Basic HSE Process
Contents
Aims and objectives
Introduction to HSE Value
Major Disaster
HSE Management system (ILO)
Human Factor
Risk Assessment
Accident Causation and investigation
Fire and Explosion Basics
Aims
To understand:
The requirements of Health and Safety Management Systems
The human factors that must be taken into account to
achieve a safe and health work environment
Risk assessment concepts for major hazards
Accidents and near misses causation and analysis to prevent
recurrence
The fire, explosion basics and the technology of fire and
explosion.
Introduction to HSE
Importance
Introduction
What is Health and Safety?
Health
Absence of disease
Physical and mental elements related to safety and
hygiene at work
Safety
Freedom from unacceptable risk
Introduction
Welfare
Looking after peoples basic needs
Environmental Protection
The surroundings in which an organisation
operates, including air, water, land, natural
resources, human and their relationships
Types of Accidents and Ill-health
Safety accidents include
Occupational ill-health cases include
Incorrect manual handling: back
injuries
Exposure to chemicals: cancers
Repeated assembly work: repetitive
strain injuries
Exposure to glass or sand dust:
silicosis
Working with hand held tools:
vibration white finger
Exposure to asbestos dust / fibres:
asbestosis
Exposure to dusts or chemicals:
asthma
Falls from height: death, broken
bones
Slips trips falls: sprains, broken
bones
Struck by vehicles: death, crush
injuries
Struck by an object: crush injuries
Electrical: burns, heart problems
Crushed by a moving part of a
machine: broken bones, amputation
Fire and explosions: burns,
asphyxiation and blast injuries
Causes of Accidents and Ill-health
Safety
Health
Tends to affect individuals by contact Affects people by exposure to the
with the hazard
hazard
Often an obvious danger
Often hidden danger
The results of an accident are
immediate
Ill-health often builds up slowly
Foreseeable or known loss
Loss is often difficult to assess
Knowledge since the industrial
revolution
Understanding lags behind, e.g. what
triggers an allergic reaction to some
substances
Hardware or safe place solutions are
usually available, e.g. guarding,
protection of electrical systems
Often rely on software or
behavioural safe person solutions,
e.g. use of personal protection, safe
systems of work
Why Manage Health and Safety?
Moral Reasons
Legal Reasons
Financial
1.
Moral
Workplace Injuries
Work-related diseases
Company work related LTIs and injuries
statistics
Company records for illness
Graph for statistics
2.
Legal
Law:
a rule of human behaviour, carry out upon and
required between the members of a given state
3.
Financial
Cost of accidents and ill-health
Insurance does not cover all losses suffered
Insurance policies for employees:
Workers Compensation, Employers Liability
Other policies:
Fire, business interruption, Public Liability,
Product Liability
3.
Financial
Uninsured or hidden cost of failure:
Lost time
Extra pay, overtime, temporary workers
Sick pay
Fines
Legal costs
Excess on any claim
Damage or loss of product or services
Site cleaning
Investigation time
Plant and equipment repair
Delays
Loss of contracts
Increased insurance premiums
Loss of business reputation
8 - 36
UK estimate (HSE)
Basic Aspect of Our Business
Quality
Production
Business
Success
Cost
Safety
Employee
Relations
Major Disaster
Piper Alpha
Summery
The Piper Alpha was a North Sea oil production platform.
Was operated by Occidental Petroleum (Caledonia) Ltd.
167 men died when an explosion and resulting fire destroyed it on July 6th, 1988.
Video
HSE Management System
(ILO)
H&S Management
Systems
Value
Align business and health and safety objectives
Management framework
Policies, procedures and objectives
Continuous improvement
Auditable baseline
ILO-OSH, 2001 (ILO)
Continual
improvement
Policy
Organising
Planning and
Implementation
Evaluation
Action for
improvement
Policy
Organising
Action for
improvement
Audit
Evaluation
Planning &
implementation
Continual
improvement
1.
Policy
Business plan for safety
Health and safety aims
Management commitment
Health and safety
objectives
2.
Organising
Promoting a positive culture
Competence
Recruitment, knowledge, ability training,
experience, qualifications
Commitment and control
Allocating responsibility and accountability
Securing commitment
Information, training instruction and
supervision (ITIS)
Co-operation
Internal and external
Communication
Oral, written, visible
3.
