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IS 5249 (1992): Determination of dynamic properties of soil

- Method of test [CED 43: Soil and Foundation Engineering]

! $ ' +-
Satyanarayan Gangaram Pitroda

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IS 5249 : 1 9 9 2

Indian Standard
DE TE RMINATION OF DYNAMIC P ROP E RTIE S
OF SOIL - ME TH OD OF TE ST
( Second Revision )

UDC 6241315

0 BIS 1992

BURE AU
MANAK

OF

BH AVAN,

INDIAN
9 BAH ADUR

NE W DE LH I

November 1992

STANDARDS
SH AH

ZAF AR

MARG

110002
Price Gr ou p 5

Foundation

Engineering

Sectionat

anti

&I,!I. ( K.X 4;

FOREWORD
This Indian Standard ( Second Revision ) was adopted bv the Bureau
draft finalized by the Foundation
Engineering
Sectional
Committee
Civil Engineering
Division Council.

of Indian Standard+
had been approved

ac.*r e
by tl.:

Several Indian Standards have been published for the design and construction
of foundation
for
machines of various types,
These involves the use of dynamic properties of soil. The need for a
standard procedure for the determination
of such properties therefore arose. The standard is meant
to fulfil this need.
The designer should choose the method appropriate
to the codditions
at a given site. In-sit u
dynamic test by the forced vibration method may be found useful in most of the cases even though
In layered soils, the wove propogation
test has the
it has the limitations
of the plate load test.
advantage that the dynamic
properties
of the layer of interest can be determined
by suitably
The results obtained by a free vibration test should
adjusting the distance between the geophones.
be used with caution.
This standard was first published in 1969 and subsequently
revised in 1977 which included
the
block vibration tests both under free and forced vibration
conditions,
shear modulus
tests, wave
propagation
tests and cyclic plate load tests.
Guidelines
are provided for choosing
the design
parameters consistent with the conditions
of confinement
and strains which are likely to occur in
an actual problem.
This revision has been taken up to incorporate
further
improvements
found
necessary in light of determination
of dynamic properties of soil, since its last publication.
In the formulation
of this standard
among the standards and practices
in the field in this country.

due weightage has been given

prevailing in different in addition

In reporting the result of a test made in accordance with this standard,

or calculated is to be rounded
off, it shall be done in accordance
rounding off numerical values ( rev ised ).

to international
co-ordination
to relating it to the practices

if the final value, observed

with IS 2 : 1960 Rules for

IS 5249 : 1992

Indian St andard

DETERMINATIONOFDYNAMICPROPERTIESOF
SOIL-METHODOFTEST
( Second Revision )
3.7 Damping

1 SCOPE

Coefticient @

The ~ ;ltioof damping of system to the critical damping.

This standard covers methods of conducting block

vibration
test, cyclic plate load test and wave
propagation
test for evaluation of in situ dynamic
and damping
properties
of soils. Guidelines
for
choosing parameters for design and analysis are also
provided.

3.8 Coefficient

of Attenuation

Coefficient which has dimensions of l/distnace used

in the expression for determining
the amplitu+
at
any distance from the vibration source. The coefficient
is a characteristic
of soil (m-l).

2 REFERENCES
4 APPARATUS
The Indian Standards listed in Annex A are necessary
adjuncts to this standard.

4.0 One of the apparatus utilized in conducting these

test are listed in 4.1 to 4.15. Other suitable apparatus
or mesuring devices may be utilized for conducting
the test.

3 TERMINOLOGY
3.0 For the purpose of this standard, the relevant
definitionsin
IS 2810 : 1979 and the following shall
apply. The notations given in Annex B shall also

4.1 Mechanical

The mechanical
oscillator
should be capable of
producing a sinusoidally
varying force and have a
frequency range commensurate
with the size of the
block to be tested and type of the soil. It should
have the provision for altering dynamic force level
by simple adjustment
of eccentric masses.

apply*
3.1 Natural

Oscillator

Frequency

Number of cycles per unit time with which the system

oscillates under the influence of forces inherent in
the system.

4.2 d.c. Motor

3.2

Undamped

Natural

Frequency

Number of cycles per unit time with which the system

oscillates under the influence of forces inherent in
the system without considering
damping effect.

