Thermodynamics I - Chapter 2 Notes
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Anonymous Ms8nYcbxY2Thermodynamics I - Chapter 2 Notes
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Anonymous Ms8nYcbxY2Ch.
2: Energy & 1st Law of Thermo
Closed Systems
Ch. 2: Energy & 1st Law of Thermo
Closed Systems
Esys
I. E, Energy (a property)
Mechanical Energy:
Kinetic Energy,
Translational
Potential Energy,
Gravitational
I. E, Energy
Internal Energy, U:
sum of microscopic forms of energy:
Electron and nuclear forces (atomic level)
Bonds in molecules
Kinetic Energy of molecules
Translation, rotation, vibration
Molecule to molecule forces (eg. H2O)
A change in Temperature (or sometimes pressure) or phase
causes a change in U
Sensible heat: change of temperature of substance
Latent heat: change of phase of substance
u, specific internal energy:
I. E, Energy (continued)
Total Energy E:
specific energy e:
Height change z must be relative to the direction of gravity
Scalar: no associated direction
relative to a reference point
A property !!
Energy conversion between KE ad PE (pendulum swings)
I. E, Energy (continued)
Change in Energy:
II. Energy Transfers:
Energy transfer = flow of energy across a boundary of a
system during a process
Q, Heat:
W, Work:
II. Energy Transfers, continued
Win
Qin
Qout
Q and W can flow in and/or out, at several
places
Q and W are NOT properties
they are path dependent
II. Energy Transfer by HEAT: Q
Heat vs. Thermal Energy vs. Temperature
Units (kJ, Btu)
Sign convention
Heat added to the system is positive
Heat removed from the system is negative
Adiabatic process: no heat transfer
Types of heat transfer modes
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
II. Energy Transfer by HEAT: Q
Q: amount of energy transfer by heat (J, BTU)
Q : rate of heat transfer (W=J/s, BTU/h)
q: heat flux, heat transfer rate per unit area (W/m 2 , BTU/h.ft 2 )
t2
Q Qdt
t1
t2
Q qdA
t1
II. Energy Transfer by HEAT: Q
Heat is not a property, it is path dependent
The amount of energy transfer by heat for a process
2
Q Q Q2 Q1
1
Heat is not a property
II. Energy Transfer by WORK: W
Units (kJ, Btu, ft-lbf)
Work is not possessed by a system-only
measured as it crosses the system boundary
Sign convention:
positive if done by a system,
negative if done on a system
Many types of Work
Mechanical
Electrical
Expansion/compression
II. Energy Transfer by Work: W
Work is not a property
s2
W = F .ds (J, BTU)
s1
W : power (W=J/s, BTU/h)
t2
W = Wdt
t1
II. Work is path dependent
Work is not a property
II. Work is path dependent
III. 1st Law of Thermodynamics
Closed System
(integrated over time):
Wout
Qin
Example 2.1:
A 1 kg metal weight that is initially 1 m
above the ground is connected by a cable
through a frictionless pulley to a smaller
mass. The 1 kg mass is dropped from rest
and does 5 Joules of work as it lifts the
smaller weight.
Determine the speed at which the 1 kg mass
hits the ground.
III. 1st Law of Thermodynamics, cont.
Closed System (Instantaneous):
Wout
Qin
IV. Cycles
Cycle: a series of
processes that begin and
end at the same state
IV. Cycles, cont.
1st Law Energy Balance
Equation for a cycle:
Ecycle 0
or
Qcycle Wcycle
Example 2.3:
A closed system (stationary) goes through a 3process cycle beginning with U1 = 100 kJ.
1500 J of heat is added to the system during
process 1-2 until
the internal energy increases to U2 = 200 kJ.
Process 2-3 is adiabatic as 10 kJ work is done
on the system.
No work is done during process 3-1.
Find U, Q, and W for each process.
