CHAPTER-12

OPTICS
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1.
2.

3.
4.

5.
6.

7.

A light wave of frequency 5 1014 Hz enters a medium of refractive index 1.5. In the medium the velocity of the
light wave is .... and its wavelength is ....
(1983, 2M)
A convex lens A of focal length 20 cm and a concave lens B of focal length 5 cm are kept along the same axis with
a distance d between them. If a parallel beam of light falling on A leaves B as a parallel beam, then d is equal to
..... cm.
(1985, 2M)
A monochromatic beam of light of wavelength 6000 in vacuum enters a medium of refractive index 1.5. In the
medium its wavelength is ..... its frequency is ....
(1985, 2M)
In Young's double slit experiment, the two slits act as coherent sources of equal amplitude A and of wavelength
of . In another experiment with the same set up the two slits are sources of equal amplitude A and wavelength
, but are incoherent. The ratio of the intensity of light at the mid point of the screen in the first case to that in
the second case is ....
(1986, 2M)
A thin lens of refractive index 1.5 has a focal length of 15 cm in air. When the lens is placed in a medium of refractive
index. 4/3, its focal length will become ... cm.
(1987, 2M)
A point source emits sound equally in all directions in a non-absorbing mediuim. Two points P and Q are at a
distance 9 m and 25 m respectively from the source. The ratio of amplitudes of the waves at P and Q is .....
(1989, 2M)
A slab of material of refractive index 2 shown in figure has a curved surface APB of radius of curvature 10 cm and
a plane surface CD. On the left of APB is air and on the right of CD is water with refractive indices as given in
the figure. An object O is placed at a distance of 15 cm from the pole P as shown. The distance of the final image
of O from P, as viewed from the left is ....
(1991, 2M)
n1 = 1.0 A

C
n2 = 2.0

n3 =

4
3

O
P

E
15cm
B

D
20cm

8.

A thin rod of length f/3 placed along the optic axis of a concave mirror of focal length f such that its image which
is real and elongated, just touches the rod. The magnification is ....
(1991, 1M)

9.

A ray of light undergoes deviation of 30 when incident on a equilateral prism of refractive index

10.
11.

12.

13.

2 . The angle
made by the ray inside the prism with the base of the prism is ....
(1992; 1M)
The resolving power of electron microsocope is higher than that of an optical microscope because the wavelength
of electrons is .... than the wavelength of visible light.
(1992, 1M)
If 0 and 0 are, respectively, the electric permittivity and magnetic permeability of free space, and the
corresponding quantitites in a medium, the index of refraction of the medium in terms of the above parameter is ....
(1992, 1M)
A slit of width d is placed in front of a lens of focal length 0.5 m and is illuminated normally with light of wavelength
5.89 107 m. The first diffraction minima on either side of the central diffraction maximum are separated by
2 103m. The width d of the slit is .... m.
(1997, 1M)
Two thin lenses, when in contact, produce a combination of power + 10 diopters. When they are 0.25 m apart, the
power reduces to + 6 diopters. The focal lengh of the lenses are ..... m and m.
(1997, 2M)

14. A ray of light is incident normally on one of the faces of a prism of apex angle 30 and refractive index

2 . The
(1997, 2M)

angle of deviation of the ray is ..... degrees.

184

TRUE/FALSE
1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.

The intensity of light at a distance r from the axis of a long cylindrical source is inversely proportional or r.
(1981; 2M)
A convex lens of focal length 1m and a concave lens of focal length 0.25 m are kept 0.75 m apart. A parallel beam
of light first passes through the convex lens, then through the concave lens and comes to a focus 0.5 m away
from the concave lens.
(1982; 2M)
A beam of white light passing through a hollow prism give no spectrum.
(1983; 2M)
Two slits in a Youn g's double slit experiment are illuminated by two different sodium lamps emitting light of the
same wavelength. No interference pattern will be observed on the screen.
(1984; 2M)
In a Young's douuble slit experiment performed with a source of while light, only black and white fringes are
observed.
(1987; 2M)
A parallel beam of white light fall on a combination of a concave and a convex lens, both of same material. Their
focal lengths are 15 cm and 30 cm respectively for the mean wavelength in white light. On the same side of the
lens system, one sees coloured patterns with violet colour nearer to the lens.
(1988; 2M)

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

eahc other. The angles of reflection and refraction are

r and r'. The critical angle is :
(1983; 1M)

Only One option is correct :

1.

2.

3.

