your place.
(present perfect progressive)
The condition can also be expressed using the modal verb should. This form can be used to make
an inverted condition clause without a conjunction:
If you should make a mistake, ... (equivalent to "If you make a mistake")
Should you make a mistake, ... (inverted form again equivalent to the above).
Otherwise, the condition clause in a first conditional pattern is not normally formed with a modal
verb, other than can. However there are certain situations (often involving polite expressions)
where will, would and could may be used in such clauses; see Use of will and would in condition
clauses below. For the occasional use of thesubjunctive in the condition clause, see under zero
conditional above. In colloquial English, an imperative may be used with the meaning of a condition
clause, as in "go eastwards a mile and you'll see it" (meaning "if you go eastwards a mile, you will
see it").
Although the consequence in first conditional sentences is usually expressed using the will (or shall)
future (usually the simple future, though future progressive, future perfect and future perfect
progressive are used as appropriate), other variations are also possible it may take the form of
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an imperative, it may use another modal verb that can have future meaning, or it may be expressed
as a deduction about present or past time (consequent on a possible future event):
If it rains this afternoon, come round to my place! (imperative)
If it rains this afternoon, we can/could/should/may/might find somewhere to shelter. (other
modals)
If it rains this afternoon, then yesterday's weather forecast was wrong. (deduction about the
past)
If it rains this afternoon, your garden party is doomed. (deduction placed in the present)
A particular case involves a condition clause that expresses a goal (this is often done using the be +
to construction, the going-to future or the verb want), and the main clause expresses something that
is necessary for the achievement of that goal, usually using a modal verb of necessity or obligation.
In this case it is effectively the main clause, rather than the dependent condition clause, that
expresses a "condition".
If we want to succeed, we have to try harder.
If you are to get your pocket money, you must start behaving yourself.
As noted in the following section, it may be possible to express a statement about a hypothetical
future situation using either the first or second conditional pattern, with little specific difference in
meaning.
Second conditional[edit]
"Second conditional" or "conditional II" refers to a pattern used to describe hypothetical, typically
counterfactual situations with a present or future time frame (for past time frames the third
conditional is used). In the normal form of the second conditional, the condition clause is in the past
tense (although it does not have past meaning), and the consequence is expressed using
the conditional construction with the auxiliary would:
If I liked parties, I would attend more of them.
If it rained tomorrow, people would dance in the street.
The past tense (simple past or past progressive) of the condition clause is historically the
past subjunctive. In modern English this is identical to the past indicative, except in the first and third
persons singular of the verb be, where the indicative is was and the subjunctive were; in this case
either form may be used. (Was is more colloquial, and were more formal, although the phrase if I
were you is common in colloquial language. For more details see English subjunctive: Use of the
past subjunctive.)
If I (he, she, it) was/were rich, there would be plenty of money available for this project.
If I (he, she, it) was/were speaking, you would not be allowed to interrupt like that.
When were is the verb of the condition clause, it can be used to make an inverted condition
clause without a conjunction. If the condition clause uses the past tense of another verb, it may be
replaced by the auxiliary construction was/were to + infinitive (particularly if it has hypothetical future
reference); if this is done and were is used, then inversion can be applied here too:
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If I was rich, ... / If I were rich, ... / Were I rich, ...
If I flew, ... / If I was/were to fly, ... / Were I to fly, ...
Another possible pattern is if it wasn't/weren't for... (inverted form: were it not for ...), which means
something like "in the absence of ...". For clauses with if only, see Uses of English verb forms:
Expressions of wish.
For the possible use of would or could in the condition clause as well, see Use of will and would in
condition clauses below.
The conditional construction of the main clause is usually the simple conditional; sometimes
the conditional progressive (e.g. would be waiting) is used. Occasionally, with a first person subject,
the auxiliary would is replaced by should (similarly to the way will is replaced by shall).
Also, would may be replaced by another appropriate modal:could, should, might.
When referring to hypothetical future circumstance, there may be little difference in meaning
between the first and second conditional (factual vs. counterfactual, realis [Link]). The following
two sentences have similar meaning, although the second (with the second conditional) implies less
likelihood that the condition will be fulfilled:
If you leave now, you will still catch your train.
If you left now, you would still catch your train.
Notice that in indirect speech reported in the past tense, the first conditional naturally changes to the
second:
She'll kill me if she finds out.
He said I would kill him if I found out.
Third conditional[edit]
"Third conditional" or "conditional III" is a pattern used to refer to hypothetical situations in a past
time frame, generally counterfactual (or at least presented as counterfactual, or likely to be
counterfactual). Here the condition clause is in the past perfect, and the consequence is expressed
using the conditional perfect.
If you had called me, I would have come.
Would he have succeeded if I had helped him?
The condition clause can undergo inversion, with omission of the conjunction:
Had you called me, I would have come.
Would he have succeeded had I helped him?
Another possible pattern (similar to that mentioned under the second conditional) is if it hadn't been
for... (inverted form: had it not been for ...), which means something like "in the absence of ...", with
past reference. For clauses with if only, see Uses of English verb forms: Expressions of [Link] the
possible use of would in the condition clause, see Use of will and would in condition clauses. In the
main clause, the auxiliary would can be replaced by could,should or might, as described for
the second conditional.
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If only one of the two clauses has past reference, a mixed conditional pattern (see below) is used.
Mixed conditional[edit]
"Mixed conditional" usually refers to a mixture of the second and third conditionals (the
counterfactual patterns). Here either the condition or the consequence, but not both, has a past time
reference.
When the condition refers to the past, but the consequence to the present, the condition clause is in
the past perfect (as with the third conditional), while the main clause is in the conditional mood as in
the second conditional (i.e. simple conditional or conditional progressive, but not conditional perfect).
If you had done your job properly, we wouldn't be in this mess now.
If I hadn't married Kelly, I wouldn't be living in Scotland now.
When the consequence refers to the past, but the condition is not expressed as being limited to the
past, the condition clause is expressed as in the second conditional (past, but not past perfect),
while the main clause is in the conditional perfect as in the third conditional:
If we were soldiers, we wouldn't have done it like that.
Other variations on the respective clause patterns are possible, as used accordingly in the second
and third conditionals.
Use of will and would in condition clauses[edit]
As noted above regarding the first conditional, will (or shall) is not normally used to mark future time
reference in a condition clause; instead an ordinary present tense is used:
If she wins (not: will win) tomorrow, I'll eat my hat.
However there are certain situations where will can appear in a condition clause. One type of
situation is referred to above under zero conditional, where will expresses futurity, but the sentence
as a whole expresses factual implication rather than a potential future circumstance: "If aspirins will
cure it, I'll take a couple tonight" (the taking is not a consequence of the curing, but a consequence
of the expectation that they will cure).
More commonly, will appears used in condition clauses where it has a modal meaning, rather than
marking the future. (See uses of will.) Relevant meanings include willingness or
persistence:
[1][2][unreliable source?]