Planning and Implementation
Set targets
Identify hazards, assess and
control risks
Standard setting and monitoring
Legal compliance
Safe systems of work
Purchase policy
Control of contractors
Emergency procedures
4.
Evaluation
Measuring performance
Active monitoring
Reactive monitoring
5.
Action for Improvement
Learn from experience
Audit
Performance review
Active and reactive
monitoring
Benchmarking
Achievement of objectives
Continual improvement
ES&H is
Leadership
Commitment
Value
Belief
Standards
Evaluate
Planning
People
Measure
Execution
Human Factors
Health and Safety Culture
The product of individual and group values,
attitudes, competencies and patterns of
behaviour that determine the commitment to,
and the style and proficiency of, an
organisation's health and safety programmes.
Organisations with a positive safety culture are
characterised by communications founded on
mutual trust, by shared perceptions of the
importance of safety, and by confidence in the
efficiency of preventive measures
Positive Health and Safety Culture
Positive outputs
Increased
levels of compliance
staff morale
Reduced
staff complaints
staff turnover
absenteeism
sickness and accident rates
Negative Health and Safety
Culture
Promoted by:
Poor example of behaviour set by management
Poor management decision-making
Inadequate supervision
Poor working conditions
Why do we need to
understand (safety)
culture?
Traditional Management Approach
(Different Safety Cultures Styles)
SWAMP (Safety Without Any Management Process)
NORM (Naturally Occurring Reactive Management)
World Class Safety Culture
SWAMP
(Safety Without Any Management Process)
Safety Responsibility: Not recognized - rejected
Management Characteristics
Accidents are accepted - a fluke
Autocratic style
Task oriented - production comprised
Planning minimal - reactive short term
Communications - fear based
Make do/make fit approaches
Minimal employee involvement
Adversarial
Organizational Impacts
High
Insurance
Cost
Excessive
Losses
Poor
Employee
Relations
Statutory
Ignorance
NORM
(Naturally Occurring Reactive Management)
Safety Responsibility: Not understood by staff
Perceived: A cost driven by regulatory compliance
Management Characteristics
Accidents excused away/fault based
Recognizes problem - cant solve
Is not quite sold - go half way (whats
easy)
Highly visibility - many labels - little
results
Significant line/staff authority conflicts
Programs/campaigns short lived
Results (only) measured
Line accountability lacking
Employees lead the actions - see the
credibility gap - do nothing
Organizational Impacts
Blood
Cycles
Symptoms
(Basic Causes)
Committees
Quick-fix
Programs
World Class
Safety Responsibility: Owned and led by all employees at all levels
Perceived: Good Business - (a value)
Management Characteristics
Accidents are intolerable/prevented
Safety is management effectiveness
Long-term planning
Responsibilities/expectations clearly
defined
No instant pudding approaches
Employee centered/gain sharing
Communications - informal, open,
and encouraged
Efforts measured and responded to
Organizational Impacts
Zero
Accidents
Concept/Reality
Progressive
Employee
Involvement
Walking
the Talk
Safety Culture Assessment
Evaluate this projects safety culture
Swamp
Norm
World-Class
A. Explain Reason for your rating:
______________________________________________________
____
______________________________________________________
____
B. In your opinion what will it take to make your portion
of the project World-Class?
______________________________________________________
____
Health and Safety
Performance
Technical
improvements
(Hardware)
Process and
procedural safety
(Software)
Human factors
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
Number & Severity of Injuries
The History of Safety
No Formal Interest
Reactive Era (Incident Based)
Preventive Era (Process Based)
Human Factor Era (BBS)
Time
Definition of Terms
Behaviour:
Any act can be seen
An unsafe Act (At risk Behaviour):
An act that contravenes accepted safe practice or procedure
that could result in injury either to the person doing the task
or to others
An unsafe Condition:
An unacceptable physical state (caused by an unsafe act)
that could result in injury
Cause of injuries
Iceberg Theory
Fatality
LTIs
Med. Case
First Aid
Unsafe
TITANIC
Behaviors
1913
Incident triangle
Fatality
Serious Injury
Minor Injury
Near Miss
Unsafe Behaviour
Relationship Triangle
Fatality
Serious Injuries
Minor Injuries
Near Miss
Unsafe Behaviours
10
30
600
24,000
Melt the Iceberg!