When a ray of light enters a glass slab from air :

(1980; 1M)
(a) its wavelength decrease
(b) its wavelength increases
(c) its frequency increases
(d) neither its wavelength nor its frequency changes
In Young's double slit experiment, the separation
between the slits is halved and the distance between
the slits and the screen is doubled. The fringe width
is :
(1981; 2M)
(a) unchanged
(b) halved
(c) doubled
(d) quadrupled
A glass prism of refractive index 1.5 is immersed in
water (refractive index 4/3). A light beam incident
normally on the face AB is totally reflected to reach the
face BC if :
(1981; 3M)
B

i r
r'

(a) sin 1 (tan r)

(c) sin 1 (tanr')
6.

Two coherent monochromatic light beams of intensities

I and 4I are superposed. The maximum and minimum
possble intensities in the resulting beam are :
(1988; 1M)
(a) 5I and I
(b) 5I and 3I
(c) 9I and I
(d) 9I and 3I

7.

A short linear object of length b lies along the axis of

a concave mirror of focal length f at a distance u from
the pole of the mirror. The size of the image is
approximately equal to :
(1988; 2M)

1/2

(a) sin > 8/9

(c) sin < 2/3

(b) 2/3 < sin < 8/9

(d) none of these
8.

4.

A convex lens of focal length 40 cm is in contact with

a concave lens of focal length 25 cm. The power of he
combination is :
(1982; 3M)
(a) 1.5 D
(b) 6.5D
(c) + 6.5D
(d) + 6.67 D

5.

A ray of light from a denser medium strikes a rarer

medium at an angle of incidence i (see figure). The
reflected and refracted rays make an angle of 90 with

(b) sin 1 (cot i)

(d) tan1 (sin i)

185

1/2

u f
(a) b

f
(b) b

u f

u f
(c)

f
(d) b
u f

A beam of light consisting of red, green and blue

colours is incident on a right angled prism. The refractive
indices of the material of the prism for the above red,
green and blue wavelengths are 1.39, 1.44 and 1.47
respectively. The prism will :
(1989; 2M)

45

(a) separate the red colour from the green and blue
colours
(b) separate the blue colour from the red and green
colours
(c) separate all the three colours from the one another
(d) not separate even partially any colour from the
other two colours
9.

An astronomical telescope has an angular magnification

of magnitude 5 for distance objects. The separation
between the objective and the eyepiece is 36 cm and
the final image is formed at infinity. The focal length
f0 of the objective and the focal length fe of the
eyepiece are :
(1995; 2M)
(a) f0 = 45 cm and fe = 9 cm
(b) f0 = 50 cm and fe = 10 cm
(c) f0 = 7.2 cm and fe = 5 cm
(d) f0 = 30 cm and fe = 6 cm

10. A thin prism P1 with angle 4 and made from glass of

refractive index 1.54 is combined with another thin
prism P2 made from glass of refractive index 1.72 to
produce dispersion without dviation. The angle of the
prism P2 is :
(1990; 2M)
(a) 5.33
(b) 4
(c) 3
(d) 2.6
11. Two thin convex lenses of focal length f1 and f2 are
separated by a horizontal distance d (where d < f1 , d
< f2 ) and their centres are displaced by a vertical
separation as shown in the figure:
y

Taking the origin of coordinates O, at the centre of the

first lens, the x and y-coordinates of the focal point of
this lens system, for a parallel beam of rays coming
from the left, are given by :
(1993; 2M)

f1 f2
(a) x = f + f , y =
1
2
f1 ( f2 + d )

(b) x = f + f d , y = f + f
1
2
1
2
(c) x =

f1 f 2 + d ( f1 d )
( f1 d )
,y=
f1 + f 2 d
f1 + f2 d

12. Spherical aberration in a thin lens can be reduced by:

(1994; 2M)
(a) using a monochromatic light
(b) using a double combination
(c) using a circular annular mark over the lens
(d) increasing the size of the lens
13. A narrow slit of width 1 mm is illuminated by
monochromatic light of wavelength 600 nm. The
distance between the first minima on either side of a
screen at a distance of 2 m is :
(1994; 1M)
(a) 1.2 cm
(b) 1.2 mm
(c) 2.4 cm
(d) 2.4 cm
14. An isosceles prism of
angle 120 has a refractive
index 1.44. Two parallel of
monochromatic light enter
the prism parallel to each
other in air as shown. The
rays emerge from the
opposite face :
(1995; 2M)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

rays

120

are parallel to each other

are diverging
make an angle 2 [sin 1 (0.72) 30] with each other
make an angle 2 sin 1 (0.72) with each other

