CHAPTER
Reinforced Concrete Design
Fifth Edition
RECTANGULAR R/C
CONCRETE BEAMS:
TENSION STEEL ONLY
A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Part I Concrete Design and Analysis
2a
FALL 2002
By
Dr . Ibrahim. Assakkaf
ENCE 355 - Introduction to Structural Design
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Maryland, College Park
CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY
Introduction
Q
Slide No. 1
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Bending moment produces bending
strains on a beam, and consequently
compressive and tensile stresses.
Under positive moment (as normally the
case), compressive stresses are
produced in the top of the beam and
tensile stresses are produced in the
bottom.
Bending members must resist both
compressive and tensile stresses.
Slide No. 2
CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY
Introduction
Stresses in Beam
Q
y
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
b a
Figure 1
x
b a
y
MR
dA
+y
CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY
Introduction
Q
Sign Convention
Figure 2
V
M
R.H.F
(b) Positive Shear (clockwise)
L.H.F
Slide No. 3
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
(a) Positive Shear & Moment
(c) Positive Moment
(concave upward)
Slide No. 4
CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY
Introduction
Q
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Concrete Flexural Members
Types:
Beam
Wall
Slab
Etc.
These concrete members must resist both
tensile and compressive stresses.
Because concrete is weak in tension,
embedded steel bars are placed in the
tension zone.
Slide No. 5
CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY
Introduction
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Figure 3
MR
4 in.
12 in.
4 in.
5 in.
6 in.
6 in.
6 in.
5 in.
6 in.
CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY
Slide No. 6
Methods of Analysis and Design
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Elastic Design
Elastic design is considered valid for the
homogeneous plain concrete beam as long
as the tensile stress does not exceed the
modulus of rupture fr.
Elastic design can also be applied to a
reinforced concrete beam using the
working stress design (WSD) approach.
CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY
Slide No. 7
Methods of Analysis and Design
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
WSD Assumptions
1. A plain section before bending remains
plane after bending.
2. Stress is proportional to strain (Hookes
Law).
3. Tensile stress for concrete is considered
zero and reinforcing steel carries all the
tension.
4. The bond between the concrete and steel
is perfect, so no slip occurs.
Slide No. 8
CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY
Methods of Analysis and Design
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Strength Design Method
This method is the modern approach for
the analysis and design of reinforced
concrete.
The assumption are similar to those
outlined for the WSD with one exception:
Compressive concrete stress is approximately
proportional to strain up to moderate loads. As
the load increases, the approximate
proportionality ceases to exit, and the stress
diagram takes a shape similar to the concrete
stress-strain curve of the following figure.
Slide No. 9
CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY
Methods of Analysis and Design
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Concrete Compressive Strength
Figure 1
Slide No. 10
CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY
Methods of Analysis and Design
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Comparison between the Two Methods
WSD or ASD
USD
Q Working (service) loads are
used and a member is designed
based on an allowable
compressive bending stress,
normally 0.45 f c
QCompressive stress pattern is
assumed to vary linearly from
zero at the neutral axis.
QFormula:
Rn m
Li
FS i =1
ASD
QService
loads are amplified
using partial safety factors.
QA member is design so that its
strength is reduced by a
reduction safety factor.
QThe strength at failure is
commonly called the ultimate
strength
m
QFormula:
Rn i Li
i =1
LRFD
Slide No. 11
CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY
Behavior Under Load
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
(1) At very small loads:
Stresses Elastic and
Section Uncracked
c (comp.)
b
h
Reinforced Concrete Beam
f c (comp.)
N.A.
s (tens.)
f s (tens.)
c (tens.)
f c (tens.)
Stresses are below modulus of rupture.
Slide No. 12
CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY
Behavior Under Load
Q
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example 1
A rectangular beam, as shown
in Fig. 1, has the dimensions b
= 10 in.,h = 25 in., and d = 23
in., and is reinforced with three
No. 8 bars. The concrete
cylinder strength f c is 4000 psi,
and the tensile strength in
bending (modulus of rupture) is
475 psi. The yield point of the
steel fy is 60,000 psi.
