WarpKnitting

Slide1

WarpKnitting

[Link],fibersandyarnscommonlyusedinwarpknitting,
preparationofwarpbeamsforknitting,machinetypes,machineelementsandmotions,designnotationsandcommonwarpknitfabrics.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide2

Weft(circular)andWarpKnitting

[Link],[Link]
[Link]
needlesknitsimultaneouslyacrosstheneedlebar(s),warpknittingismoreproductivecomparedtoweftknitting.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide3

[Link]

Weftknittingmachinesfeedindividualyarnsfromyarnpackagestotheknittingneedles,eachoneformingahorizontalrowofloopsinawidth
[Link],feedyarnsfrombeams,andeachyarnisformedintoloopsastheyarnmovesinaverticaldirection
[Link],agivenyarnintheweftknitstructure,[Link],theredyarn
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
interlacingstraightyarns.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide4

WeftandWarpKnitting

[Link]
[Link]
fabricbeingformedonthewarpknittingmachine.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide5

WarpKnitting

[Link]
[Link].
[Link].
[Link]
[Link],[Link]
[Link],formingthe
yarnsintoknittedloops.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide6

FibersandYarnsforWarpKnitting

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide7

FibersUsed
ManmadeFibers

Acetate
Triacetate
Nylon
Polyester
Rayon
Spandex

NaturalFibers
Cotton
Silk
Wool

[Link],hasanexcellenthandanddrape,iscomfortable,
[Link]
hand,[Link],isastrongfiber,andiseasytotextureand
[Link],staticproblems,soilseasily,[Link],
knitswell,islightresistant,[Link],static,[Link],hasagood
hand,[Link]
formsbare,corespun,orcovered.

[Link],
inyarns,[Link],spunyarnsmaybeusedonraschelmachinesbutnottypically
[Link].

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide8

FilamentYarns

PredominantinWarpKnitting
HigherStrengththanSpunYarns
MoreUniformwithNoFiberShedding
ContinuousFilaments
FlatorTextured
SingleYarnsorPlied

[Link]
[Link].
Texturedfilamentyarnshavebeenmadetoloop,curl,orsnarlinordertoaddbulk,softness,reduceluster,[Link]
yarnscanbeformedintofineryarnscomparedtospunyarnsand,thus,[Link]
producedwithsinglefilamentyarnsandpliedfilamentyarns.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide9

SpunYarns

NotUsedVeryOften
ShortFibersTwistedTogether
NotAsStrongnorUniformasFilamentYarns
ProduceContamination
MostlyUsedasASinglesYarn
NotasFineasFilamentYarns

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
tendtobeheavierinweightthanmostfilamentyarnfabrics.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide10

FilamentYarnNumbering
Denier MostCommonSystemofNumbering
DenierNumber Representstheweightof
9,000metersofyarningrams
Lowertheyarndenier,finertheyarn
1/70/20/1.2Z/SD
Denierperfilament(dpf)=70 20which
yieldsadpf of3.5

[Link]
ingramsper9,000metersofyarn.Thusa70denieryarnindicatesastandardlengthof9,[Link],
thefinertheassociatedyarn.Acommonyarndescriptionmightbe1/70/20/1.2Z/[Link](oneply),70denier,
20filaments,1.2turnsperinchoftwistintheZ(clockwisedirection),[Link](dpf)canbedetermine
bydividingtheoveralldenier(70)bythenumberoffilaments(20).Inthiscase,thedpfwouldbe3.5.Ifthedpfcalculatestobelessthan1.0denier,
[Link].

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide11

OtherFilamentYarnNumbering
Tex yarnnumberrepresentstheweightingramsof1,000
metersofyarn
Example:a20tex yarnweighs20gramsperastandardlength
of1,000meters

Decitex (dtex) yarnnumberrepresentstheweightingrams

Thetexyarnnumberisbasedupontheweightingramsofyarnperastandardlengthof1,[Link],a20texyarnweighs20gramsper
standardlengthof1,000meters.Decitexisbasedonastandardlengthof10,000metersandthusa200decitexyarnweighs200gramsper10,000
meters.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide12

SpunYarnNumbering
MetricCount(Nm) numberofkilometersofyarn
weighingonekilogram
EnglishCottonCount(Ne) numberof840yardlengths
ofyarnweighingonepound
Examples:
A20(Nm)metricyarnindicatesthat20kilometers
weighonekilogram.
A40(Ne)Englishcottoncountyarnhasayarnlengthof
33,600yards(40x840)andweighsonepound.

[Link](Nm)equatestothe
numberofkilometersofyarnthatittakestoweighonekilogram.A20s(Nm)[Link]
countyarnnumber(Ne)isthenumberof840yardlengthsofyarnthatittakestoweighonepound.A40(Ne)englishcottoncountyarnhasayarn
lengthof33,600yards(40x840)[Link]
representsafineryarn,thisisoppositeofthedeniersystemusedwithfilamentyarns.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide13

YarnNumberingConversions
Nm/1.69=Ne
5314/Denier=Ne
590.54/Tex=Ne
Denier/9=Tex
Decitex /10=Tex
Nw /1.5=Ne

[Link]
[Link](Ne)yarnnumberwouldbeequivalentto32Nm?Theconversionequationsasseeninthisslideindicate
thattoconvertametricyarntoanenglishcottoncountyarn,dividethemetricyarnby1.69.