15. The focal lengths of the objective and the eyepiece of

a compound microscope are 2.0 cm and 3.0 cm
respectively. The distance between the objective and
the eyepiece at 15.0 cm. The final image formed by the
eyepiece is at infinity. The two lenses are thin. The
distance in cm of the object and the image produced
by the objective, measured from the objective lens,
and respectively :
(1995; 2M)
(a) 2.4 and 12.0
(b) 2.4 and 15.0
(c) 2.0 and 12.0
(d) 2.0 and 3.0
16. A diminished image of an object is to be obtained on
a screen 1.0 m from it. This can be achieved by
appropriate placing :
(1995; 2M)
(a) a concave mirror of suitable focal length
(b) a convex mirror of suitable focal length
(c) a convex lens of focal length less than 0.25 m
(d) a convex lens of suitable focal length
17. Consider Fraunhoffer diffraction pattern obtained with
a single slit illuminated at normal incidence. At the
angular position of the first diffraction minimum the
phase difference (in radian) between the wavelets from
the oppoosite edges of the slit is :
(1995; S)

4
(c) 2
(a)

f1 f2 + d ( f1 d)
,y =0
(d) x =
f1 + f 2 d
186

2
(d)
(b)

19. A real image of a distant object is formed by a

planoconvex lens on its principal axis. Spherical
aberration :
(1998; 2M)
(a) is absent
(b) is smaller if the curved surface of the lens faces
the object
(c) is smaller if the plane surface of the lens faces the
object
(d) is the same whichever side of the lens faces the
object
20. A parallel monochromatic beam of light is incident
normally on a narrow slit. A diffraction pattern is
formed on a screen placed perpendicular to the direction
of the incident beam. At the first minimum of the
diffraction pattern, the phase difference between the
rays coming from the two edges of the slit is :
(1998; 2M)
(a) zero
(b) / 2
(c)
(d) 2
21. A concave mirror is placed on a horizontal table with
its axis directed vertically upwards. Let O be the pole
of the mirror and C its centre of curvature. A point
object is placed at C. It has a real image also located
at C. If the mirror is now filled with water, the image
will be :
(1998; 2M)
(a) real and will remain at C
(b) real and located at a point between C and .
(c) virtual and located at a point between C and O
(d) real and located at a point between C and O
22. A spherical surface of radius of curvature R, separates
air (refractive index 1.0) from glass (refractive index
1.5). The centre of curvature is in the glass. A point
object P placed in air is found to have a real image Q
in the glass. The line PQ cuts the surface at a point
O and PO = OQ. The distance PO is equal to :
(1998; 2M)
(a) 5 R
(b) 3 R
(c) 2 R
(d) 1.5 R

combination shall be :

(a) straight
(b) circular
(c) equally spaced
(d) having fringe spacing which increases as we go
outwards
25. A concave lens of glass, refractive index 1.5 has both
surfaces of same radius of curvature R. On immersion
in a medium of refractive index 1.75, it will behave as
a :
(1999; 2M)
(a) convergent lens of focal length 3.5 R
(b) convergent lens of focal length 3.0 R
(c) divergent lens of focal length 3.5 R
(d) divergent lens of focal length 3.0 R
26. In a compound microscope, the intermediate image is:
(2000; 2M)
(a) virtual, erect and magnified
(b) real, erect and magnified
(c) real, inverted and magnified
(d) virtual, erect and reduced
27. A hollow double concave lens is made of very thin
transparent material. It can be filled with air of either
of two liquids L1 or L2 having refracting indices n 1 and
n 2 respectively (n 2 > n 1 > 1). The lens will diverge a
parallel beam of light if it is filled with : (2000; 2M)
(a) air and placed in air
(b) air and immersed in L1
(c) L1 and immersed in L2
(d) L2 and immersed in L1
28. A diverging beam of light from a point source S having
divergence angle falls symmetrically on a glass slab
as shown. The angles of incidence of the two extreme
rays are equal. If the thickness of the glass slab is t
and its refractive index is n, then the divergence angle
of the emergent beam is :
(2000; 2M)

23. Yellow light is used in a single slit diffraction experiment

with slit width of 0.6 mm. If yellow light is replaced by
X-rays, then the observed pattern will reveal :(1998;
2M)
(a) that the central maximum is narrower
(b) more number of fringes
(c) less number of fringes
(d) no diffraction pattern
24. A thin slice is cut out of a glass cylinder along a plane
parallel to its axis. The slice is placed on a flat plane
as shown. The observed interference fringes from this