Motor of suitable power rating so as to run the above

oscillator in the required frequency range at full load.
This should be of type that its own vibrations are
negligible.

3.3 Damped

4.3 Speed Control

Natural

Natural frequency
damping.
3.4 Coeflicient
(C)

Frequency

of the

system

of Elastic

Uniform

considering

Capacity commensurate with d.c., motor being used,

capable of operation at 220 V a.c. input supply and
giving variable d.c. voltage output. The maximum
drop in voltage at full load should not exceed 2
percent.

its

Compression

It is the compressive stress causing unit elastic uniform

compression for a given area under dynamic loading
conditions.
3.5 Coefficient
of
Compression
(C$)

Elastic

Unit

4.4 Acceleration

Pick-up

Three in number, of same response characteristics,

maximum
range should be commensurate
with
equipment used in 3.1, useful frequency range d.c.
100 Hz or more. Natural frequency should be 220
Hz undamped and 140 Hz damped. The response
should be linear, deviation from linearity being 1
percent or less with amplitude changes.

Non-Uniform

It is the ratio of compressive stress and elastic nonuniform compressive

deformation
for a given area
under dynamic loading conditions
(kg/cm).

4.5 Velocity Pick-up

3.6

Coeffkient

of Elastic

Uniform

Shear (CT)
Two in number, of suitable type, sensitive enough
to record even feeble ground vibrations.
Natural
frequency<10 Hz and dampling less than 1 percent
of the critical damping.

It is the ratio of shear stress to elastic uniform shear

displacement for a given area under dynamic loading
condition.
1

IS 5249 : 1992
4.6 Displacement

pick-up

block should be made. For block size as in 5.2, the

size of the pit may be 3 m x 6 m at the bottom
and a depth preferably equal to proposed depth of
foundations. The test should be conducted above the
ground water table. In case of rock, the test may
be performed on the surface of rock bed itself. The
bottom of the pit should be level and horizontal and
the size of the pit should be at stable slope and
may be kept vertical where possible.

Amplitudes
may be directly measured using
displacement
pick-ups. These should be of
appropriate capacity and should have flat frequency
response in the range 0 to 100 Hz or more and should
be of high sensitivity; accuracy should be not less
than 2 percent.
4.7 Geophones
Similar characteristics
(see 4.5).
4.8 Universal

as

of

velocity

5.2 Test Block

pick-up

A plain cement concrete block of M-15 concrete

should be constructed in the test pit as shown in
Fig. 1. The size of the block should be selected
depending upon the sub-soil conditions. In ordinary
soils it may be 1 m x 1 m x 1.5 m and in dense
soils it may be 0.75 m x 0.75 m x 1 m. In boulder
deposits the height may be increased suitably. The
block size should be so adjusted that the mass ratio

Amplifier

4.9 Ink Writing

Osciilograph

Frequency response above 100 Hz, number of elements

3 (preferable); natural frequency above 140 Hz;
maximum amplitude + 20 mm: paper speed 5, 25,
125 mm/s: capable of operation of 220 V a.c. 50
Hz supply, optimum damping with external resistance.

m
xp3

4.10 High Gain d.c. Amplifier

and d.c.

Motor

Thickness 20 mm, length and width depending upon

size of oscillator unit.
4.12 Measuring

4.13 Hammer
A sledge hammer or a drop hammer weighing 10
kg or any other device to impart blow to the block
for exciting under conditions of free vibrations or
for generating waves in the ground.

5.4 Forced Vibration

5.4.1 Vertical

4.14 Plate Load Testing Equipment

Field Density of

NOTES
in 4.1 to 4.14 are found suitable.
may be used where available.

2 In addition to above equipment, optical or mechanical

equipment for analysing records of wave propagation tests
shall be required.

BLOCK

VIBRATION

Test

of the block as shown in Fig.1, such that it senses

vertical motion of the block. The vibration exciter
should be mounted on the block such that it
generates purely vertical sinusoidal vibrations and
line of action of vibrating force passes through the
centre of gravity of the block. The exciter is
operated at a constant frequency. The signal of
the vibration pick-ups are fed into suitable electronic
circulatory to measure frequency and amplitude of
vibration. The frequency of the exciter is increased
in steps of small values, (l-4 cycles/set) up to
maximum frequency of the exciter and the signals
measured. The same procedure should be repeated
if necessary for different excitation levels. The
dynamic force should never exceed 20 percent of
the total mass of the block and exciter assembly.