Answer:321.69=19

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide14

EndUsesbyFiberandDenier
Acetate:
55denier dressgoods,lingerie,prints
100denier loungewear,deeppilefabrics

Triacetate:
55denier lingerie,sleepwear,blouses
100denier dressgoods,shirtings,robes

Nylon:
20denier lingerie,sleepwear,prints
70denier uniforms,meshfabrics,lace

Polyester:
40denier blouses,prints,uniforms
70denier nappedrobes,uniforms,shirting

Spandex:
70 140denier lowpowerstretchfabrics
210 420denier powernetproducts

[Link]
strongerfiberandcanbemadeintoalowerdenier,fineryarnforverylightweightfabrics.Thisisreflectedbythe20denieryarnusesofnylon.
[Link],anequivalentspunyarnnumberfora55denierfilamentyarnwouldbe
[Link]
[Link],arangeof70to140denieryarniscommonlyusedwith210to420denieryarn
usedinpowernetproducts,whereahigherstretchandrecoveryisneeded.Anexampleofthisisafourguidebarfabricusing4setsofyarns2
[Link],theoveralldeniercouldincreaseby10
to20percent.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide15

YarnPreparationOverview
FewerProcessesthanUsedinWeaving
WarpingIstheMainPreparationStep
WarpingCanHaveACrucialEffectonFabric
Quality
WarpingMistakesAreDifficulttoOvercomein
Knitting

Theuseofmainlysyntheticyarnsandthemoderatetensionsappliedtotheknittingyarns,ensuresanefficientoperationwithoutwarpsizing,
[Link].
[Link],theuseofsyntheticyarnsandtheloop
[Link],tension,[Link]
[Link],therefore,very
appropriate.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide16

WarpBeams

Uniformwarpyarnfeedingandproperyarntensioncontrolismadepossiblebysupplyingflangedbeamswhichareattachedtoshaftsthatturnto
[Link]
[Link],therefore,wouldusetwoguidebars
[Link],
anumberofbeamsmaybelocatedonthesamebeamshaftinordertoachievethefullwidthofthewarpsheet.Awarpsheetwithawidthof84
inches(213cm),forexample,mightbesuppliedasonesinglebeam,two42inch(106cm)beams,orfour21inch(53cm)beams.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide17

DirectWarping

[Link],whichwinds
[Link],
[Link],notcrossed,andbe
[Link],[Link]
yarns,lintremovalequipmentmaybeneededandpossiblytheapplicationofalubricanttotheyarn.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide18

IndirectWarping

Indirectwarpingwindssmallgroups,calledsections,[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
knittingandmostcommonlyusedinproducingwarpsforweaving.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide19

BasicWarpKnitFabric

Warpknittingcanbedefinedasaloopformingprocessinwhichtheyarnisfedintotheknittingzone,[Link]
[Link]
ofyarn,[Link],theendsshogbetweentheneedlesmeaningthattheguidebars
[Link]
[Link]
[Link],itcanbeseenthatatleastonesetofendsofyarns,equalingthe
numberofneedlesinthemachine,isnecessarytoproducethefabric.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide20

WarpKnitFormation

Noticeinthisanimation,howasingleendofyarn,redincolor,iscombiningwithotherendsofyarn,blueincolor,asloopsareformedalongthe
[Link]
[Link],whichproducesacontinuousfabric.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide21

HalfTricot Course

Awarpknitcourse,highlightedinred,[Link],alltheneedles
performthesameknittingactionsimultaneously,sothatoneknittedcourseisformedacrossthewholewidthoftheknittingmachineforevery
turnofthemainshaftofthemachine.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide22

HalfTricot Wale

Awarpknitwalecanbedefinedasaverticalcolumnofloopsformedbyasingleneedlebutusuallynotbyasingleyarn,asevidencedbythewales
[Link],
seeninthisdiagram,wasformedbytheactionofsixneedlessincefourcompletewalesandtwopartiallyknittedwalescanbeseen.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide23

PartsofaWarpKnitLoop

[Link],shownin
red,[Link]
[Link],whichis
calledanunderlap,[Link]
[Link]
[Link],[Link]
[Link].

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide24

OverlapCharacteristics
Shog usuallyacrossoneneedlehook
Everyneedlereceivesanoverlappedloop
fromatleastoneguideateveryknittingcycle
Twosidelimbsoftheloopareproduced
Raretoshog acrosstwoneedlehooksdueto
highyarntensionsandpoorfabricappearance

Anoverlapisashog,[Link]
atleastoneguideateveryknittingcycle,otherwiseitwillpressoff,meaningyarnsdropofftheneedles,[Link]
swingingmovementoftheguidetothehooksideandthereturnswingaftertheoverlapproducethetwosidelimbsoftheloop,whichgivea
[Link]
hooks,[Link],generally,haveapoorappearance.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide25

Underlap Characteristics
Generallyrangesfrom0to3needlespaces
Couldbefourormoreneedlespaces
dependingondesignandfabricstructure
Longunderlapscauseareductioninknitting
efficiencyandproductionspeed
Underlaps andoverlapsareessentialinwarp
knitstructures

Theunderlapshoggenerallyrangesfrom0to3needlespaces,butitcouldbe4needlespacesormoredependinguponthedesignofthemachine
[Link]
essentialinwarpknittedstructuresinordertojointhewalesofloopstogether,buttheymaybecontributedbydifferentguidebars.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide26

KnittingwithLongerUnderlaps

[Link],[Link]
[Link],resultinginheavier,thicker,and
[Link],itcauses,duetowarpyarntensions,[Link]
reciprocatingmovementsoftheyarn,therefore,causetheloopsofeachknittedcoursetoslantinthesamedirection,alternatelytotheleftandto
therightasthefabricisbeingformed.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide27

AddinganotherSetofYarnEnds

Toachieveabetterappearanceofthefabricwithverticalloopsaswellascontrollingthewidthwiseandlengthwisepropertiesofthefabric,a
[Link]
[Link],onesetofendsfromthewarp(the
blueyarns)shogbetweentwoadjacentneedleswhiletheotherset(theredyarns)shogalargertraverseoftwoneedlespaces.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide28

TechnicalBackofWarpKnitFabric

[Link]
[Link]
setsofends,fedfromdifferentwarps,[Link],floaton
[Link]
order.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide29

TechnicalFaceofWarpKnitFabric

Onthetechnicalface,[Link]
setofyarnends,[Link],theyarnsofthewarpclosesttothefrontofthe
machinecovertheothers,[Link]
oftheplatingvarieswiththeknittingconditions,thesettingsofthemachineandtheyarnused.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide30

OpenandClosedLaps

Therearetwodifferentlapformsusedinwarpknitting,dependingonthewaytheyarnsarewrappedaroundtheneedlestoproduceanoverlap.
Anopenlap,illustratedinthetoprowofloops,[Link]
overlapandthefollowingunderlapareinopposingdirections,aclosedlapisformed,[Link]
used,inmostwarpknitstructures,[Link]
[Link].