(1999; 2M)

(a) zero
(b)
(c) sin 1 (l/n)
(d) 2 sin 1 (l/n)
29. In a double slit experiment instead of taking slits of
equal widths, one slit is made twice as wide as the

187

other, then in the interference pattern : (2001; 2M)

(a) the intensities of both the maxima and the minima
increases
(b) the intenseity of the maxima increase and the
minima has zero intensity
(c) the intensity of maxima decreases and that of
minima increases
(d) the intensity of maxima decreases and the minima
has zero intensity
30. A point source of light B, placed at a distance L in
front of the centre of a plane mirror of width d, hanging
vertically on a wall. A man walks in front of the mirro
along a line parallel to the mirror at a distance 2L from
it as shown. The greatest distance over which he can
see the image of the light source in the mirror is :
(2000; 2M)

33. In a young's double slit experiment, 12 fringes are

observed to be formed in a certain segment of the
screen when light of wavelength 600 nm is used. If the
wavelength of light is changed to 400 nm, number of
fringes observed in the same segment of the screen is
given by :
(2001; 2M)
(a) 12
(b) 18
(c) 24
(d) 30
34. A ray of light passes through four transparent media
with refractive indices 1, 2, 3 and 4 as shown in the
figure. The surfaces of all medcia are parallel. If the
emergent ray CD is parallel to the incident ray AB, we
must have :
(2002; 2M)

32. Two beams of light having intensities I and 4I interfere

to produce a fringe pattern on a screen. The phase
difference between the beams is /2 at point A and
at point B. Then the difference resultant intensities at
A and B is :
(2001; 2M)
(a) 2I
(b) 4 I
(c) 5 I
(d) 7 I

2L

(a) d/2
(c) 2d

(b) d
(d) 3d

31. A rectangular glass slab ABCD of refractive index n 1,

is immersed in water of refractive index n 2(n 1> n 2). A
ray of light is incident at the surface AB of the slab as
shown. The maximum value of the angle of incidence
max , such that the ray comes out only from the other
surface CD, is given by :
(2000; 2M)
A
max

D
n1

n2

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

1 1
1

(b) sin n1 cos sin

n2

1 n2
(d) sin
n1

(b) 2 = 3
(d) 4 = 1

35. A given ray of light suffers minimumd eviation in an

equilateral prism P. Additional prism Q and R o f
identical shape and of the same mateiral as P are now
added as shown in the figure. The ray will suffer :
(2001; 2M)

1 n2
1 n1

(a) sin cos sin

n1

n2

1 n1
(c) sin
n2

(a) 1 = 2
(c) 3 = 4

greatier deviation
no deviation
same devaition as before
total internal reflection

36. An observer can see through a pin-hole the top end

of a thin rod of height h, placed as shown in the figure.
The beaker height is 3h and its radius h. When the
beaker is filled with a liquid up to a height 2h, he can
see the lower end of the rod. Then the refractive index
of the liquid is :
(2002; 2M)

188

40. In the adjacent diagram cP represeent a wavefront and

AO and BP, the corresponding two rays. Find the
condition on for constructive interference at P
between the ray BP and reflected ray OP.(2003; 2M)
R

3h

h
C

2h

(a)

5
2
3
2

(c)

5
2

(b)

(d)

3
2

37. Which one of the following spherical lenses does not

exhibit dispersion? The radii of curvature of the surface
of the lenses are as given in the diagrams:
(2002; 2M)
(a) R1

(c) R

R2

(b) R1

(d) R

38. In the ideal double-slit experiment, when a glass-plate

(refractive index 1.5) of thickness t is introduced in the
path of one of the interfering beams (wavelength ),
the intensity at the position where the central maximum
occurred previously remains unchange.d The minimum
thickness of the glass-plate is :
(2002; 2M)

3
(a) cos =
2d

(b) cos =

(c) sec cos =

4d

(d) sec cos =

4
d

41. The size of the image of an object, which is at infinity,

as formed by a convex lens of focal length 30 cm is 2
cm. If a concave lens of focal length 20 cm is placed
between the convex lens and the image at a distance
of 26 cm from the convex lens, calculate the new size
of the image.
(2003; 2M)
(a) 1.25 cm
(b) 2.5 cm
(c) 1.05 cm
(d) 2 cm
42. A ray of light is incident at the glass-water interface
at an angle i, it emerges finally parlalel to the surface
of water, then the vlaue of g would be :(2003; 2M)
Air
r