Process
1-2
2-3
3-1
II. Types of Work and Power
Mechanical Work:
Wmech F .ds
Mechanical Power:
ds
Wmech F
?
dt
FV
where F Fdrag Frolling
1
2
Fdrag Cd A f V
2
Frolling f *Weight
II. Types of Work and Power
Rotational Mechanical Power
(Shaft Power):
W
rot
rev 2 rad 1 min
RPM
min 1 rev 60 sec
II. Types of Work and Power
Electrical Power:
Welec E* i
1 Watt 1 Volt *1 Amp
W W dt
t
II. Types of Work and Power
Fluid Power:
Recall:
W fluid p * V
Relating Power and Work :
W W dt
t
Waverage
t
II. Types of Work and Power
Expansion/Compression Work:
II. Expansion / Compression Work:
- Common form of work for a
gas in a piston/cylinder
device
cylinder
y
piston
V, p
gas
II. Expansion / Compression Work
To move the piston up (expand):
W Fds
with
F ?
II. Expansion / Compression Work
F pA
W pAds
and
Ads ?
II. Expansion / Compression Work
Ads dV
W pdV
II. Expansion / Compression Work
P
W on p-V diagram
W pdV
Work =
area under curve
V
Work = ?
II. pdV Work: 4 cases
V = constant
pV = constant
p = constant
pV = constant (polytropic)
II. calculating pdV work for 4 cases
V = constant
pV = constant
p = constant
pVn = constant (polytropic)
Example 2.4:
0.41 lb of air in a piston/cylinder device
goes through a constant pressure (p = 20
2
lbf/in ) heat addition process as the
3
3
volume changes from 5 ft to 6.52 ft .
Find the work during this process.
Example 2.5:
Nitrogen, which behaves as an ideal gas,
is compressed in a piston cylinder device
as temperature is held constant at 27C.
The work required during compression is
7000 J.
The initial pressure and volume are 100
3
kPa and 0.1 m .
Find (a) the final volume and (b) the heat
during this process.
Example 2.6:
0.05 kg of air
expands in a piston cylinder device until
the final volume is 4 times the initial
volume.
The initial pressure and volume are 400
kPa and 0.0144 m3, and
the expansion is polytropic with n = 1.4.
Find the work during this process.
IV. Cycles, cont.
Thermal Reservoir:
A large mass that can
accept or reject heat without
changing temperature
at TH
(also called thermal energy
SOURCE or SINK)
at TL
IV. Cycles, cont.
Thermal Reservoirs:
IV. Cycles, cont.
Thermal cycles operate
between two thermal
reservoirs
IV. Thermal Cycles 3 types
1. Power Cycle
Objective:
2a. Refrigeration Cycle
Objective:
2b. Heat Pump Cycle
Objective
IV. Cycles
1. Power
Cycle
1. Power Cycle
Objective: to produce work
(power), Wnet,out
By using heat added from a
high-temperature reservoir
(QH from TH)
QH is IN
And rejecting heat to a lowtemperature reservoir
(QL to TL)
QL is OUT
Power
Cycle
1. Power Cycle
- Power Cycle Energy Balance
Power
- Power Cycle Performance
Cycle
Refrigeration
High temp Reservoir
Objective: to keep LOW
temperature reservoir
cool by removing QL
R
Driven by Work (Power) put
into the cycle
(compressor)
Low temp Reservoir
Refrigeration
High temp Reservoir
- Refrigeration Cycle Energy Balance
Low temp Reservoir
- Refrigeration Cycle Performance
Heat Pump
High temp Reservoir
Objective: to keep HIGH
temperature reservoir
warm by adding QH
R or
HP
HP
Driven by Work (Power) put into
the cycle (compressor)
Low temp Reservoir
Heat Pump
High temp Reservoir
- Heat Pump Cycle Energy Balance
- Heat Pump Cycle Performance
R or
HP
HP
Low temp Reservoir
1. Power Cycle
2a. Refrigeration Cycle
2b. Heat Pump Cycle
Example 2.7:
A 600 MW steam power plant is cooled by
water from a nearby river.
The thermal efficiency of the plant is 40%.
Find the rate of heat rejection from the plant to
the river.
Example 2.8:
A household refrigerator has a coefficient of
performance of 1.2.
Heat transfer to the refrigerated space through
the insulation and due to opening of the
refrigerator doors is 60 kJ/min.
Find
the electric power consumed by the
refrigerator and
the rate of heat transfer to the kitchen air from
the refrigerator.
Example 2.9:
A heat pump is used to maintain the air in a
home at 69F when
the outside temperature is just below freezing.
Heat loss from the home through doors,
windows, the roof, and the walls is 36,000
Btu/hr.
What is the coefficient of performance of the heat
pump if it consumes electrical power at the rate of
1 kW.