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide31

StitchDensity

[Link]
[Link]
inch,thestitchdensity,wouldbe12loopspersquareinch,[Link]
widthwiseafterleavingthewarpknittingmachine,itisnotpossibletodeterminethemachinegaugeorneedlesperinchbyanalyzingthefabric.
[Link]
[Link],theknitter
[Link],insomepartsoftheindustry,themainfabricparameterconsideredisthe
coursecount.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide32

MachineTypes

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide33

TricotWarpKnittingMachine

[Link]
[Link],almostatrightanglestothe
[Link],withthetopbeamsupplyingthefrontguidebar,andthebottom
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
createsagentleandlowtensiononthefabricbeingknittedduetothesmallangleoffabrictakeaway,asseeninthisdiagram,andthetypeof
[Link],finegauge(2844needlesperinch),closeknitted,plainand
[Link],manylingerieandapparelfabricsareknittedusingtwoguidebarstructureswithbothbarsoverlappingand
underlapping.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide34

KeyTricotMachineCharacteristics
28and32gaugemachinespopularfortwobar
tricotandlocknit structureswithmachinewidths
of84and168inches(213and426cm)andusing
40deniernylon
Possibletoknitfrom10deniernylonupto20/1
cottoncount
Machinegaugescanrangefrom10needlesper
inchforcoarsespunyarnsto2024needlesper
inchfortexturedyarnfabrics
3644gauge(needlesperinch)forfinefabrics
withknittingwidthsupto260inches(660cm)

Inthepast,28and32gaugemachineshavebeenpopularfortwobartricotandlocknitstructureswithmachinewidthsof84and168inches(213
and426cm)[Link],itispossibletoknitfromafine10deniernylonfilament,uptoaheavier20/1cottoncount
spunyarn.Machinegaugescanrangefrom10needlesperinch,forcoarsespunyarns,to2024needlesperinchfor,[Link]
fabrics,3644gaugemachinesareavailableinknittingwidthsupto260inches(660cm).

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide35

Raschel WarpKnittingMachine

Fabriconraschelmachinesisdrawndownwardfromtheneedlesalmostparalleltotheneedlebar,[Link]
createsahightakeuptension,[Link]
[Link]
numberedfromthefrontofthemachine.Raschelmachinescanaccommodateatleastfour32inchdiameterbeamsoralargenumberofsmall
diameterbeams.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide36

KeyRaschel MachineCharacteristics
Typicallyknitwithlatchneedlesorcompound
needles
MachineGauge needlesperinch
1to32gaugerange
Suitableforcoarsegaugeopenwork
Openworkutilizespillarstitches,inlaylapping
variations,andpartlythreadedguidebars.
Raschel arrangementofsinkersmakesthis
possible.

[Link]
[Link]
coarsegaugeopenworkstructuresusingpillarstitch,[Link]
[Link].

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide37

MachineElementsandActions

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide38

YarnPathinWarpKnitting

[Link]
[Link]
[Link],atakeuprollersystempullsthefabricawayfromtheknittingneedlesanddelivers
thefabrictothefabricroll.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide39

GuideBars

[Link]
[Link],ifamachinehasthreeshaftsorrowsofbeams,[Link],ifamachinehasfour
rowsofbeams,[Link].A
numberofmetalleadsseeninthebackgroundofthephotographareattachedtoeachguidebarandtheguideeyeletsarespacedtothesame
[Link],whenatrest,[Link]
conventionalguidebarproduceanidenticallappingmovementatthesametimeand,therefore,haveidenticalrequirementsofwarptensionand
rateoffeed,[Link],twopartlythreadedguidebarsmaybesupplied
fromthesamefullythreadedbeam,providedtheymakelappingmovementsofthesameextenttoeachotherwhilemovinginoppositedirections.
Theminimumnumberofguidebarsandwarpsheetsforcommerciallyacceptablestructuresisusuallytwo.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide40

NeedleBars

[Link]
[Link],[Link]
[Link],aneedlebarwillberisingtoengagetheyarns
andthendescendstoformtheyarnintoknitloops.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide41

LatchNeedles

[Link]
[Link],however,[Link]
orleads,[Link],foritsknittingoperation,[Link]
[Link],and
hence,thelatchstaysclosed,[Link].
Raschelmachinesareconstructedindifferentgauges,rangingfrom6to32needlesperinch.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide42

BeardedNeedles

Thebeardedneedleisusedonmanyoldertricotmachinesandhasanextendedhookorbeardthatispressedtoenclosethenewlyformedloopso
[Link]
[Link],aroundwhichtheneedleloop
[Link]
[Link]
oftheneedleiscutinthestemtoreceivethepointedtipofthebeardwhenitispressed,[Link]
bentforindividuallocationinthemachineorcastwithothersinametallead.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide43

CompoundNeedles

[Link]
singleunitbut,atthetopoftherise,thehookmovesfastertoopenthehookandatthestartofthefallthehookdescendsfastertoclosethehook.
Thepreferredtypeofcompoundneedleistheopenstemslideneedlewhichhasaclosingtonguethatslidesexternallyalongagrooveontheedge
[Link],[Link]
[Link]
knitchainstitcheswithouttheloopsrisinguptheneedles,anditssturdyconstructionresiststhedeflectiongeneratedbyelasticyarnsorthick
placesinspunyarns.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide44

CompoundNeedlesType2

Sometypesofcompoundneedleshavetheslidingelementinaleadandtheyprotrudethroughhollowstemsintheneedlehooks,whicharealso
containedinleads.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide45

Sinker

[Link]
[Link]
[Link].