2
(b)
3

(a) 2

(c)

w =
r

4/3

Water
Glass

(d)

39. Two plane mirrors A and B are aligned parallel to each

other, as shown oin the figure. A light ray is incident
at an angle 30 at a point just inside one end of A. The
plane of incidence coincides with the plane of the
figure. The maximum number of times the ray undergoes
reflections (including the first one) before it emerges
out is :
(2002; 2M)

(a) (4/3) sin i

(c) 4/3

(b) 1/sin i
(d) 1

43. White light is incident on the interface of glass and air

as shown in the figure. If green light is jsut totaly
internally reflected then the emerging ray in air contains.
(2004; 2M)

2 3

Air
B
0.2m

(a) 28
(c) 32

30

Glass
A

Water

(a) yellow, orange, red

(b) violet, indigo, blue
(c) all colours
(d) all colours except green

(b) 30
(d) 34
189

44. A ray fo light is incident on an equilaterla glass prism

placed on a horizontal table. For minimum deviation
which of the following is true ?
(2004; 2M)

50. A point object is placed at

distance of 20 cm from a thin
planoconvex lens of focal
length 15 cm. The plane surface
of the lens is now silvered.

49. A convex lens is in contact with concave lens. The

magnitude of the ratio of their focal length is 2/3. Their
equivalent focal length is 30 cm. What are their
individual focal lengths?
(2005; 2M)
(a) 70, 50
(b) 10, 15
(c) 75, 50
(d) 15, 10

(a) PQ is horizontal
(b) QR is horizontal
(c) RS is horizontal
(d) Either PQ or RS is horizontal
45. A point object is placed at the centre of a glass sphere
of radius 6 cm and refractive index 1.5. The distance of
the virtual image from the surface of the sphere is :
(2004; 2M)
(a) 2 cm
(b) 4 cm
(c) 6 cm
(d) 12 cm

51. The graph between object distnace u and image distance

v for a lens is given below. The focal length of the lens
is :
(2006; 3M)
v

46. In a YDSE bi-chromatic light of wavelength 400 nm and

560 nm are used. The distance between the slits is 0.1
mm and the distance between the plane of the slits and
the screen is 1 m. The minimum distance between two
successive regions of complete darkness is :
(2004; 2M)
(a) 4 mm
(b) 5.6 mm
(c) 14 mm
(d) 28 mm
47. In Young's double slit experiment intensity at a point
is 1/4th of the maximum intensity. Angular position of
this point is :
(2005; 2M)

(a) sin 1 d
(b) sin 1 2d

(c) sin 1 3d

(d) sin 1 4d

33.25 cm 15 cm

48. A container is filled with water ( = 1.33) upto a height

of 33.25 cm. A concave mirror is placed 15 cm above
the water level and the image of an object placed at the
bottom is formed 25 cm below the water level. The
focal length of the mirror is :
(2004; 2M)

25 cm
1
O

(a) 10 cm
(c) 20 cm

(b) 15 cm
(d) 25 cm

20 cm

The image created by the system is at : (2006; 3M)

(a) 60 cm to the left of the system
(b) 60 cm to the right of the system
(c) 12 cm to the left of the system
(d) 60 cm to the right of the system

+11
+10
+9
9 10 11

(a) 5 + 0.1
(c) 0.5 + 0.1

(b) 5 + 0.05
(d) 0.5 + 0.05

52. A biconvex lens of focal length f forms a circular image

of radius r of sun in focal plane. Then which option
is correct?
(2006; 3M)
(a) r2 f
(b)r2 f2
(c) If lower half part is covered by black sheet, then
area of the iamge is equal to r2 /2
(d) If f is doubled, intensity will increase
53. A ray of light travelling in water is incident on its
surface open to air. The angle of incidence is , which
is less than the cirtical angle. Then there will be :
(2007; 3M)
(a) only a reflected ray and no refracted ray
(b) only a reflected ray and no reflected ray
(c) a reflected ray and a refracted ray and the angle
between them would be less than 180 2
(d) a reflected ray and a refracted ray and the angle
between them would be greater than 180 2
54. In an experiment to determine the focal length (f) of a
concave mirror by the u-v method, a student places the
object pin A on the principal axis at a distance x from