In accordance with IS 2720 (Part 28) : 1973 or

IS 2720 (Part 29) : 1975.

Vibration

Test

The vibration pick-ups should be fixed at the top

Conforming to IS 1888 : 1982. Arrangement for

loading may be of mechanical or hydraulic type with
facility to apply of remove the loads quickly for
conducting cyclic plate load tests.

1
Equipment
given
Alternative equipment

15
be
of
of

Vibration exciter should be fixed on the coilcrete

block and suitable connection between power supply,
speed control unit, should be made as shown in
Fig. 2. Any suitable electronic instrumentation may
be used to measure the frequency and amplitude of
vibrations.

Tape

for Measuring

is always more than unity

5.3 Test Set-up

Steel or metallic tape of 30 m length.

4.15 Apparatus
Soil at Site

)I

the concrete block should be cured for at least

days before testing. Foundation bolts should
embedded into the concrete block at the time
testing for fixing the oscillator assembly. Details
the test block are shown in Fig.1.

To match velocity pick-up or geophone as the case

may be.
4.11 Steel Plate for Fixing Oscillator

I-0

TEST

Amplitude versus frequency curve shall be plotted

for each excitation level to obtain the natural frequency
of the soil and the foundation block tested. A typical
plot is shown in Fig. 3.

5.1 Test Pit

A test pit of suitable size depending upon size of

2

IS 5249 : 1992

5.4.2 Determination of Coefficient of Elastic Uniform

Compressti
bf Soil
The coefficient of elastic uniform compression
of soil is given by the following equation:
c

test. The pick-up

fitted on the block is removed
and installed at a certain distance di (approximately
30 cm) from the block. The second pick-up is fixed
in line with this pick-up and the centre of the block
at a distance of d, The amplitude of vibration at
these two locations
are measured
for different
frequencies.
The
coefficient
of attenuation
is
calculated from the following expression:

(CJ

4x2 f& M

where

= Natural

frequency;
= Mass of the block, exciter and motor; and
= Contact area of the block with the soil.

f
Z

A,

= Amplitude

at distance

d,,

A, = Amplitude
a = Coefficient

at distance

d,, and

Table

is equal

at which the amplitude

to X,

6.2 Test

x,

= Maximum

f nr

= Frequency at which amplitude is maximum

(resonant
Fig. 4.

5.5 Free Vibration

amplitude;
frequency).

is shown

in

Tests

In case of free vertical vibrations tests, the value

of CU shall be obtained from the natural frequency
of free vertical vibration using equation given at 5.4.2.
The damping coefficient may be obtained from free
vibration tests using the following equation:

log,

X
-f
mtl

For X,,, and Xm+, are as explained

5.6 Evaluation

of Coeffuzient

silty sand
sandy

PLATE

silty

LOAD

m-l
0.1
0.04

clay

0.04-O. l:!

TEST

Procedure
be assembled
1888 : 1982.
equal to the:
pit excavated1

6.2.2 After the set-up has been arranged the initial

readings of the dial gauges should be noted an
the first increment of static load should be applie $
to the plate. This load shall be maintained constant
throughout
for a period till no further settlement
occurs or the rate of settlement becomes negligible.
The final readings of the dial gauges should then
be recorded. The entire load is then removed quickly
but gradually
and the plate allowed to rebound.
When no further rebound occurs or the rate of rebound
becomes negligible, the readings of the dial gauges
should be again noted. The load shall then be increased
gradually till its magnitude acquires a value equal
to the proposed next higher stage of loading, which
shall be maintained constant and the final dial gauge
readings should be noted as mentioned earlier. The
entire, load should then be reduced to zero and final
dial gauge readings
recorded when the rate of
rebound becomes negligible.

The block shall be excited into free vertical vibrations

by the impact of sledge hammer or any suitable device,
as near to the centre of the top face of the block
as possible. The vibrations shall be recorded on a
pen recorder
or suitable device to measure the
frequency and amplitude of vibration. The test may
be repeated three or four times.

