SAE steel grades

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The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) designates SAE steel grades. These are four digit numbers which
represent chemical composition standards for steel specifications. The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)
originally started a very similar system. Over time they used the same numbers to refer to the same alloy, but the AISI
system used a letter prefix to denote the steelmaking process. The prefix "C" denoted open-hearth furnace, electric arc
furnace or basic oxygen furnace, while "E" denotes electric arc furnace steel.[1][2]
Prior to 1995 the AISI was also involved, and the standard was designated the AISI/SAE steel grades. The AISI
stopped being involved because it never wrote any of the specifications.[3]

Contents

Iron alloy phases

Ferrite (-iron, -iron)
Austenite (-iron)
Pearlite (88% ferrite, 12% cementite)
Martensite
Bainite
Ledeburite (ferrite-cementite eutectic, 4.3% carbon)
Cementite (iron carbide, Fe3C)
Steel classes
Crucible steel
Carbon steel (2.1% carbon; low alloy)
Alloy steel (contains non-carbon elements)

1 Carbon and alloy steel

2 Stainless steel
3 High-strength low-alloy steel
4 See also
5 References
5.1 Notes
5.2 Bibliography

Maraging steel (contains nickel)

Stainless steel (contains 10.5% chromium)
Tool steel (alloy steel for tools)
Spring steel (low or no alloy)
Other iron-based materials
Cast iron (>2.1% carbon)

Carbon and alloy steel

Ductile iron
Gray iron
Malleable iron
White iron

Main articles: Carbon steel and Alloy steel

Carbon steels and alloy steels are designated by a four digit number, where the first digit indicates the main alloying
element(s), the second digit indicates the secondary alloying element(s), and the last two digits indicate the amount of
carbon, in hundredths of a percent by weight. For example, a 1060 steel is a plain-carbon steel containing 0.60 wt% C.

Wrought iron (contains slag)

[4]

An "H" suffix can be added to any designation to denote hardenability is a major requirement. The chemical requirements are loosened but hardness values defined for
various distances on a Jominy test.[2]
Major classifications of steel[1]
SAE designation
1xxx
2xxx
3xxx
4xxx
5xxx
6xxx
7xxx
8xxx
9xxx

Type
Carbon steels
Nickel steels
Nickel-chromium steels
Molybdenum steels
Chromium steels
Chromium-vanadium steels
Tungsten steels
Nickel-chromium-vanadium steels
Silicon-manganese steels
Carbon and alloy steel grades[5]

SAE designation

Type

Carbon steels
10xx Plain carbon (Mn 1.00% max)
11xx Resulfurized
12xx Resulfurized and rephosphorized
15xx Plain carbon (Mn 1.00% to 1.65%)
Manganese steels
13xx Mn 1.75%
Nickel steels
23xx Ni 3.50%
25xx Ni 5.00%
Nickel-chromium steels
31xx Ni 1.25%, Cr 0.65% or 0.80%
32xx Ni 1.25%, Cr 1.07%
33xx Ni 3.50%, Cr 1.50% or 1.57%
34xx Ni 3.00%, Cr 0.77%
Molybdenum steels
40xx Mo 0.20% or 0.25% or 0.25% Mo & 0.042 S[3]
44xx Mo 0.40% or 0.52%
Chromium-molybdenum (Chromoly) steels
41xx Cr 0.50% or 0.80% or 0.95%, Mo 0.12% or 0.20% or 0.25% or 0.30%

Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steels
43xx Ni 1.82%, Cr 0.50% to 0.80%, Mo 0.25%
43BVxx Ni 1.82%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.12% or 0.35%, V 0.03% min
47xx Ni 1.05%, Cr 0.45%, Mo 0.20% or 0.35%
81xx Ni 0.30%, Cr 0.40%, Mo 0.12%
81Bxx Ni 0.30%, Cr 0.45%, Mo 0.12%[3]
86xx Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.20%
87xx Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.25%
88xx Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.50%, Mo 0.35%
93xx Ni 3.25%, Cr 1.20%, Mo 0.12%
94xx Ni 0.45%, Cr 0.40%, Mo 0.12%
97xx Ni 0.55%, Cr 0.20%, Mo 0.20%
98xx Ni 1.00%, Cr 0.80%, Mo 0.25%
Nickel-molybdenum steels
46xx Ni 0.85% or 1.82%, Mo 0.20% or 0.25%
48xx Ni 3.50%, Mo 0.25%
Chromium steels
50xx Cr 0.27% or 0.40% or 0.50% or 0.65%
50xxx Cr 0.50%, C 1.00% min
50Bxx Cr 0.28% or 0.50%[3]
51xx Cr 0.80% or 0.87% or 0.92% or 1.00% or 1.05%
51xxx Cr 1.02%, C 1.00% min
51Bxx Cr 0.80%[3]
52xxx Cr 1.45%, C 1.00% min
Chromium-vanadium steels
61xx Cr 0.60% or 0.80% or 0.95%, V 0.10% or 0.15% min
Tungsten-chromium steels
72xx W 1.75%, Cr 0.75%
Silicon-manganese steels
92xx Si 1.40% or 2.00%, Mn 0.65% or 0.82% or 0.85%, Cr 0.00% or 0.65%
High-strength low-alloy steels
9xx Various SAE grades
xxBxx Boron steels
xxLxx Leaded steels

Stainless steel
Main article: Stainless steel

100 Seriesaustenitic chromium-nickel-manganese alloys

Type 101austenitic that is hardenable through cold working for furniture
Type 102austenitic general purpose stainless steel working for furniture
200 Seriesaustenitic chromium-nickel-manganese alloys
Type 201austenitic that is hardenable through cold working
Type 202austenitic general purpose stainless steel
300 Seriesaustenitic chromium-nickel alloys
Type 301highly ductile, for formed products. Also hardens rapidly during mechanical working. Good weldability. Better wear resistance and fatigue
strength than 304.
Type 302same corrosion resistance as 304, with slightly higher strength due to additional carbon.
[6]
Type 303free machining version of 304 via addition of sulfur and phosphorus. Also referred to as "A1" in accordance with ISO 3506.
[6]
Type 304the most common grade; the classic 18/8 stainless steel. Also referred to as "A2" in accordance with ISO 3506.
Type 304Lsame as the 304 grade but contains less carbon to increase weldability. Is slightly weaker than 304.
Type 304LNsame as 304L, but also nitrogen is added to obtain a much higher yield and tensile strength than 304L.
Type 308used as the filler metal when welding 304
Type 309better temperature resistance than 304, also sometimes used as filler metal when welding dissimilar steels, along with inconel.
Type 316the second most common grade (after 304); for food and surgical stainless steel uses; alloy addition of molybdenum prevents specific forms of
corrosion. It is also known as marine grade stainless steel due to its increased resistance to chloride corrosion compared to type 304. 316 is often used for
building nuclear reprocessing plants. 316L is an extra low carbon grade of 316, generally used in stainless steel watches and marine applications, as well
exclusively in the fabrication of reactor pressure vessels for boiling water reactors, due to its high resistance to corrosion. Also referred to as "A4" in
accordance with ISO 3506.[6] 316Ti includes titanium for heat resistance, therefore it is used in flexible chimney liners.
Type 321similar to 304 but lower risk of weld decay due to addition of titanium. See also 347 with addition of niobium for desensitization during
welding.
400 Seriesferritic and martensitic chromium alloys
Type 405ferritic for welding applications
Type 408heat-resistant; poor corrosion resistance; 11% chromium, 8% nickel.
Type 409cheapest type; used for automobile exhausts; ferritic (iron/chromium only).
Type 410martensitic (high-strength iron/chromium). Wear-resistant, but less corrosion-resistant.
Type 416easy to machine due to additional sulfur
Type 420Cutlery Grade martensitic; similar to the Brearley's original rustless steel. Excellent polishability.
Type 430decorative, e.g., for automotive trim; ferritic. Good formability, but with reduced temperature and corrosion resistance.

500 Seriesheat-resisting chromium alloys

600 Seriesmartensitic precipitation hardening alloys
601 through 604: Martensitic low-alloy steels.
610 through 613: Martensitic secondary hardening steels.
614 through 619: Martensitic chromium steels.
630 through 635: Semiaustenitic and martensitic precipitation-hardening stainless steels.
Type 630 is most common PH stainless, better known as 17-4; 17% chromium, 4% nickel.