190

the pole P. The student looks at the pin and its

inverted image from a distance keeping his/her eye in
line with PA. When the student shifts his/her eye
towards left, the image appears to the right of the
object pin. Then :
(2007; 3M)
(a) x < f
(b) f < x < 2f
(c) x = 2f
(d) x > 2f
55. Two beams of red and violet colours are made to pass
separately through a prism (angle of the prism is 60).
In the position of minimum deviation, the angle of
refraction will be
(2008; 3M)
(a) 30 for both the colours
(b) greater for the violet colour
(c) greater for the red colour
(d) equal but not 30 for both the colours
56. A light beam is travelling from Region I to Region IV
(Refer Figure). The refractive index in Regions I, II, III

2.

White light is used to illuminate the two slits in a Youn

g's double slit experiment. The separation between the
slits is b and the screen is at a distance d (>> b) from
the slits. At a point on the screen directly infront of
one of the slits, certain wavelengths are missing. Some
of these missing wavelengths are :
(1984; 2M)
(a) = b 2 /d
(b) = 2b 2 /d
(c) = b 2 /3d
(d) = 2b 2 /3d

3.

A converging lens is used to form an image on a

screen. When the upper half of the lens is covered by
an opaque screen :
(1986; 2M)
(a) half of the iamge will disappear
(b) complete image will be formed
(c) intensity of the image will increase
(d) intensity of the image will decrease

4.

A planet is observed by an astronomical refracting

telescope having an objective of focal length 16 m and
an eyepiece of focal length 2 cm :
(1992; 2M)
(a) the distance between the objective and the eyepiece
is 16.02 m
(b) the angular magnification fo the planet is 800
(c) the image of the planet is inverted
(d) the objective is larger than the eyepiece

5.

In an interfernce arrangement similar to Young's doubleslit experiment, the slits S 1 and S 2 are illuminated with
coherent microwave sources, each of frequency 106 Hz.
The sources are synchronized to have zero phase
difference. The slits are separated by a distance
d = 150 M. The intensity I () is measured as a function
of , where Q is defined as shown. If I0 is the maximum
intensity, then I () for 0 90 is given by :
(1995; 2M)

n0 n2
n
,
and 0 , respectively. The angle
and IV are n 0 ,
2 6
8
of incidence for which the beam just misses entering
Region IV is
(2008; 3M)
Region I
Region II
Region III
Region IV
n0
6

n0
2
1 3
(a) sin
4

1 1
(b) sin
8

1 1
(b) sin
4

1 1
(d) sin
3

n0
8

57. A ball is dropped from a height of 20 m above the

surface of water in a lake. The refractive index of water
is 4/3. A fish inside the lake, in the line of fall of the
ball, is looking at the ball. At an instant, when the ball
is 12.8 m above the water surface, the fish sees the
speed of ball as [Take g = 10 ms/s 2.]
(2009; M)
(a) 9 m/s
(b) 12 m/s
(c) 16 m/s
(d) 21.33 m/s

S1
d/2

d/2
S2

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
More than one options are correct?
1.

In the Young's double slit experiment, the interefernce

pattern is found to have an intensity ratio between the
bright and dark fringes as 9. This implies that :
(1982; 2M)
(a) the intensities at the screen due to the two slits
are 5 units and 4 units respectively
(b) the intensities at the screen due to the two slits
are 4 units and 1 unit respectively.
(c) the amplitude ratio is 3
(d) the amplitude ratio is 2

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
6.

191

I () = I0 /2 for = 30
I () = I0 /4 for = 90
I () = I0 for = 0
I () is constant for all values of

Which of the following form (s) a virtual and erect

image for all position of the object?
(1998; 2M)
(a) Convex lens
(b) Concave lens
(c) Convex mirror
(d) Concave mirror

7.

8.

beam from C is of intensity 20 W/m2 . Calculate intensity

at P on the screen.
(1982; 5M)

A ray of light travelling in a transparent medium falls

on a surface separating the medium from air at an angle
of incidence 45. The ray undergoes total internal
reflection. If n is the refractive idnex of the medium
with respect to air, select the possible value (s) of n
from the following :
(1998; 2M)
(a) 1.3
(b) 1.4
(c) 1.5
(d) 1.6
In a Young's double slit experiment, the separation
between the two slits is d and the wavelength of the
light is . The intensity of light falling on slit 1 is four
times the intensity of light falling on slit 2. Choose the
correct choice (s).
(2007; 4M)
(a) If d = , the screen will contain only one maximum
(b) If < d < 2, at least one more maximum (besides
the central maximum) will be observed on the
screen
(c) If the intensity of light falling on slit 1 is reduced
so that it becomes equal to that of slit 2, the
intensities of the observed dark and bright fringes
will increase
(d) If the intensity of light falling on slit 2 is increased
so that it becomes equal to that of slit 1, the
intensities of the observed dark and bright fringes
will increase

2.