Accidents
98% of all Accidents
are due to
Unsafe Behavior
Safe Work Practices
Factors Influence Behaviour
Behaviour are Influenced by the:
Organisation
Job
Individual
The Organisation
Organisational factors have the
greatest influence on individual and
group behaviour
Planning
Organising
Control
Monitoring
Review and Audit
The Organisation
External influences
Societal expectations
Political priorities
Legislation and enforcement
National / international agencies (Labour Office,
OSHA, ILO)
Pressure groups
Insurers
Worker Unions
Stakeholders
Economic conditions
The Job
Physical match
Work equipment, work method and workplace
Psychological match
Individual capabilities
The Job
Ergonomics
Interaction of humans with their:
work equipment, work environment and work method
The Job
Extent of decision making
Procedures, information and instructions
Working environment
Maintenance
Working time
The Individual
Physical characteristics
Psychological attributes
Social and cultural differences
The Individual - Attitude
Attitude
The way an individual believes they will respond
in a given situation
behaviour often conflicts with attitude
The Individual - Perception
Perception
The way in which a
person interprets
sensory information
The Individual - Perception
Risk Perception of
getting Injured
100
time
(t)
The Source of Injuries
at Worksites
Perception
Failure
Only &
Always
Unsafe
Acts
Only &
Always
Accidents
The Individual - Perception
Affected by:
Sensory defects
Mental processing
Hazard nature
Previous experience
Being in control
Training
Peer group influence
Confidence in others
Personal characteristics
Managed by:
Increasing awareness of
hazards
Involving people
Identification of poor
behaviour
Improving the working
environment
The Individual
Motivation
The force which stimulates an
individual to do something
people are motivated by their
perceived wants and needs
ABC Model
Activators
Direct
Behaviour
Motivate
Consequences
We Understand Behaviour
By Looking at Activators and
Consequences
Activators :
Behaviors :
Safety Meetings
Rules and Regulations
Policies and Procedure
Directive Feedback
Training
Goal setting
Pledge signing
Incentives
Signs
Modelling
Driving the speed limit
Putting on PPE
Locking out power
Using equipment guards
Giving a safety talk
Cleaning up spills
Coaching others about safe work practices
Consequences :Self-approval
Peer approval
Feedback
Prize
Thank-you
Reprimand
Penalty
Injury
Inconvenience
Time savings
Safety is
The Continuous Fight
with Human Nature
Unsafe behaviours are often
more comfortable
more convenient
more time-efficient
than safe behaviours.
Unsafe behaviours rarely result in
an injury
disciplinary action
or anything to discourage the
behaviours.
The Individual Unsafe
Behaviour
Lack of motivation
Unrealistic procedures
Management commitment
Over-familiarity with tasks
Boredom
Peer group pressure
Wilful disregard
Ineffective supervision
Fatigue / stress
Lack of information, training, etc.
Job insecurity
Human Failure
Slips
Skill based
Lapses
Errors
Rules
Mistakes
Human
Failures
Knowledge
Routine
Violations
Situational
Exceptional
Reducing Human Failure
Skilled, competent workers
Well, motivated employees
Clear role and responsibilities
Adequate supervision
Clear information and instruction
Drugs and alcohol prevention policy
Good environmental conditions
Avoiding monotonous work
Human Behaviour
Influence of peers
Promoting safe behaviour
Discipline
Reward
Inform
Facilitate
Train
Involving employees
Look at the Big Picture !
Improve Safety
Culture via
demonstrable Safety
Leadership
HSEMS
Implementation
ORGANISATION
Culture, Leadership
Resources
Work Patterns
Communications
INDIVIDUAL
Competence, Skills
Personality, experience
Attitudes
Risk Perception
Provide Training
Better Selection
Health monitoring
Coaching
etc
Improve workplace
layout
Reduce Noise
Improve Lighting
Provide proper
tools
THE JOB
Task, Workload
Environment,
Display & Controls
Procedures
Section 6
Risk Assessment
Introduction
Risk assessment is a qualitative method of assessing the
risks associated with a particular job, activity or task
in order
to identify the control and contingency measures that
should be taken to manage the risks.
Definitions
ALARP
As Low As reasonably Practicable (ALARP), is determined
when it can be shown that no more measures can reasonably
be taken in order to reduce the risks further.
Hazard
A hazard is an article, substance or situation that has the
potential to cause harm. This can include materials,
machines, methods of work and other aspects of work
organization.