Determine the stresses caused
by a bending moment M = 45
ft-kips. Assume the unit weight
for concrete is 144 lb/ft3.
3 No. 8 bars
Slide No. 13
CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY
Behavior Under Load
Q
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example 1 (contd)
Area for No. 8 bar = 0.79 in 2 (see Table 1)
10 in
Therefore, As = 3(0.79 ) = 2.37 in 2
The modulus of elasticity for
Concrete can be calculated from
Ec = w1c .5 33 f c
25 in
3 No. 8 bars
23 in
= (144 ) (33) 4,000 = 3,606,514 psi
Therefore,
1.5
n=
Es 29,000,000
=
= 8.04 8
Ec
3,606,514
Slide No. 14
CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY
Behavior Under Load
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Table 1. ASTM Standard - English Reinforcing Bars
Bar Designation
#3 [#10]
#4 [#13]
#5 [#16]
#6 [#19]
#7 [#22]
#8 [#25]
#9 [#29]
#10 [#32]
#11 [#36]
#14 [#43]
#18 [#57]
Diameter
in
0.375
0.500
0.625
0.750
0.875
1.000
1.128
1.270
1.410
1.693
2.257
Area
in2
0.11
0.20
0.31
0.44
0.60
0.79
1.00
1.27
1.56
2.25
4.00
Weight
lb/ft
0.376
0.668
1.043
1.502
2.044
2.670
3.400
4.303
5.313
7.650
13.60
Note: Metric designations are in brackets
Slide No. 15
CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY
Behavior Under Load
Q
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example 1 (contd)
Transformed Section
10 in
25 in
3 No. 8 bars
10 in
23 in
23 in
25 in
n As
(n 1) As
Ac As = n As As = (n 1) As = (8-1) (2.37) = 16.59 in2
Slide No. 16
CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY
Behavior Under Load
Q
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example 1 (contd)
Neutral axis location & moment of inertia
(25)(10) 25 + 16.59(23)
2
y=
= 13.15 in
(25)(10) + 16.59
3
3
10(13.15) 10(25 13.15)
2
+
+ 16.59(25 13.15 2)
I=
3
= 14,736.1 in 4
10 in
25 in
23 in
N.A
Stresses
Mc (45 12 1000 )(13.15)
=
= 481.9 psi
fc =
I
14,736.1
(n
Mc (45 12 1000)(25 13.15)
=
= 434.2 psi < 475 psi OK
f ct =
I
14,736.1
fs = n
1) As
(45 12 1000)(25 13.15 2) = 2,887.6 psi
Mc
=8
I
14,736.1
Slide No. 17
CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY
Behavior Under Load
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
(2) At moderate loads:
Stresses Elastic and
Section Cracked
c (comp.)
b
h
Reinforced Concrete Beam
N.A.
s (tens.)
f c (comp.)
f s (tens.)
Tensile stresses of concrete will be exceeded.
Concrete will crack (hairline crack), and steel bars will resist tensile stresses.
This will occur at approximately 0.5 f c .
Slide No. 18
CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY
Behavior Under Load
Q
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Reinforced Concrete Beam Formula
The neutral axis for a concrete beam is
found by solving the quadratic equation:
1 2
bx + nAs x nAs d = 0
2
b
b
x
(1)
1
x
2
d-x
n As
CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY
Behavior Under Load
Q
Slide No. 19
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example 2
A concrete floor slab is reinforced by
diameter steel rods placed 1 in. above the
lower face of the slab and spaced 6 in. on
centers. The modulus of elasticity is 3106
psi for concrete used and 30 106 psi for
steel. Knowing that a bending moment of
35 kipin is applied to each 1-ft width of the
slab, determine (a) the maximum stress in
concrete and (b) the stress in the steel.
10
Slide No. 20
CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY
Behavior Under Load
Q
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example 2 (contd)
M = 35 kip in
4 in.
12 in.
4 in.
5 in.
6 in.
6 in.
6 in.
5 in.
6 in.
Slide No. 21
CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY
Behavior Under Load
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
12 in.