3.

In Young's double slit experiment using

monorochormatic light the fringe pattern shifts by a
certain distance on the screen when a mica sheet of
refractive index 1.6 and thickness 1.964 microns is
introduced in the path of one of the interfering waves.
The mica sheet is then removed and the distance
between the slits and the screen is doubled. It is found
that the distance between successive maxima (or
minima) now is the same as the observed fringe shift
upon the introduction of the mica sheet. Calculate the
wavelength of the monochromatic light used in the
experiment.
(1983; 6M)

4.

A plano-convex lens has a thickness of 4 cm. When

palced on a horizontal table, with the curved surface
in contact with it, the apparaent depth of the bottom
most point of the lens is found to be 3 cm. If the lens
is inverted such that the plane face is in contact with
the table, the apparent depth of the centre of the plane
face is found to be 25/8 cm. Find the focal length of
the lens. Assume thickness to be negligible while
finding its focal length.
(1984; 6M)

5.

A beam of light consisting of two wavelength, 6500

and 5200 is used to obtain interference fringe in a
Young's double slit experiment.
(1985; 6M)
(i) Find the distance of the third bright fringe on the
screen from the central maximum for wavelengh
6500
(ii) What is the least distance from the central maximum
where the bright fringes due to both the
wavelengths coincide?
The distance between the slits is 2 mm and the distance
between the plane of the slits and the screen is 120 cm.

6.

Monochromaic light is incident on a plane interface AB

between two media of refractive indices n 1 and n 2
(n 2 > n 1 ) at an angle of incidence as shown in the
figure. The angle is infinitesimally greater than the
critical angle of the two media so that total internal
reflection takes place. Now if a transparent slab DEFG
of uniform thickness and of refractive index n 3 is
introduced on the interface (as shown in the figure),
show tha for any value of n 3 all light will ultimately be

The convex surface of a thin concave-convex lens of

glass of refractive index 1.5 has a radius of curvature
20 cm. The concave surface has a radius of curvature
60 cm. The convex side is silvered and placed on a
horizontal surface.
(1981; 2M)

(i) Where should a pin be placed on the optic axis

such that is image is formed at the same place?
(ii) If the concave part is filled with water of refractive
index 4/3, find the distance through which the pin
should be moved, so that the image of the pin
again coincides with the pin.

P
60

SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1.

60

Screen S is illuminated by two point sources A and B.

Another source C sends a parallel beam of light
towards point P on the screen (see figure). Line AP is
normal to the screen and the lines AP, BP and PC are
in one plane. The distances AP, BP and CP are 3 m,
1.5 m and 1.5 m respectively. The radiant powers of
sources A and B are 90 W and 180 W respectively. The
192

reflected back again into medium II. Consider separately

the cases:
(1988; 6M)
(i) n 3 < n 1 and n 3 > n 1
D
G

Medium I
( n1 )
Medium III
( n3 )

7.

E
F

Medium II
( n2 )

A right prism is to be made by selecting a proper

material and the angles A and B (B A), as shown in
figure. It is desired that a ray of light incident on the
face AB emerges parallel to the incident direction after
two internal reflections.
(1987; 7M)

10. A narrow monochromatic beam of light of intensity I

is incident on a glass plate as shown in figure. Another
identical glass plate is kept close to the first one-and
parallel to it. Each glass plate reflects 25 per cent of the
light incident on it and transmits the remaining. Find
the ratio of the minimum and maximum intensities in
the interference pattern formed by the two beams
obtained after one reflection at each plate.
(1990; 7M)

B
1

(i) What should be the minimum refractive index n for

this to be possible?

5
is it possible to achieve this with the
3
angle B equal to 30 degrees?

(ii) For n =

8.

9.

A parallel beam of light travelling in water (refractive

index = 4/3) is refracted by a spherical air bubble of
radius 2 mm situated in water. Assuming the light rays
to be paraxial.
(1988; 6M)
(i) Find the position of the image due to refraction at
the first surface and the position of the final
image.
(ii) Draw a ray diagram showing the positions of both
the images.