E =

Saturated

silt

6.2.1 The equipment for the test shall

according to the details given in IS
The plate shall be located at a depth
depth of the proposed foundation in a
as given in IS 1888 : 1982.

and
This

a,
sand or sandy

Suitable
arrangement
for providing
reaction
of
adequate magnitude depending upon size of plate
employed should be used. The load mechanism shoulo
have facility to apply and remove the loads quickly1
A hydraulic jack or any other suitable equipment
may be used.

fi

2fm
= Two frequencies

of a

6.1 Equipment

where

f,, f,

values

Saturated
6 CYCLIC

In case of vertical vibration test, the value of damping

coefficient
E of soil is given by the following
equation:
-

for typical

Saturated

54.3 Determination of Damping Coefficient of Soil

f2

of attenuation

Soil type

N OTE - This relation is valid for small variations in base

area of the foundations and may be used for area up to 10m2.
For actual foundation areas larger than 10 m2, the value of
C, obtained for 10 mz may be used.

E =

. e-+eJ

d2

where

From the value of CU obtained for the test block

of contact area A the value of CU, for the foundation
having contact area A, may be obtained from the
equation:
C, = CU

1d

= A,
A2

in Fig. 5.
6.2.3 The cycles of loading, unloading and reloading
are continued till the estimated ultimate load has
been reached, the final values of dial gauge readings
being noted each time.

of Attenuation

The test set up is same as that for the block resonance

3

IS 5 2 4 9 : 1 9 9 2

F IG. 1

S ET-u pF ORB ~o c r< VIB RATION

TES T

nOtORAND
OSCILLATOR

rSPEE0

CONTROL UNIT

POWER
WJPPLV

\
\I

I
I

PICK UP/
tRANSDUCER

OSClLLOmAPn

AMPLIFIER
b

F IG. 2

6.0

PEAK

B LOCKD IAGRAM
OF %S TLN GEQU IP MENFTORB LOCKVIB RATION
TES T

AMPLITUDE

z
.

)(rn

x
3

c,
i

3t
1.0 -

f2
0.
0

I
15

I
20

fn

I
25

FREQUENCY,

F IG. 3

I
30

I
35

fnz 4

FREOUENC<

CPS

CPS

TYP ICALAMP LITU D VERS

E
U SF REQU EN CY
CLJ RVE
( VERTICAL
VIB RATION
TEST)

F IG. 4

D ETERMIN ATION
OF D AMP IN GF ROMF ORCED
VIB RATION
TFST

IS 5249 : 1992
6.2.4 The magnitude of the load increment should
be such that the ultimate load is reached in five
to six increments. The initial loading and unloading
cycles up to the safe bearing capacity of the soil
should be with smaller increments in load. The duration
of each loading and unloading cycle upon the type
of soil under investigation.

Velocity

of shear waves

VB is given

vs =

by:

3-f

where

f=

Frequency of vibration at which the wave

length has been measured.

From the data obtained during cyclic plate load test,

the elastic rebound of the plate corresponding to each
intensity of loading shall be obtained as shown in
Fig. 6. The load intensity versus elastic rebound shall
be plotted as shown in Fig. 7.

When the test is conducted using a phase meter,

the phase angle corresponding
to different distances
between the geophones should be recorded and a
curve plotted
between the phase angle and the
distance. From the curve, the distance S between
the geophones for a phase difference of 90 should
be determined. The remaining computations
should
be done as in 7.1.1

The value of C, shall be calculated

given below:

7.2 Hammer

6.2.5 Coefficient of Elastic Uniform Compression

from Cyclic Plate Load Test

C = 5

from the equation

7.2.1 Equipment

kgf/cm3
e

where

= Corresponding

5,

Elastic rebound

Tests

load intensity

kg/cm2, and

corresponding

to P in cm.