Risk
A risk is the likelihood that the harm from a particular hazard
will be realized. The product of this likelihood and the severity
of the outcome determine the magnitude of risk.
As Low As Reasonably
Practicable (ALARP)
Risk can not be justified
except in extraordinary
circumstances
Unacceptable region
Tolerable only if risk reduction is
impracticable or its cost is
grossly disproportionate to the
improvement gained
ALARP or tolerability
region (Risk undertaken
only if benefit desired)
Tolerable if cost of reduction
would exceed the improvement
gained
Necessary to maintain
assurances that risk remains at
this level
Broadly acceptable region
(No need for detailed working to
demonstrate ALARP)
Negligible risk
Definitions
Risk =
Likelihood (Probability) X Consequence
(Severity)
Likelihood (Probability)
Is the description of how often an event will occur.
Usually based on historical data and statistics.
Consequence (Severity)
Is a description of how bad and how severe the event
might be.
Risk Assessment
Process
Five essential steps
Step 1 - Look for the Hazards
Step 2 - Decide who may be harmed and how
Step 3 - Evaluate the risks arising from the hazards
Step 4 - Record
Step 5 - Monitor and Review
Step 1
Look for the Hazards
Look for what could reasonably be expected
to cause harm.
Ignore the trivial and concentrate only on
significant hazards, considering:
the equipment and
materials being used and
the environment where the work is being carried
out.
Manufacturer instructions or material data
sheets can also help you.
Step 2
Decide who may be harmed
Think about people who may not be at the work place at
the time, e.g. cleaner, visitors, contractors, and
members of the public, etc.
Is there any chance that they might be harmed by your
activities?
Step 3
Evaluate the risks
arising from the hazards
Risks reduction hierarchy: (ERICPD)
Eliminate the hazard to remove the risk;
e.g. use of intrinsically safe electrical equipment in a classified
area (elimination of sparks, which are ignition sources).
Reduce or substitute the hazard with an alternative;
e.g. use of sodium hypochlorite solution in stead of free chlorine
gas for disinfection purposes.
Isolate the hazard from people;
e.g. fencing of excavations.
Control the hazard by introducing suitable measures;
e.g. Permit-to-Work system.
Personal protective equipment;
e.g. use of safety harness when working at height.
Discipline - personal discipline which is competence
based
(e.g. well trained staff) and organizational discipline which is rule
based (e.g. adherence to work procedures).
Step 4
Record
Record the findings, write down the more significant
hazards e.g. above ground power cables.
Step 5
Monitor and Review
Review your assessment from time to time and revise
if necessary.
If there is any significant change, you should add to
the assessment to take account of the new hazards.
Risk Evaluation
Severity
Likelihood
Slight Injury
First Aid
Minor/
Serious Injury
Major/
Lost Time
> 3 days
Single Fatality
/Permanent
Disability
Multiple
Fatalities
10
Certain
10
20
40
60
80
100
Very Likely
16
32
48
64
80
Likely
12
24
36
48
60
May Happen
16
24
32
40
Unlikely
12
16
20
The matrix shown can provide a breakdown of the Risk into categories:-
Risk Evaluation
Severity
Slight Injury
First Aid
Minor/
Serious Injury
Major/
Lost Time
> 3 days
Single Fatality
/Permanent
Disability
Multiple
Fatalities
10
Likelihood
4-8
Certain
10
20
40
60
80
100
Very Likely
16
32
48
64
80
Likely
12
24
36
48
60
May Happen
16
24
32
40
Unlikely
12
16
20
Trivial Risk; No further improvements. Necessary control measures are provided and maintained.
12 - 24
Adequately Controlled Risk; Risk is tolerable when control measures are implemented.
32 - 48
Moderately Controlled Risk; Further Risk Reduction Measures should be considered.
60 - 100
Intolerable Risk;
Seek specialist advice / support.
Section 7
Accident causation and
Investigation
Why Investigate?
Prevent future accidents
Demonstrate concern
Identify management system weaknesses
Prevent business loss
Best practice compliance
Collate data and establish trends
Defend civil claims
Defend a criminal case
Definitions
Accident
Incident / near-miss
An unplanned, unwanted event which
results in loss
An unplanned, unwanted event that has
the potential to result in loss
Occupational ill-health
Any acute or chronic ill-health (disease)
caused by physical, chemical, biological,
ergonomic or psychological hazards
Domino Theory
D
E
A
B
C
D
E
=
=
=
=
=
Root causes - Lack of management control
Basic causes - Individual and job factors
Immediate causes - Unsafe acts and conditions
Accident
Loss
Active And Latent
Failures
Local management
create these
Then it only takes one
of these...