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide46

GuideBarMotions

Forsimplicity,theanimationshowsonlyoneneedlebarbeingused,[Link]
[Link],theguidesoftheguidebararerequiredtoexecuteacompound
movement,[Link]
[Link]
[Link],
collective,[Link]
[Link],timing,directionandextentofeachshogisseparatelycontrolled
[Link]
[Link],[Link]
timingoftheshogduringthe360degreeofthemaincamshaftrevolutiondetermineswhetheranoverlaporunderlapisproduced.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide47

OverlapsandUnderlaps

[Link],overlap
yarnsbyshoggingonthehooksideoftheneedles,swingbackbetweentheneedlestowardsthemachinefrontandthenformtheunderlapby
[Link].
Noticehowthesinkerplatecontainingthesinkersmovesintopositionbeforetheneedlesrise,preventingthefabricfromrisingupontheneedles
astheyascend.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide48

SingleSpringbeard Needle

Thisanimationshowshowasingleyarnguideinaguidebarswingsinwithagivenyarn,shogsonthebeardedsideoftheneedletoformthe
overlap,[Link],thatifyouwerestandingatthe
machinefront,[Link],the
[Link],
[Link]
theactionofthesinkerastheneedlemovesupanddownandthebellyofthesinkeractingasaplatformforpullingthenewloopofyarnthrougha
previousloop.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide49

MultipleSpringbeard

Thisanimationshowsmultiplebeardedneedlesandmultipleyarnguidesswinginginandshoggingtoformtheoverlapsandthenswingingoutand
[Link],leftandright,[Link]
mentionedearlier,thishelpstobindthewalestogethertoformthefabric.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide50

Raschel LatchNeedle

[Link]
needlethendescends,[Link]
andplacedintothefabric.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide51

CompoundNeedle

Inthisanimationtheyarnisoverlappingacompoundneedlewhichusestheslidingtonguetoclosethehookandallowtheoldlooptobeknocked
[Link].

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide52

YarnConsumptionforGuideBars
Runin yarnconsumptionofeachguidebar
Rack thelengthofyarnconsumedin480
knittingcyclesusedasameasurementforrunin
Eachguidebarknitsthesameconstructionand
fedequally
Alongerruninproduceslongerloopsandslacker
fabric
Ashorterruninproducesshorterloopsand
tighterfabric

Theyarnconsumptionofeachguidebariscalledruninandismeasuredasthelengthofeachyarnknittedintothefabricduring480knitting
[Link],[Link]
[Link]
producesshorterloopsandtighterfabricwithmorecoursesperinch.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide53

RuninRatio
Termusedwhenknittingwithmorethanoneguidebar
Itistherelativeamountofyarnfedfromeachwarpand
writtenasaratio
Ratioisdifferentfordifferentfabricconstructionsand
qualities
Examples
Locknit
3:4
ReverseLocknit
4:3
StandardTwoBarTricot1:1
Sharkskin5:3
Satin5:9

[Link]
[Link],theruninratioforalocknit
constructionmightbea3:[Link],whenrunningreverselocknitwiththesameyarn,theruninratiomightbe4:3.
Withastandardtwobartricot,theruninratiowouldbe1:[Link],theruninratiomightbe5:[Link]
containedinasatinconstruction,theruninratiomightbe5:9.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide54

TricotMachine

[Link]
[Link]
fourshaftsforholding4setsofbeams,[Link]
[Link]
guidebars,thelateralshoggingmovements,[Link],directingthe
shoggingmotionsoftheguidebars,[Link]
controlstheguidebars.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide55

TwoGuideBarRaschel Machine

[Link]
[Link],there
[Link],
[Link]
ontheguidebarandneedlebarmovements,onecanseethelateralbackandforthmovementsasoverlapsandunderlapsareplacedintothe
fabric.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide56

WarpKnittingDesignPriciples

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide57

RepresentingLapsandUnderlaps

[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link],[Link]
guidesinagivenguidebarmustmoveinthesamemanner,showingthemotionsofoneguidebaranditsassociatedyarnissufficientfor
[Link],a
[Link]
notonlyshowsthemovementoftheguidesonthemachine,butalsogivesadiagrammaticrepresentationofthepathoftheyarninthefabric.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide58

NumberingNeedleSpaces

Onpointpapernotation,theneedlespacesarenumberedfromtherighthandsideforamachinewhichhasitspatternmechanismontheright
[Link],needle
[Link],onRaschelmachines,theneedlespacesarenumberedbeginningwith0
andusingonlyevenwholenumberssuchas2,4,6,[Link].

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide59

ChainNotation

[Link]
[Link],correspondingtothenumbersatthetopoftheaccompanyingsketch,
[Link]/[Link],
asingleguidebarswingsinatneedlespace1andthenoverlapsbyshoggingovertoneedlespace2,[Link]
movementformsanoverlap,[Link],afterswingingoutatneedlespace2,
theguidebarshogsbehindtheneedleandformstheunderlap.Thenextoverlapisproducedastheguideswingsinatneedlespace1,shogsover
oneneedle,andthenswingsoutatneedlespace0.Thusthechainnotationis12/[Link]
thateachyarnineachguidebareyeletisoverlappingaroundanindividualneedlefromrighttoleftandthenanunderlapisformedbetweentwo
[Link]
toanother.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide60

ChainLinkNumbering

[Link]
example,theguidebarformedanoverlapasitshoggedfromneedlespace1toneedlespace2.Thusthe1correspondstoathinnerlinkinthe
[Link]
needlespace.Ina28gaugemachine,meaning28needlesperinch,theguidebarshogsover1/28ofaninchmeaningthattheassociatedchainlink
is1/28inchthickerthanthepreviouschainlink.Inshoggingfromneedlespace1toneedlespace0toformthenextoverlapinthedesignrepeat,
thechainlinkgoesfrom1to0.Thismeansthatthe0linkis1/[Link]
[Link]
movementswouldbe2/1andthen0/1.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide61

BasicOverlap/Underlap Variations

Oneormoreofthefollowinglappingvariationsaregenerallyincludedinmostguidebarlappingmovements.
1.
10/12(Anoverlapfollowedbyanunderlapintheoppositedirectionformingaclosedloop.)
2.
01/21(Anoverlapfollowedbyanunderlapinthesamedirectionforminganopenloop.)
3.
01/12(Onlyoverlapsandnounderlapsformingopenlaps.)
4.
00/22/11/33(Onlyunderlapsandnooverlapsreferredtoaslayingin.)
5.
11/11/11(Neitheroverlapsnorunderlapsreferredtoasmisslapping.)
Movements4and5requiretheoverlapsofanotherguidebarinfrontinordertoholdthemintothestructure.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide62

OpenLapping

[Link],anopenlapis
formed,[Link]
[Link].