If you will excuse me, I think I will slip into something more comfortable. (willingness)
If you will keep all the windows shut, of course you'll get headaches. (persistence)
In the second sentence will is stressed, and cannot be contracted to 'll.
Similarly, would is not generally used in the condition clauses of the counterfactual patterns
(second and third conditional) in standard English:
If I knew (not: would know) him, I would talk to him.
If you had written (not: would have written), it would have put my mind at rest.
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However, some varieties of English regularly use would (contracted to 'd) and would have ('d have)
in counterfactual condition clauses, although this is often considered non-standard:
If you'd leave (standard: you left) now, you'd be on time.
If you'd have told (standard: you had told) me, we could've done something about it.
Such use of would is widespread especially in spoken American English in all sectors of society. It is
not usually found in more formal writing; however some sources describe it as acceptable US
English, no longer labeling it colloquial.
[3][4]

There are also cases where would can appear in the condition clause in British English too, but
these can be considered to be modal uses of would, indicating willingness:
If you would listen to me once in a while, you might learn something.
[5][6][unreliable source?]

Also, in cases where the event of the if-clause follows that of the main clause, use of would in the if-
clause is standard usage (this is similar to the aspirin example given above for will):
If it would make Bill happy, I would give him the money.
[5]

Would like and could are sometimes used in condition clauses for politeness:
I'll make a pot of tea if you would like some.
Please help Mrs Brown if you could.
For the use of should in future condition clauses, see under first conditional.

Inversion in condition clauses[edit]
Certain condition clauses (if-clauses) can be cast without any conjunction such as if or unless,
instead using subjectauxiliary inversion to indicate their meaning.
The principal constructions are as follows:
In the first conditional (where the condition clause expresses a possible future condition),
inversion can be applied to the form of the condition clause constructed using should:
If you feel hungry, ... (usual condition clause; present tense with future meaning)
If you should feel hungry, ... (should form of the condition clause)
Should you feel hungry, ... (inverted form)
In the second conditional (where the condition clause expresses a counterfactual
present/future condition; this may also occur in the mixed conditional), inversion is possible
in the case where the verb is were the past subjunctive:
If she were here, ... (usual condition clause)
Were she here, ...(inverted form)
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As a special case of the above, when a condition clause based on a different verb
(normally with hypothetical future reference) is formulated using the were toconstruction,
inversion is again possible (provided were and not was is used):
If you shot, ... (usual condition clause; past tense)
If you were to shoot, ... (were to construction)
Were you to shoot, ... (inverted form)
In the third conditional (where the condition clause expresses a counterfactual past
condition; this may also occur in the mixed conditional), the condition clause formed
with the auxiliary had can be inverted:
If he had written, ... (usual condition clause; past perfect)
Had he written, ... (inverted form)
Inversion is also possible when the present subjunctive be is used (e.g. "Be he
called on by God..." for "If he be called on by God..."), but this is archaic usage for
condition clauses; it is still occasionally found in dependent clauses expressing "no
matter whether ...", e.g. "Be they friend or foe ..." (equivalent to "Whether they be
friend or foe ..."). For similar examples see English subjunctive.