7 WAVE
PROPAGATION
TESTS
FOR
DETERMINATION
OF SHEAR MODULUS

A hammer to imart impact to the ground, a geophone

or velocity pick-up or time marking device to record
the time of impact, an acceleration
pick-up (or a
geophone) to monitor the time of arrival of waves,
universal amplifier, ink-writting oscilloscope or a timer
capable of measuring time interval up to a precision
of 10 seconds, and a steel measuring
tape.
7.2.2 Procedure

7.1 The wave propagation

tests for determination
of shear modulus may be conducted by making seismic
waves to pass through the ground by impact of a
hammer and determining the time of travel of these
waves between two points at a known distance apart
or by measuring the phase difference between vibration
at two pointer under steady vibrations.
7.1.1

Steady State Vibration Test

In case of uniform soil extending

the wavelength
of propagating
by:

up to infinite depth,
vibrations is given

Ids
u4

=
Jr + 2 (A,-

h)

the
geophones
where
characteristics,
that is h, = $

have

the

same

[Link] The test may be repeated at different locations

to obtain a representative
value of wave velocities
in the area under investigation.

N4 = s
where
A

Wavelength
Measured

in cm,
distance

between

geophones

in

CDL,

h,

h,=

A suitable location in the area where this test is

to be conducted is selected and radial lines are ranged
out from this point for a distance of 30 m to 40
m. Points are marked on these lines at 2 m intervals.
A velocity pick-up or a geophone is fixed at the
origin of the radial lines and waves are generated
near this point by impact of a 10 kg hammer falling
through a height of 2 m on a steel plate of 150
mm x 150 mm resting on a the surface of ground.
An acceleration pick-up is placed at a known distance
along one of the radial lines, the pick-ups is amplified
through universal amplifier and fed to two channels
of the same pen recorder. The time taken by the
waves to travel the distance between the two pickups can be obtained from these records. The test
is repeated for different known distance between the
pick-ups along all the marked lines one by one.

phase shift of geophones with respect to

wave nearer to concrete block at the
frequency of the propagating vibrations in
radians, and
Phase shift of the other geophone at the
frequency of the propagating vibrations in
radians.

[Link] Alternatively,
the time taken by the waves
to travel a known distance may be obtained directly
by feeding the output of the pick-ups to a timer.
[Link] Density of soil

The in situ density of the soil should be determined

by the method specified in IS 2720 (Part 28) : 1973
or IS 2720 (Part 29) : 1975.
7.2.3 Hammer Test

The values of travel time of compression

the corresponding

distance

waves and
along each selected line

IS 5249 : 1992

(m*l)

L2.._L--2.-J
b-W= DAMPED NATURAL FREQUENCY
FIG. 5

OF SYSTEM

DETERMINATIONOF DAMPING FROM FREE VIBRATION TEST

LOAD -

.
0.15 -

Al ,A2 ....AS ARE ELASTIC REBOUND AT LOAD

Pl, P2.....P5 RESPECTIVELY
FIG.

6 LOAD S ETlUMENT CURVE FOR &XlC

h AD

h .4 l-E

%3 T
0

60

20
DISTANCE, m

AVERAGE VELOCITY Vc *+mls

FIG. 8 DETERMINA~ON OF AVERAGE WAVE VELOC~~
OF STRESSWAVE PROPAGATION IN S OIL MEDIUM
(HAMMERTES T)

ELASTIC

REBOUNO-

Cu =&
7 1 ~. 7

&~XHOD FOR C~TAINING VALUEOF

CYCLIChm
ILMD ~IZS TDATA

C, FROM

IS 5249 : 1992
cl)
cq

at a location are plotted as shown in Fig. 8. A straight

line is fitted through these points. The value of average
velocity is obtained as:

upon elastic properties of medium, the soil, the size and shape
of contact area and flexibility of rigidity of the foundation.

where

Vc = velocity

of compression

= distance

in m; and

= corresponding
sec.

7.3.1

waves,

in m/s;

8.2 In case of very stiff soils the value of C,, may

be so high that the natural frequency
of the
foundation soil system may not be reached because
of limitations of the vibration exciting equipment.
The frequency response curves in such cases may
be extrapolated to obtain the resonant frequency of
foundation
soil system following
the procedure
suggested in Annex C.

time of travel of waves in

of Elastic

Modulus

E is determined

Elastic modulus

3.46 Ct
1.5 cz

NOTE - The relation between C,, CT, C(I and CU, depends

vc = sit

7.3 Determination
Modulus
of Soil

=
=

and Shear
by equation:

9 GUIDANCE
PARAMETFRES

9.1 The value of the dynamic shear modulus G is

affected by a number of parameters out of which
confining pressure, shear strain amplitude and relative
density are most important. It is observed that changes
in density from medium to dense state have relatively
insignificant
effect compared to effect of confining
pressure and shear strain amplitude. Since the order
of strain level and confining pressure associated
with different in-situ tests are different, tests may
be expected to show a large variation, as the strain
associated with, say hammer test is very small and
that with cyclic plate load test is very large. A rational
apprroach is therefore, needed to arrive at a suitable
design value.

where
P =
E =
NOTE -

Mass

density

Poisions

of soil

ratio of soil

The following

values for Poissions

T yp e of soi l

Clay

0.5

Sand

0.30 to 0.35

Rock

0.15 to 0.25

ratio may be

7.3.2
Depending
upon
the nature of medium
involved, and if the distance between pick-ups is
sufficiently
large, both the arrival of compression
and shear waves may be distinguishable
from the
records. In such a case both E and G can be
determined
independently.

= 2 G (1 t E)

FOR
CHOOSING
DESIGN
FROM IN-SITU
TESTS

9.2 In the range of strains associated with properly

design machine foundations,
the effect of variation
in strain on shear modulus is small and the values
of G for design purposes may be determined from
the in-situ test values using the relation given
below:

v;p
G,
-_=
G

where
P

= Mass

density

= Velocity

= Poissions

of shear waves,

7.3.3 The values of

from the values of C,
D. Alternatively
the
from E and G values
tests.
8 TEE
UNIFORM
UNIFORM

where

of soil in kg set r/m,

G, and G

in m/s, and

ratio of soil.

obtained as indicated in Annex

values of C, can be obtained
obtained in wave propagation

m
OF
ELASTIC
ELASTIC
NON-

modulus for the

from field test

= Constant depending

upon the type

of soil, shape of grains, etc. Its
value has been found to vary from
0.3 to 0.7 and may on the average
be taken as 0.5.

9.3 In situations
where high strain levels are
associated as in the case of analysis for earthquake
conditions,
the effect of strain level shall be
considered along with that of confining
pressure.

8.1 Compression C,, the coefficient of elastic uniform

shear, Ct, the .coeffrcient of elastic non-uniform
compression
C9 and the coefficient of elastic nonuniform shear CI# are related to each other by the
lrelations given below:

C =

Dynamic shear
prototype
and
respectively;

Mean effective confining pressure,

associated
with
prototype
foundation
and the in-situ test
respectively
and

E and G can also be obtained

COEFFICIENT
SHEAR
AND
SHEAR

In such a case, the values of G from different field

tests may first be reduced to same confining pressure
( expected below the footing ) and their variation

1sto2cz
7

IS 5249 : 1992
is less at low strain levels and becomes
large at high strain levels.

with strain levels may be studied to arrive at an

appropriate
values corresponding
to the expected
strain level.

significantly

9.5 The value of C may similarly be expected to

vary as Cu and G are related to each other ( see
Annex D ).

9.4 The value of damping in soils is also a function

of strain level to which the soil is subjected. Damping

ANNEX

( Clause 2 )
LIST OF REFERRED
IS N o.

INDIAN STANDARDS

Title

1888 : 1982

Method of load test on soils

( second revis ion )-

2720
(Part 12 ) : 1981

Methods
of test for soil :
Part 12 Determination
of the
shear strength parameters of soil
from consolidated
undrained
triaxial compression
test with
measurement
of pore water
pressure (first revis ion )

2720
( Pati 28 ) : 1974

Title

IS No.

density of soils in-place, by the

sand replace-ment method (firs t
revis ion )

2720
( Part 29 ) : 1975

Method
of test
for soil :
Part 29 Determination
of dry
density of soils in-place, by the
core
cutter
method
(firs t
revis ion )

2810 : 1979

Methods
of test for soil :
Part 28 Determination
for dry

Glossary of terms relating to soil

dynamics (firs t revis ion )