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide63

ClosedLapping

[Link]
[Link]
achieve.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide64

Lapping SuccessiveCourses

Whenusingeitheropenorclosedlaps,therearethreepossiblearrangementsoflappingatsuccessivecourses,whichmaybeusedaloneorin
combination:
1.
ThePillarStitch:Inthepillarorchainstitch,[Link]
loopsinunconnectedwales,[Link]
closedlappillarstitches.
2.
BalancedLapping:Tricotlappingor1x1isthesimplestofthesemovements,producingoverlapsinalternatewalesatalternatecourses
withonlyoneyarncrossingbetweenadjacentwales.Twoyarnswillcrossbetweenwaleswitha2x1orcordlap,threeyarnswitha3x1orsatinlap,
fouryarnswitha4x1orvelvetlap,etc.
Note:Eachincreaseintheextentoftheunderlaptendstomakethestructurestronger,[Link]
underlaphasamorehorizontalappearance,whileoverlapsproducedbythesameyarnwillbeseparatedfromeachotheratsuccessivecoursesby
anextrawaleinwidth.
3.
AtlasLapping:Thisisamovementwheretheguidebarlapsprogressivelyinthesamedirectionforaminimumoftwoconsecutivecourses,
normallyfollowedbyanidenticallappingmovementintheoppositedirection.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide65

TwoNeedleOverlaps

[Link],twoneedlesare
wrappedbyeachyarnandbothwilldrawtheloopssimultaneously,[Link]
[Link],this
[Link],thetwoneedleoverlapisusuallyformedbythefrontguidebarwheretheyarnsaremorefreeto
floatonthefabricsurfaceandformmoreeasilyintotheknittedloop.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide66

BasicPrinciplesofLayingin

[Link],[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
twoguidebarfabricsandwhenusingmorethantwobars,alltheguidebars,excludingthefrontone,[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
thebacksideoftheneedle;thus,anunderlapisproducedbuttheyarndoesnotenterthehookoftheneedle.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide67

LaidinStructure

Inthislaidinstructure,thefrontbarisfullythreadedwiththeredyarntoproducetheopenlappillarstitches,whilethebackbaristhreadedonly
[Link].

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide68

AdvantagesofLaidinYarns
Canallowyarnsthatcannotbeknittedinto
loopstobeused.
Canlayinyarnsthatarecoarserandexceed
thelimitsdictatedbythemachinegauge.
Lessyarnisusedwhenitislaidinandthus
moreexpensivepatterningyarnscanbeused
inthisway.
Rangeofdesigncanbebroadenedwithless
yarnlimitationswhenyarnislaidin.

[Link]
[Link]
needlesduringtheswing,canbeinsertedintothefabric.Aninlayyarnmayhaveayarncountthatis68timesheavierthantheoptimumcountfor
[Link],[Link],whichtendtobemore
expensive,[Link],[Link]
summary,layinginallowstheintroductionoffancy,unusual,and/orinferiororsuperioryarnswhosephysicalpropertiessuchasthickness,low
strength,irregularsurface,elasticityorlackofelasticityrenderthemdifficulttoknitintoregularintermeshedloops.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide69

FallPlateDesigning

[Link]
ontotheknittingmachineandconsistsofathinmetalplate,extendingacrossthewidthofthemachineandpositionedbetweentheguidebars.
Thefallplatetechniquecombinestheadvantagesoflayinginwiththepossibilityofproducingtheeffectsuperimposedonthesurfaceofthe
[Link],althoughasimilareffecttofallplateloop
structure,termedplaiting,[Link],thefallplatemovesdownvertically,behindthebackofthe
needlesandthepatterningyarnwhichisthreadedinthefrontguidebarispushedundertheneedlelatch,tobecastintothefabrictogetherwith
[Link],fancyorheavyyarnsmaybeusedinpartlyorfullythreadedguidebars.
Fallplatedesignsuseeitheropenorclosedlapmovementstoproduceattractivereliefdesignswhoseoverlapsaswellasunderlapsshowclearlyon
thetechnicalbackofthefabric.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide70

FallPlateDesignLappingDiagram

[Link]
[Link],whicharealwayslockedundertheunderlapsof
thegroundconstructionanddonotproduceasurfaceeffect,[Link]
mentioned,sincetheyarndoesnotstayintheneedlehooksanddoesnotformaloop,mostofthelimitingfactorsofyarnstructureareeliminated
[Link],beingsituatedinthefrontguide
bars,floatfreelyonthetechnicalbackfabricsurface,givingthefabricathreedimensionalappearance.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide71

WeftInsertedWarpKnitFabrics

Inthissimulatedweftinsertedwarpknitstructure,theweftyarnisdepositedontopoftheoverlapsontheneedlesandagainsttheyarnpassing
[Link],theinsertedweftbecomestrappedbetweentheoverlapsandunderlapsinthesamemannerasan
[Link],theweftwillrunhorizontallyacrossthecompletecourseofloops.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide72

WeftInsertioninFabricDesigning

Inweftinsertedwarpknitfabrics,straightyarnsarelaidinthefabricinahorizontalfashionfromselvagetoselvageandperformasweftyarnsina
[Link]
[Link]
useoflaidinyarnsandfallplatedesigning,[Link]
tworotatingchains,[Link]
hooksineachchain.Asmanyas24yarnsaresimultaneouslystretchedacrosshooksinamagazinetypesystem,allowingyarnstobealways
[Link],theweftyarnsmustbe
separatedfromthechainsandtrimmedbyautomaticscissorsattheselvage.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide73

ControllingWarpKnitFabricDesign

Toproducedifferentwarpknitdesigns,[Link]
byvaryingtheradiusofacontinuouslyturningpatternshaft,eitherintheformofdifferentheightsofpatternlinksthatpassoverapatterndrum
attachedtotheshaft,orintheformofcarefullyshapedsolidmetalcircularcams,[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
endoftheguidebar,[Link]
[Link]
thesameneedlespace.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide74

PatternChain

Asseeninthisdiagram,[Link]
[Link]
arenumbered0,1,2,3,4,5,[Link],withdirectshogging,eachsuccessivenumberisoneneedlespacehigherthanthepreviouslink.
Itmustbeunderstoodthattheheightofalink,forexample0,doesnotrepresentafixedpositionbetweentwoneedlespacesbecauseallthe
guidesinthesameguidebarwillhavebeenpositionedbythesame0link,buteachwillbebetweenadifferentpairofneedlesacrosstheknitting
width.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide75

ElectronicGuideBarControl
Patternwheelsandchainlinksaregroundto
matchaspecificdesignthatisdesiredina
fabric.
Anewpatternchainornewsetofpattern
wheelsisrequiredwhenadifferentdesignis
placedonthemachine.
Inelectronicpatternsystems,aseparatelinear
motortodirectlyshog eachguidebarisused.