Type 439ferritic grade, a higher grade version of 409 used for catalytic converter exhaust sections. Increased chromium for improved high temperature
corrosion/oxidation resistance.
Type 440a higher grade of cutlery steel, with more carbon, allowing for much better edge retention when properly heat-treated. It can be hardened to
approximately Rockwell 58 hardness, making it one of the hardest stainless steels. Due to its toughness and relatively low cost, most display-only and
replica swords or knives are made of 440 stainless. Available in four grades: 440A, 440B, 440C, and the uncommon 440F (free machinable). 440A,
having the least amount of carbon in it, is the most stain-resistant; 440C, having the most, is the strongest and is usually considered more desirable in
knifemaking than 440A, except for diving or other salt-water applications.
Type 446For elevated temperature service

650 through 653: Austenitic steels strengthened by hot/cold work.

660 through 665: Austenitic superalloys; all grades except alloy 661 are strengthened by second-phase precipitation.

Type 2205the most widely used duplex (ferritic/austenitic) stainless steel grade. It has both excellent corrosion resistance and high strength.
Stainless steel designations[7]

SAE
designation

UNS
designation

% Cr

% Ni

%C

% Mn

% Si

%P

%S

Austenitic
5.57.5 0.75
0.06 0.03
7.5
0.75
0.06 0.03
10.0

201

S20100

1618

3.55.5

0.15

202

S20200

1719

46

0.15

205

S20500

16.518

11.75

0.12
0.25

254[8]

S31254

20

18

0.02 max -

301
302
302B

S30100
S30200
S30215

1618
1719
1719

68
810
810

0.15
0.15
0.15

303

S30300

1719

810

303Se
304
304L
304Cu

S30323
S30400
S30403
S30430

1719
1820
1820
1719

810
810.50
812
810

304N

S30451

305
308
309
309S
310
310S
314
316
316L

%N

Other

0.25

0.25

0.06 0.03

0.32
0.40

0.20

2
2
2

0.75
0.75
2.03.0

0.15

0.15
0.08
0.03
0.08

2
2
2
2

1
0.75
0.75
0.75

0.045 0.03
0.045 0.03
0.045 0.03
0.15
0.2
min
0.2 0.06
0.045 0.03
0.045 0.03
0.045 0.03

1820

810.50 0.08

0.75

0.045 0.03

S30500
S30800
S30900
S30908
S31000
S31008
S31400
S31600
S31603

1719
1921
2224
2224
2426
2426
2326
1618
1618

10.5013
1012
1215
1215
1922
1922
1922
1014
1014

0.12
0.08
0.2
0.08
0.25
0.08
0.25
0.08
0.03

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

0.75
1
1
1
1.5
1.5
1.53.0
0.75
0.75

316F

S31620

1618

1014

0.08

0.045 0.03
0.045 0.03
0.045 0.03
0.045 0.03
0.045 0.03
0.045 0.03
0.045 0.03
0.045 0.03
0.045 0.03
0.10
0.2
min

316N

S31651

1618

1014

0.08

0.75

0.045 0.03

317
317L
321
329

S31700
S31703
S32100
S32900

1820
1820
1719
2328

1115
1115
912
2.55

0.08
0.03
0.08
0.08

2
2
2
2

330

N08330

1720

3437

0.08

347

S34700

1719

913

0.08

0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.75
1.50
0.75

348

S34800

1719

913

0.08

384

S38400

1517

1719

0.08

1415.5 0.75

0.1
-

6 Mo; 0.75 Cu; "Super austenitic"; All values

nominal
-

Mo 0.60 (optional)