ANNEX B
( Clause 3.0 )
NOTATIONS
UNIT
Contact area of block with soil
Contact area of actual foundation with soil
Vertical amplitude of vibration
Vertical acceleration
vibration
Coefficient
of elastic uniform compression
of soil for area A and A,
respectively
Coefficient
of elastic non-uniform
compression
of soil for area A and
A, respectively
Coefficient
of elastic uniform shear of soil for area A and A, respectively
Coefficient
of elastic non-uniform
shear of soil
Youngs modulus
Peak dynamic force
Frequency
of propagating waves
Frequencies
at which amplitude is X,ld2
Horizontal resonant frequency of block and soil system
Dynamic shear modulus of soil
Acceleration
due to gravity
Moment of inertia of foundation contact area about a horizontal axis
passing through centre of gravity of the area and perpendicular
to
direction of vibration
Mass of block
Mass moment of inertia of the block about a horizontal axis passing
through the centre of gravity of the block and perpendicular
to
direction of vibration
Mass moment of intertia of the block about the horizontal axis passing
through the centre of gravity of contact area of block and soil and
perpendicular
to the direction of vibration
Distance between geophones or pick-ups
Elastic rebound
Compression
wave velocity
8

Cm2
Cm2
mm
mm/s2
kgf/cm3
kgf/cm3

kgf/cm3
kgf/cm2
kg
Hz
Hz
Hz
kgf/cm2
mm/s2
cm4

kg s21cm
kgf/cm/s2

kgflcnl/s2

cm
Cl11

cm/s

IS 5249 : 1992
SYMBOL

DEKRIP~ON

UNIT

Shear wave velocity

Maximum amplitude of vibration in forced vibration
tests
Successive amplitudes of vibration in free vibrations at 2 from each
other respectively
Time of travel of waves
Mass density of soil
Poisions ratio of soil
Damping coefficient of soil
Wavelength
of propagating waves
Phase shift of geophone near to radian centre of gravity of block at
frequency (f) of propagating vibrations
Phase shift of geophone far away from centre of gravity of block at
frequency u> propagating vibration
Ratio Mm/Mm0

ANNEX

cm/s
mm
mm
S

kg s2/cm4
cm
radian
radian
-

( Clause 3.2 )
EXTRAPOLATION
OF FREQUENCY
RESPONSE CURVE FOR
OBTAINING
NATURAL FREQUENCY
OF TIIE SYSTEM
Cl
In case of stiff soils where the resonant
frequency is higher than the limit to which the block
can be excited by the vibration equipment, extrapolation
of the response curve may be resorted to as indicated
below to evaluate the resonant frequency of the system.
This holds for a single degree of freedom system
as in case of vertical vibrations. However, workable
values of f. may also be obtained for horizontal
vibrations.

m 0 = Eccentric mass,
e
= Eccentricity,
= Frequency of excitation
k = Spring constant, and
C
= Coefficient
of damping.
By substituting

in above

= 2lrf

A
A1

From the theory of mechanical vibrations the relation

between the amplitude of vibrations
(AZ) and the
frequency (w) for the forced vibrations is given by:

= M/( mo.e )
= ( c2-2kM )/{ ( mo.e ) ( 2x )}

and2A,

k2/{( mO.e ) ( 2n )4},

A,f4 +

AZ

Fo

= m0ew2 = Dynamic

A2f2 + A, = ( f4/Az 2)

C-2 The above equation can be solved if a minimum

of three points are known on the rising portion of
the curve. Average values of A,, A,, A, may be
obtained if more than three points are available by
solving the equation for set of three points taken
at a time. Knowing the value of A,, A, and A, the
amplitudes at different frequencies
can be worked
out and the frequency corresponding
to maximum
amplitude, that is, the resonant frequency determined.

( k-mo2)2tc2W2

where

F,

equation

force,

ANNEX

( Clause 7.3.3 and 9.5 )

RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN SHEAR MODULUS, YOUNGS MODULUS,
COEFFICIENT
OF ELASTIC UNIFORM COMPRESSION,
ETC
Values

of shear modulus G and Youngs modulus

to each other by the relation given

Cy can be obtained

E are related
below:

G, = ~

1.13 E

cu =

E
where

2( 1 t E )

from E by the equation

(I-

E2) VT

A = area of contact

where
e = Poisions

NOTE - This relation between Cu and E is based upon the

assumption that E remains constant with depth.

ratio,
9

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