[Link],anewpatternchain
[Link],[Link]
designscan,therefore,bedevelopedonaCADsystemandthendownloadedtothewarpknittingmachines.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide76

TypicalTricotDesigns

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide77

TricotTwoBarFabricCharacteristics
Singlebarfabricstendtobedimensionallyunstable.
Singlebarfabricsexhibitanunbalancedloopstructureand
loopinclination.
Mosttricotfabricsaretwobarwithfullythreadedguides.
Twoseparatewarpsfeedintothesefabrics,eachgoing
throughdifferentlappingmotions.
Therelativemovementofthetwoguidebarsalongwith
themagnitudeofshogging,determinestheappearance
andpropertiesofthefabrics.
Eachguidebarcontributesayarntoeveryoverlapandthe
twounderlaps laptoadifferentangle,extent,ordirection.
Normallytheyarnsofthefrontguidebartendtodominate
thefaceaswellasthebackofthefabric.

[Link]
[Link],mostfabricsproducedontricotmachinesareconstructedbytwofullythreadedguidebarswhicharefedfromtwo
[Link],thestructurewouldhavesimilar
[Link],
[Link]
beclearlydistinguishedastheylaptoadifferentangle,extent,[Link],theyarnsofthefrontguidebartendto
dominatethefaceaswellasthebackofthefabric.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide78

1LoopRaisedclosed

Toproducealoopraiseddesign,theunderlapsofthetwobarsmovetogether,[Link],
[Link].

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide79

1LoopRaisedopen

Inthisdiagramthebackbarloopsareopen.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide80

TwoBarTricot

[Link],thetwolapsbalance
eachotherexactlyastheycrossdiagonallyinbetweeneachwale,[Link],in
finedeniercontinuousfilamentyarns,[Link]
andtriacetateyarns.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide81

Locknit

[Link],thelongerunderlapsofthefrontbar
appearonthebackofthefabricandhelptoimprovewidthwiseextensibility,cover,opacity,andgiveasmooth,softhandandgooddrapabilityto
[Link],[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
fabric,onceitleavestheknittingmachine,canexceed30%,dependingontheknittingconditions,yarntype,[Link]
producedon28gaugemachines,thetrendistoproducelockniton32to40needlesperinch.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide82

Locknit Structure

Toproducethelocknitstructureasshowninthisdiagram,thebackbar,withblueyarns,shogsa1and1lappingmovement,asintricotfabric
structures,butthefrontguidebar,withredyarns,[Link],
machinegauge,yarntype,andknittingconditions.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide83

ReverseLocknit

[Link],and
becauseoftheshortfrontguidebarunderlaps,[Link]
longerunderlaponthebackbarandashorteroneonthefrontguidebar,whichisoppositeorreversedofwhatisfoundinthelocknitdesign.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide84

ReverseLocknit Structure

[Link],withblueyarns,wereproducedonthebackbarandtheshorter
underlaps,withredyarns,wereproducedonthefrontguidebar.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide85

Sharkskin

[Link]
[Link]
constructedasareverseversionofsatin,havinglongerunderlapsonthebackbarinsteadofthefrontbar.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide86

SharkskinLongerUnderlaps

[Link].

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide87

SharkskinStructure

Thissharkskinloopdrawingshowstheredyarnonthefrontbarandtheblueyarn,withthelongerunderlaps,[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
stablethanthosedescribedpreviously.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide88

Queenscord Example1

[Link],
thepillarstitchtightlytiesinthebackbarunderlaps,[Link]
waletendstogivethefabricappearanceaslightcordeffectandtheunderlapsofthepillarareunabletobalancetheunderlapsofthebackbarso
theyshowinclinedslantedstitches.Thequeenscordillustratedisconstructedwithachainingfrontbarandareciprocating3and1movementon
[Link],eachunderlapspansthreeneedlespaces.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide89

Queenscord Example2

Thequeenscordillustratedinthispointdiagramisconstructedwithachainingfrontbarandareciprocating4and1movementonthebackguide
[Link],[Link],apinstripeeffectcanbeproducedbythreadingthefront
[Link],togetherwiththesuperiorstabilityofqueenscord,hasmadeitverypopularfortheproductionofshirting
fabrics.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide90

SimulatedQueenscord Construction

Inthisdiagramofaqueenscordfabricconstruction,theredyarnsformthepillarstitchesproducedbythefrontguidebarandtheblueyarns
[Link],thelongerbackbarunderlapscoverthreeneedlespacesandare
trappedinthecenterofthefabricbythefrontbarunderlaps.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide91

Satin

[Link]
technicalfaceissimilartolocknitbutthetechnicalbackissmootherandshinierduetotheunderlapsofthefrontguidebar,whicharelongerand
[Link]
considerablyafterleavingtheneedlesofthemachine.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide92

SatinStructure

[Link]
showuponthetechnicalbackofthefabric,makingitsmoothandmorelustrous,especiallywhenknittingwithcontinuousfilamentyarn.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide93

FabricswithUniformAppearance
Aregularwarpknitfabricsurfacecanbeproducedwhen
thefollowingcriteriaaremet:
[Link]
particularbarhasthesameyarnthreadedthroughit.
[Link]
similarextentateachcourse.
[Link],itoccurswithasimilar
yarnatregularintervals.
[Link]
constanttensionandatauniformratefromcourseto
course.

Aregularwarpknitfabricsurfacecanbeproducedwhenthefollowingcriteriaaremet:
[Link].
[Link].
[Link],itoccurswithasimilaryarnatregularintervals.
[Link].