Example 2 (contd)
4 in.
5 in.
Transformed Section
Consider a portion of the slab 12 in. wide, in
5
which there are two 8 - in diameter rods having a
total cross-sectional area
12 in.
x
4 in.
4-x
N.A.
As = 2
5 2
8
n=
= 0.614 in 2
Es 30 106
=
= 10
3 106
Ec
nAs = 10(0.614 ) = 6.14 in 2
11
Slide No. 22
CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY
Behavior Under Load
Q
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example 2 (contd)
Neutral Axis
The neutral axis of the slab passes through
the centroid of the transformed section. Using
Quadratic Eq. 1:
Formula
b b 2 4ac
x=
2a
x1 = 1.575 take
x2 = 2.599
1 2
bx + nAs x nAs d = 0
2
1
(12)x 2 + 6.14 x 6.14(4) = 0
2
6 x 2 + 6.14 x 24.56 = 0
x = 1.575 in
CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY
Behavior Under Load
Q
Slide No. 23
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example 2 (contd)
Moment of Inertia
The centroidal moment of inertia of the
transformed section is
12 in.
1.575
4 in.
2.425
N.A.
12(1.575)
2
+ 6.14(2.425) = 51.7 in 4
3
3
I=
6.14 in2
12
Slide No. 24
CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY
Behavior Under Load
Q
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Example 2 (contd)
Maximum stress in concrete:
My
35(1.575)
c =
51.7
= 1.066 ksi (C)
Stress in steel:
s = n
My
35( 2.425)
= (10)
= +16.42 ksi (T)
I
51.7
CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY
Behavior Under Load
Slide No. 25
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
(3) With further load increase:
Flexural Strength
ACI Approach
c (comp.)
b
h
Reinforced Concrete Beam
N.A.
s (tens.)
f c (comp.)
f s (tens.)
Stress curve above N.A. will be similar to the stress-strain curve of Fig. 1.
Concrete has cracked, and the process is irreversible.
Steel bar has yielded and will not return to its original length.
13
Slide No. 26
CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY
Behavior Under Load
Q
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Concrete Compressive Strength
Figure 1
CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY
Strength Design Method
Assumptions
Q
Slide No. 27
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Strength Design
If the distribution of concrete compression
stresses at or near ultimate load (Fig. 2),
had a well- defined and invariable shapeparabolic it would be possible to derive a
completely rational theory of ultimate
bending stress.
This theory has been well established and
incorporated in the ACI Manual.
The basic assumptions follows.
14
CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY
Strength Design Method
Assumptions
Flexural Strength
ACI Approach
Reinforced Concrete Beam
c (comp.)
Slide No. 28
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
N.A.
s (tens.)
f c (comp.)
f s (tens.)
Figure 2
CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY
Strength Design Method
Assumptions
Q
Slide No. 29
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Basic Assumption:
1. A plane section before bending remains
plane after bending.
2. Stresses and strain are approximately
proportional up to moderate loads
(concrete stress 0.5 f c ). When the
load is increased, the variation in the
concrete stress is no longer linear.
3. Tensile strength of concrete is neglected
in the design of reinforced concrete
beams.
15
CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY
Strength Design Method
Assumptions
Q
Slide No. 30
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Basic Assumption (contd):
4. The maximum usable concrete
compressive strain at the extreme fiber is
assumed equal to 0.003 (Fig. 3)
5. The steel is assumed to be uniformly
strained to the strain that exists at the
level of the centroid of the steel. Also if
the strain in the steel s is less than the
yield strain of the steel y, the stress in
the steel is Es s. If s y, the stress in
steel will be equal to fy (Fig. 4)
CHAPTER 2a. RECTANGULAR R/C BEAMS: TENSION STEEL ONLY
Strength Design Method
Assumptions
Q
Slide No. 31
ENCE 355 Assakkaf
Basic Assumption (contd):
6. The bond between the steel and concrete
is perfect and no lip occurs.
0.003
Elastic
region
Figure 4
Stress
Figure 3
fy
Strain
Strain
Idealized Stress-Strain Curve
16