Skills based
behaviour
Decisions
Organisation
Staffing
Budget
Timing
Work Flow
Design
Priority conflicts
Latent
failures
Active
Failures
Incident
Guards
PPE
Rules
Methods
etc
Supervision
Wilful violation
Roles & Responsibilities
Error
Design
At-risk behaviour
Communication / Info.
Risk Assessment
Procedures / methods
Training
Controls
Equipment
Inspection / maintenance
Audit
The Swiss cheese model of
accident causation
Some holes due
to active failures
Active
failures
Losses
Latent
failures
Management
decisions
Hazards
Other holes due to
latent conditions
(resident pathogens)
How and why defences
fail?
Defences/ Barriers/ Controls
HOW?
Losses
Hazards
Latent
condition
pathways
WHY?
Causes
Unsafe acts
Local workplace factors
Organisational factors
Investigation
Accident Categories /
Types
Slips / trips / falls on
same level
Falls from height
Falling objects
Collision with objects
Trapping / crushing
Manual handling
Machinery contact
Electricity
Transport
Chemical contact
Asphyxiation /
drowning
Fire and explosion
Animals
Violence
Actions Following An
Incident
Emergency response
Initial report
Initial assessment and investigation
Gather information
Accident Investigation
What should be investigated?
Do not only consider severity of loss
Also consider the potential
consequences and likelihood of
recurrence
Accident Investigation
Four steps
1. Gather the information
2. Analyse the information
3. Identify the risk control measures
4. Take action
Accident Investigation
1. Gather the information
Questionnaire
Interviews
Documents, Records
Accident Investigation
2. Analyse the information
Determine:
The type of accident
The immediate causes (unsafe acts
and conditions)
The basic causes (individual and job
factors)
The root causes (lack of management
control
Accident Investigation
3. Identify the risk control measures
Measures which eliminate risk
Measures which combat risks at source
Measures that minimise the risk by
relying on human behaviour
Accident Investigation
4. Take action
Action plan
Apply control measures
Investigation report
Records
Review
Risk Assessment. Were the risks identified
before the accident?
Risk control. Why did management systems
fail?
How effective were the emergency
procedures?
Section 9
Fire and Explosion
Basics
Introduction
Fire kills over 1.000 people every year and injuries many more.
Fire destroys jobs and property and costs millions of pounds in
the payment of insurance claims .
Every fire, no matter how large the end result, starts from small
beginnings,
But certain fundamentals are common to every incident.
Knowledge of these will help to prevent or control a fire.
Fire and Explosion
Technology
To understand how to avoid creating the conditions
leading to a fire or explosion, it will help if we
explore how these chemical reactions take place at
the molecular level.
For a Fire or Explosion to occur, molecules of fuel and
oxidizer must meet and electrons must be changed
A fuel is any substance that can donate electron to the
oxidizer, which is any substance that can accept the
donated electron.
This reaction releases heat and is self-sustaining.
Fire and Explosion
Technology
To have these electrons exchanged, there must be a
motive force to push molecules sufficiently close for the
reaction (exchange of electrons)
This motive force is called the Activation energy.
In case of the fire or explosion reaction, the activation
energy is called the Source of Ignition
Fire and Explosion
Technology
Once the fuel and oxidizer meet and react, they form new
compound, such as water vapor and carbon dioxide, and
also release great amount of heat.
This energy is greater than the amount needed for initial
reaction.
That excess energy is then available to cause the next
molecules in line to come together to react.
This continues in what is known as chain reaction.
Chain reaction will not stop until either fuel or oxidizer is
used up, or something else is put into the mix that siphons
off the energy until there is too little lift to initiate any more
reaction.
Fire and Explosion
Technology
The difference between the reaction we call a fire and one
we call an explosion is the speed at which the reaction front
moves through the mixture of fuel and oxidizer molecules.
Fire moves at subsonic speed, while the explosion flame front
moves at supersonic speed.