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide94

NonuniformAppearanceFabrics
1. Guidescanbethreadedwithdifferenttypesofyarnorthey
[Link]
appearanceoftheparticularwales lappedbytheguides.
2. Theextentofunderlaps canbevariedbyaguidebarwhich
affectstheappearanceofthosecourseswherethe
[Link],theeffect
[Link]
obtainedusingweftinsertionanddifferenttypesofyarn,or
byvaryingthefrequencyoftheinsertion.
3. Fabricappearancecanalsobechangedatcertaincourses
byvaryingtherateofwarpsupplyorselectivelytensioning
thewarpyarnsandthusinfluencingthelengthofyarnin
theunderlaps.

Anirregularwarpknitfabricsurfacecanbeproducedbyvaryingoneormoreofthecriteriatoproducesurfaceinterestandopenwork.
1.
[Link]
particularwaleslappedbytheguides.
2.
[Link]
guidebarisfullythreaded,[Link]
ofyarn,orbyvaryingthefrequencyoftheinsertion.
3.
Fabricappearancecanalsobechangedatcertaincoursesbyvaryingtherateofwarpsupplyorselectivelytensioningthewarpyarnsand
thusinfluencingthelengthofyarnintheunderlaps.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide95

ThreadingDiagramsforGuideBars

Theguidebarsusedintheproductionofsomewarpknitfabricsareonlypartlythreadedinapredeterminedsequence,andsomeoftheguidesare
[Link],[Link],meshes,
[Link]
[Link]:guidebar1fullythreaded,guidebar2threaded2inand2out,andguidebar3is1out,2in,and1out.A
[Link]
[Link].Guidebar1isfully
threaded.Guidebar2is2in,1out,2in,1out,3in,1out,2in,1out,and2in.Guidebar3is3in,1out,2in,2out,2in,1out,[Link]
knittingwithdifferentyarntypesordifferentcolors,thefulllinescanbesubstitutedwithalphabeticletters,numbersorothersymbolstorepresent
eachyarntypeorcolor.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide96

SimulatedOpenWorkStructure

Thesimulatedopenworkstructureseeninthisexampledemonstrateshowopenworkstructurescanbeproducedbyusingdifferentthreading
[Link],insteadofusingfullsetthreading,[Link]
[Link],anopeningisformedinthe
[Link],theonlywaytopreventthewalesfromconnectingistoproduceapillar
[Link],however,isnotequippedtoknitsingle,unconnected
chainssincethesinker,asamajorparticipantinloopformation,mustholdanunderlaptopreventthefabricfromrisingwiththeneedles.
Thereforeintricotknitting,[Link]
[Link]
eachsideoftheopening.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide97

MultiGuideBarDesigns

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide98

AdditionalGuideBarAdvantages
Bettercontrolofdimensionalandmechanical
properties
Improvedpilefabrics
Greateruseofcolor
Moreelaboratepartsetthreadingdesigns
Improvedelasticated fabrics

[Link]
[Link]
[Link],theincreasedpatterningpossibilitiesofferimportantadvantages:
1.
Bettercontrolofdimensionalandmechanicalproperties.
2.
Improvedpilefabricsbecauseofamorestablegroundstructure.
3.
Greateruseofcolorandvisibilityofcoloronthefabricsurface.
4.
Moreelaboratepartsetthreadingdesignstoproduceawiderangeofmeshandlacelikefabrics.
5.
Improvedelasticatedfabricswithmorepatterningpossibilitiesandlesstransparencyofthefabricknitted.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide99

ImprovedMechanicalProperties 1

Asseenintheanimatedpointdiagram,thechainingfrontbarisresponsibleforaveryhighlengthwisestability,whiletheremainingtwobars,with
varyingunderlaps,impartwidthwisestability.

[Link]
tricotmachinesbecausetheguidesspendverylittletimeonthehooksideoftheneedlesduringtheoverlapandamuchlargerproportionofthe
knittingcycleisspentwhentheyareonthefrontside.The3linkspercoursemovementdistributesthetimeallottedforeachshoggingmovement
inabetterway.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide100

ImprovedMechanicalProperties 2

Thelappingmovementshowninthisdiagramproducesaheavierandmorestablefabric,duetothelongershoggingmovementofthemiddlebar.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide101

Raschel WarpKnitStructures

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide102

KnittingElementsofRaschel Machines

Mostequippedwithcompoundneedles
Highspeedproduction
Gaugesbetween6and32needlesperinch
Guidebarsrangefrom2to10normally
Includesfullythreadedguidebarsora
combinationoffullythreadedandpattern
barsinanestingarrangement

[Link]
highspeedproduction.Usualgaugesarebetween6and32needlesperinchandinsomecasesthegaugeisevencoarserduetopartsetthreading.
Normally,thenumberofguidebarsrangefrom2to10andtheirassemblyincludesfullythreadedguidebarsoracombinationoffullythreaded
andpatternbarsinanestingarrangement.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide103

NetFabricsRaschel Machines
Useofunconnectedchainlappings toproduceopen
work
Differencesinnetstructuresresultof:
differentloopconstructions
differentsizesofopenings
differenttypesofyarns

Examples
Shadenets
FishNets
CamouflageNets

[Link]
[Link],differentsizesofopeningsand
[Link],rangingfromshadenetstofishingnets,andfromwrappingtocamouflage
nets.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide104

CommonNetStructure Marquisette

[Link]
[Link].
Thefrontguidebarisconstantlychainingtoproducetheverticalpillarswhilethehorizontalconnectionsareproducedbytheinlayyarnswhichare
threadedinthebackguidebars.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide105

ThreeGuideBarMarquisetteNet

[Link],
thechainnotationscanberathercomplexasonedealswithmoreguidebarsandopenstructures.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide106

Marquisette

Asseeninthisphotographofamarquisettenet,thefabricisaveryopenandtransparentstructure.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide107

Marquisette magnified

Thismagnifiedviewofamarquisettefabrichighlightsthechainstitchesandtheconnectinginlayyarns.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide108