0.1
0.1
0.10
0.16
0.10
0.10

0.15 Se min
34 Cu

2.03.0 Mo
2.03.0 Mo

1.752.50 Mo

0.045 0.03
0.045 0.03
0.045 0.03
0.04 0.03

0.10
0.16
0.10 max
0.10 max
0.10 max
-

3.04.0 Mo
3.04.0 Mo
Ti 5(C+N) min, 0.70 max
12 Mo

0.04 0.03

0.045 0.030

0.75

0.045 0.030

0.045 0.03

Nb + Ta, 10 x C min, 1 max

Nb + Ta, 10 x C min, 1 max, but 0.10 Ta max; 0.20
Ca
-

2.03.0 Mo

Ferritic
405

S40500

409

S40900

429
430

S42900
S43000

11.514.5
10.5
11.75
1416
1618

0.08

0.04 0.03

0.10.3 Al, 0.60 max

0.05

0.08

0.045 0.03

Ti 6 x C, but 0.75 max

0.75
0.75

0.12
0.12

1
1

1
1

0.04 0.03
0.04 0.03

430F

S43020

1618

0.12

1.25

430FSe
434
436
442
446

S43023
S43400
S43600
S44200
S44600

1618
1618
1618
1823
2327

0.25

0.12
0.12
0.12
0.2
0.2

1.25
1
1
1
1.5

403
410

S40300
S41000

0.15
0.15

414

S41400

11.513.0 0.60
11.513.5 0.75
1.25
11.513.5
2.50

416

S41600

1214

416Se
420

S41623
S42000

420F

0.15
min
0.06
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03

0.60 Mo (optional)

0.15 Se min
0.751.25 Mo
0.751.25 Mo; Nb+Ta 5 x C min, 0.70 max
-

1
1

1
0.06
1
0.04
1
0.04
1
0.04
1
0.04
Martensitic
0.5
0.04 0.03
1
0.04 0.03

0.15

0.15

1.25

1214
1214

0.15
1.25
0.15 min 1

1
1

S42020

1214

0.15 min 1.25

422

S42200

11.012.5 0.501.0

431

S41623

1517

1.25
2.50

440A

S44002

1618

440B

S44003

1618

440C

S44004

1618

0.060 Mo (optional)

0.15 Se min
-

0.60 Mo max (optional)

0.901.25 Mo; 0.200.30 V; 0.901.25 W

0.2

0.04 0.03

0.04 0.03

0.75 Mo

0.04 0.03

0.75 Mo

0.04 0.03

0.75 Mo

Heat resisting
1
0.04 0.03
1
0.04 0.03
Duplex

0.400.65 Mo
0.400.65 Mo

0.15

3 Mo; All values nominal

0.28

4 Mo; All values nominal

0.60
0.75
0.75
0.95
0.95
1.20

0.10 min 1
0.1
1

2205[8]

S31803
S32205

22

0.03 max -

0.025 0.025

46
46

25

0.15
min
0.06 0.06
0.04 0.03
0.15
0.06
min
0.06

0.51.0 0.5

S50100
S50200

S32750

0.04 0.03

0.20
0.25

501
502

2507[8]

0.06

0.03 max -

Super duplex
-

High-strength low-alloy steel

Main article: HSLA steel

See also

ASTM International
EN standard
Steel grades
Unified numbering system

References
Notes
1. ^ a b Jeffus, p. 635.
2. ^ a b Degarmo, p. 115.
3. ^ a b c d e Bringas, John E. (2004), Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards: Third Edition (http://www.astm.org/BOOKSTORE/PUBS/DS67B_SampleChapter.pdf)
(3rd. ed.), ASTM International, p. 14, ISBN 0-8031-3362-6, http://www.astm.org/BOOKSTORE/PUBS/DS67B_SampleChapter.pdf
4. ^ Degarmo, p. 113
5. ^ Oberg, p. 406.
6. ^ a b c "Stainless Steel Fasteners" (http://www.assda.asn.au/asp/index.asp?pgid=18732). Australian Stainless Steel Development Association.
http://www.assda.asn.au/asp/index.asp?pgid=18732. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
7. ^ Oberg, pp. 411-412.
8. ^ a b c "What is Stainless Steel?" (http://www.nickelinstitute.org/index.cfm/ci_id/11021.htm). Nickel Institute. http://www.nickelinstitute.org/index.cfm/ci_id/11021.htm.
Retrieved 2007-08-13.

Bibliography

Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003), Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.), Wiley, ISBN 0-471-65653-4.
Jeffus, Larry F. (2002), Welding: Principles and Applications (http://books.google.com/books?id=zeRiW7en7HAC), Cengage Learning, ISBN 1401810462,
http://books.google.com/books?id=zeRiW7en7HAC.
Oberg, E.; et al. (1996). Machinery's Handbook (25th ed.). Industrial Press Inc.

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Categories: Steels

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