Some times is five to six times the sound speed
The sound speed is 1220 km/H or 339 m/sec
The relationship of the elements needed for a fire or an
explosion is most often represented by the Fire Triangle
Chemistry Of Combustion
Atomic structure
Combustion of Methane
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O - 890kJ
Fire Triangle
Oxidizer A substance that will accept an electron from a fuel
molecule as part of chain reaction called fire or
[Link] is typically an oxidizer, either in the
atmosphere or introduced by oxyacetylene set.
Fuel Any substance that can donate an electron to an
oxidizer. In practical terms, any material that can burn.
Ignition source Any source of energy capable to of
producing an incendiary spark, heat, or flame.
Oxygen Sources
Approximately 16%
required
Fire Triangle
Normal air contain 21% O2.
Some fuel material material
contain sufficient oxygen
within their make-up to
support burning
Heat Sources
To reach ignition
Temperature
Open flame The Sun - Hot
surfaces - Sparks and Arcs
Friction Chemical Action
Electrical Energy Compression of Gases
Fire
Fuel
Physical State
Gases
Liquids
Solids
Natural Gas
Propane Butane
Hydrogen
Acetylene Carbon
Monoxide, and
Others
Gasoline Kerosene
Turpentine
Alcohol Paint
Varnish Benzene
Olive oil, and Others
Coal Wood Paper
Cloth Wax
Grease Plastic
Surge Grain Hay
Cork, and Others
Flash Point
Flash Point The temperature to which a combustible or
flammable liquid must be raised so that enough vapor forms
above the surface of the liquid to enter the flammable
range. A liquid below its flash point temperature does not
produce enough vapor to burn.
Note: This concept does not apply when the liquid is
atomized into a fine mist, such as when in an airliner crashes
or paint solvent is applied using a sprayer, creating a mist.
Liquids at temperatures below their flash point can ignite
under such circumstances.
Definitions
Fire point
The minimum temperature where sufficient flammable
vapour is produced to support continuous combustion
once ignited by an outside source of heat
Auto-ignition
The temperature where a flammable vapour will ignite
without an external source of ignition
Definitions
Combustible Refers to material with a flash point
at or above 100 F ( 37.8 C.)
Flammable A material with a flash point less than
100 F ( 37.8 C.)
Flammable Range The range of ratios of fuel to
oxidizer in a mix that can be ignited by an energy
source; between LFL and UFL. A concentration of
fuel vapor or gas outside of this range will not burn
or explode.
Flammable Range
LFL
Flammable Range
UFL
Too reach
Too lean
0%
1.4%
7.6%
(Percent Gasoline Fuel Vapor)
100%
Fuel / Air concentration
Flammable Range
100%
0%
Fuel
Oxygen
UFL
Flammable range
Auto-ignition
LFL
0%
100%
Fuel
Oxygen
Flash point
Temperature oC
Stages Of Combustion
Induction
Growth
Steady-state burning phase
Decay
Fire Spread
1.
2.
Direct contact
Conduction
Fire Spread
3.
Convection
4.
Radiation
Fire Spread
Open burning fires
Enclosed fires
Fire Spread
Enclosed fires
Thermal layering
Flash-over
Back draught
Fire damage
Explosion
Deflagration
Subsonic velocity
Relatively slow pressure build up
Fireball
Detonation
Supersonic velocity
Rapid pressure build up
Destructive
Explosion
Classification
Physical explosions
Chemical explosions
Escape of flammable fluids
Electrical explosions
Explosion
Pressure
MEP
Over Pressure Zone
Under Pressure
Zone
Atmospheric
Pressure
Time
Explosion
Explosive limits
LEL
UEL
BLEVE
Overpressure caused by external
fire
Worst case flame impinging on
vapour space
Relief valve operates liberating
fuel
Containment fails as internal
temperature rises above critical
temperature
Results in secondary explosion and
fireball (radiation hazard),
fragmentation and blast pressure
wave (destructive)
Flash Fires
A flash fire occurs when a cloud of flammable
gas and air is ignited
The speed of burning (burning rate) is a
function of the concentration of the flammable
component in the cloud and the wind speed
Damage caused by thermal radiation and
oxygen depletion
Flash Fires
Fire in premixed region
Rapid flame propagation
Thermal radiation
Flame decay
Pool Fires
Ignition of evaporating
liquid
Heat produced causes
liberation of vapour and
steady burning
Less dangerous to human
life than flash fires
Structural and equipment
damage
Pool Fires
Sources
Spillage
Onto water
Onto land
Into a bund
Pool Fires
Sources
Tanks which have lost
their roof after an
explosion
Pool Fires
Duration
Depends on depth of
fuel
Thermal energy release
Incomplete combustion
(smoke)
(W/m3)
Fireball
A fire that rises
into the air as a
ball or sphere
Jet Fires
Pressurised release of
flammable liquid or gas
Gravity release from
punctured vessel or pipe
Jet Fires
Produces a long flame
Diffusion flame
fuel and air not initially mixed
Liquid rain causes pool fire
Flame length proportional to flow rate
A pressurised release of 8 kg/s would
have a length of 35 m
Fire Hazards To Plant
Radiation
Smoke (products of
combustion)
Loss of mechanical
strength
Tanks, pipework,
supporting structures,
Building may fail
Fire Hazards To Plant
Bunds
Confines and limits area
of spillage
Reduces
Pool size, therefore surface
area for evaporation
Extent of flammable cloud
Probability of ignition
Fire Hazards To Plant
Bunds
Height of wall
Vessel spacing
Risk of boil-over
from vaporisation of
water (fireball)
Separation from other
installations
Natural Gas, Introduction
and Overview
What is Natural Gas?