InterlacingPillarNets

[Link]
[Link],afterapredeterminednumberofcourses,theguidebarsareshoggedin
[Link],eachoftheguidebarsdrawsitsnewloopsthroughthelooppreviouslymadebytheadjacent
[Link],[Link]
connectioniscarriedoutintheoppositedirectiontothefirstandsothediamondshapedopeningsareformed.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide109

OtherRaschel KnitFabrics
NetCurtainsandDrapes
usinginlaytechniques
usingweftinsertedyarns
usingfallplatetechnology
usingtullenetloopstructures
usingmultiguidebarmachines

HeavierFabricsforOuterwearandUpholstery
Elasticated Fabrics

Otherexamplesofraschelknitfabricsare:
1.
NetCurtainsandDrapes

usinginlaytechniques

usingweftinsertedyarns

usingfallplatetechnology

usingtullenetloopstructures(illustratedonnextslide)

usingmultiguidebarmachines
2.
HeavierFabricsforOuterwearandUpholstery
3.
ElasticatedFabrics

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide110

TulleNetCurtainNets

[Link]
usedforraschellaceandbridalveilnetproducts.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide111

DoubleNeedleBarMachines

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide112

DoubleNeedleBarTricot

Productionofdoublefacefabrics
Twosetsofneedlesarrangedbacktoback
Technicalfaceofthefabricshowsonbothsides
Underlaps arelockedwithinthestructure
Usedinknittingglovefabrics,outerwear,and
underwear.
SometimescalledaSimplexmachine
Finegauge,springbeardedneedles
Gaugesfrom28to32needlesperinch
Machinewidthstypically84,93,138,and168inches

[Link],the
technicalfaceofthefabricshowsonbothsides,[Link]
[Link],alsocalledaSimplexmachine,typicallyusestwoguide
bars,isfinegauge,andusesbeardedneedles.Gaugesrangefrom28to32needlesperinchineachneedlebedandmachinesaretypicallyinwidths
of84,93,138,[Link],bothguidebarswrapeachneedlebarinturnandthusproduceonedoublesidedfabric.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide113

DoubleNeedleBarAnimation

Machinetypesarebuiltwithvaryingnumbersofguidebars,fortheproductionofawidevarietyofproductsrangingfrompackingsackstoartificial
[Link],ascanbeseenintheanimation,theneedlebarsareindependentlyoperatedinanupanddownmovement
[Link],eachneedlebarinturnis
[Link],eachoneoperatingwithitsassociatedneedlebar.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide114

DoubleNeedleBarStructure

[Link],aknittedsandwichstructure
[Link],twoguidebarsformthebackfabricandoneguidebarknitsonboththeneedlebarsto
[Link],
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
Raschelmachines.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide115

DoubleBarProducts

TubularArticles
PackingSacks
PileFabrics
BranchingTubularFabrics
PatternFabrics
SpacerFabrics
Geotextiles
SafetyTextiles

Typicalproductsmadeondoublebarraschelmachinesareasfollows:
1.
TubularArticlesincludingseamlesspanties,brassieres,andpocketings.
2.
PackingSacksforfruitandvegetablesknitfrompolyolefininfibrillatedtapeormonofilamentform.
3.
PileFabricsincludingcutpilefabricsmadebyjoiningfabricsmadeoneachneedlebarwithaconnectingyarnwhichwhencutproduces
[Link],upholsteryandcoatlinings.
4.
BranchingTubularFabricssuchasartificialbloodvessels.
5.
PatternedLacePantyHose,Curtains,andPileFabricswhicharemadeonmachineswithupto36guidebarsormoreandequippedwith
ajacquardmechanism.
6.
SpacerFabricswhicharemanufacturedsothedistancebetweenthetwofabricsurfacesisretainedevenaftercompressionbythe
resilienceofthepileorconnectingyarnswhichcanbestifferyarnssuchasmonofilamentsyntheticyarns.
Spacerfabricshaveahollowcenterwhichmaybefilledwithsolid,liquid,[Link]
[Link],padding,andliningsalongwithmanymedicalapplications.
7.
Geotextilesfordrainage,filter,andmembranematerials,roadandtunnelreinforcement,anderosionprotection.
8.
SafetyTextilessuchasheatandflameresistantprotectiveclothingforcivilandmilitarypurposes.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide116

FourGuideBarTwoNeedleBar

ThisRaschelmachineisequippedwithtwoneedlebars,[Link]
[Link].
Rotatingcamscausetheneedlebarstoascendinordertobeinapositionforoverlappingandshoggingandthendescendtoformtheknitloops.
[Link]
[Link],tracestheprofileofthelinksinthepattern
[Link]
[Link]
andtheheavydutyspringsusedtobringtheguidebarsbacktotherightafterextensionormovementtotheleftawayfromthepattern
[Link],[Link]
[Link]
[Link],eachneedlebarknitting
[Link]
needlebarscancreatetubularfabrics,[Link]
[Link]
resultinginadoublefacedfabric.

[Link].

WarpKnitting
Slide117

WarpKnittingCapabilitiesSummary
Warpknittinghasmanyuniqueadvantagesoverotherfabricformation
[Link]
warpknittingmodule.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Higherproductionratesthanweaving.
Awidevarietyoffabricconstructions.
Largeworkingwidths.
Alowstressrateontheyarnswhichallowstheuseoffiberssuchas
glass,aramid,andcarbon,particularlyinweftinsertedfabrics.
5. Fabricscanbedirectionallystructured.
6. Threedimensionalstructurescanbeknittedondoubleneedlebar
raschel machines.
7. Withweftinsertion,uniaxial,multiaxial,andcompositestructures
canbeproducedonsingleneedlebarRaschel machines.

[Link]
knittingmodule.

1.
Higherproductionratesthanweaving.
2.
Awidevarietyoffabricconstructions.
3.
Largeworkingwidths.
4.
Alowstressrateontheyarnswhichallowstheuseoffiberssuchasglass,aramid,andcarbon,particularlyinweftinsertedfabrics.
5.
Fabricscanbedirectionallystructured.
6.
Threedimensionalstructurescanbeknittedondoubleneedlebarraschelmachines.
7.
Withweftinsertion,uniaxial,multiaxial,andcompositestructurescanbeproducedonsingleneedlebarRaschelmachines.

[Link].