Natural gas is a highly efficient form of energy.
It's a colorless, odorless gas that is lighter than
air.
Its most abundant component is methane (about
95% by volume.) The remaining 5% consists of
ethane, nitrogen, propane, other heavier
hydrocarbons, and trace contaminants such as sulfur
compounds and water.
Natural Gas, Introduction
and Overview
Natural gas facts
Natural gas is lighter than air, it dissipates quickly in
well-ventilated areas unless it becomes trapped in an
enclosed space.
Given the right concentrations of natural gas and air, natural
gas can ignite from sparks from electrical switches or
appliances and from open flames such as matches,cigarettes
and hot works. Fire or explosions can result.
Natural gas is not poisonous, but it can cause
unconsciousness in high concentrations when it displaces air.
Natural gas is odorless
Natural Gas Hazards
Health Hazard
Eye and Skin Contact; It is documented that is not
an eye or skin irritant.
Inhalation (Breathing); Asphyxiant High
concentration may limit oxygen available for breathing.
Signs and Symptoms; Drowsiness, Confusion,
Visual disturbance, Vomiting, Unconsciousness, and can
lead to Death.
Natural Gas Hazards
Fire & Explosion Hazard
Flammable gas;
Can cause flash fire;
Keep away from Heat, Sparks, Flames, or other
lit sources; e.g Static electricity,Hot work operation,
cigarettes, mobile phone and mechanical/electrical
equipment.
Vapors may travel considerable distance;
Has the potential to create vapor/air explosion
hazard (indoor and out door)
Closed containers, like pipes, exposed to
extreme heat can rupture due to pressure build up
Control Measures
Risk control:
Maintain high levels of inherent safety
Manage hazards effectively during production and
maintenance activities
Objectives:
Minimise the likelihood of hazard release events
(inventory control)
Minimise the risk of fires and explosions occurring
(ignition source control)
Control Measures
Safe operating procedures
Maintenance activities
Reduce potential hydrocarbon leak sources
Control of other flammable hazards
Control of ignition sources (for minor and
major releases
Ignition Source Control
Identification and assessment
Area classification and environmental control
Segregation
Access control
Control Measures
Access Limitation
Access Limitation
Personnel Access
Designated Areas
Competent persons
Area Pass
Permit to Work (PTW)
Personal Properties
(Lighters, Matches and Heaters)
Non-intrinsic equipment
(Mobile phone, Laptop, Camera, Pagers and Nonintrinsic Radio,,etc.)
Control Measures
Access Limitation
Access Limitation
Vehicles and Equipment
Inspection and Certification by Authorized Person
Diesel motor vehicles ONLY ! No petrol motor
Gas proof Spark Arrestor
STOP
Control Measures
Tools and Equipment
Tools and Equipment
Inspection and Maintenance by Authorized Person
Gas Proof
Color Code
(Hand Power Tools Rigging Hard Ware)
First Quarter
(January, February and March)
YELLOW
Second Quarter
(April, May and June)
GREEN
Third Quarter
(July, August and September)
RED
Fourth Quarter
(October, November and December)
BLUE
Think Zero Incident. Do Zero Incident.