11. Two parallel beams of light P and Q (separation d)

containing radiations of wavelengths 4000 and 5000
(which are mutually coherent in each wavelength
separately) are incident normally on a prism as shown
inf igure. The refractive index of the prism as a function
of wavelength is given by the relation, () = 1.20 +

In a modified Young's double slit experiment, a

monochromatic uniform and parallel beam of light of
wavelength 6000 and intensity (10/) Wm2 is incident
normally on two apartues A and B of radii 0.001 m and
0.002 m respectively. A perfectly transparent film of
thickness 2000 and refractive index 1.5 for the
wavelength of 6000 is placed in front of aperture A
(see figure.) Calculate the power (in W) received at the
focal spot F of the lens. The lens is symmetrically
placed with respect to the apertures. Assume that 10%
of the power received by each aperture goes in the
original direction and is brought to the focal spot.
(1989; 8M)

193

is in and b is positive constant. The

2
value of b is such that the condition for total reflection
at the face C is just satisfied for one wavelength and
is not satisfied for the other.
(1991; 2 + 2 + 4M)
2

where

A
P

sin = 0.8

90

Q
B

(a) Find the value of b.

(b) Find the deviation of the beams transmitted through
the face AC.
(c) A convergent lens is used to bring these
transmitted beams into focus. If the intensities of
the upper and the lower beams immediately after
transmission from the face AC, are 4I and I
respectively, find the resultant intensity at the
focus.

12. Light is incident at an angle on one planar end of

a transparent cylindrical rod of refractive index n.
Determine the least value of n so that the light entering
the rod does not emerge from the curved surface of the
rod irrespective of the value of .
(1992; 8M)

point of incidence is the origin A (0,0). The medium has

a variable index of refraction n (y) is given by
n (y) = [ky3/2 + 1]1/2 where k = 1.0 (meter)3/2 .
The refractive index of air is 1.0
(1995; 10M)
y

t = 1.0m

Air

P ( x1 , y1 )

B (x, y)
Medium

13. In given figure, S is a monochromatic point source

emitting light of wavelength = 500 nm. A thin lens of
circular shape and focal length 0.10 m is cut into two
identical halves L1 and L2 by a plane passing through
a diameter. The two halves are placed symmetrically
about the central axis is SO with a gap of 0.5 mm. The
distance along the axis from S to L1 and L2 is 0.15 m
while that from L1 and L2 to O is 1.30 m. The screen
at O is normal to SO.
(1993; 5 + 1 M)

L1

0.5mm
O

L2
0.15m

(a) Obtain a relation between the slope of the trajectory

of the ray at a point B (x, y) in the medium and the
incident angle at the point.
(b) Obtain an equation for the trajectory y (x) of the
ray in the medium.
(c) Determine the coordinaes (x1, y1) of the point P,
where the ray intersects thre upper surface of the
slab-air boundary.
(d) Indicate the path of the ray subsequently.
16. Angular width of central maximum in the Fraunhofer
diffraction pattern of a slit is measure.d The slit is
illuminated by light of wavelength 6000, When the
slit is illuminated by light of another wavelength, the
width decreases by 30%. Calculate the wavelength of
this light. The same decreases in the angular width of
central maximum is obtained when the original
apparatus is immersed in a liquid. Find refractive index
of the liquid.
(1996; 2M)

A
S

Air

A (0, 0)

Screen
1.30m

(i) If the third intensity maximum occurs at the point

A on the screen, find the distance OA.
(ii) If the gap between L1 and L2 is reduced from its
original value of 0.5 mm, will the distance OA
increases, decrease or remain the same.

17. A right angle prism (45-90-45) of refractive index n

has a plane of refractive index n 1 (n 1 < n) cemented to
its diagonal face. The assembly is in air. The ray is
incident on AB.
(1996; 3M)
A

14. An image Y is formed of point object X by a lens

whose optic axis is AB as shown in figure. Draw a ray
diagram to locate the lens and its focus. If the image
Y of the object X is formed by a concave mirror (having
the same optic axis as AB) instead of lens, draw
another ray diagram to locate the mirror and its focus.
Write down the steps of construction of the ray
diagrams.
(1994; 6M)

n1

(i) Calculate the angle of incidence at AB for which the

ray strikes the diagonal face at the critical angle.
(ii) Assuming n = 1.352, calculate the angle of
incidence at AB for which the refracted ray passes
through the diagonal face undeviated.

A
Y

15. A ray of light travelling in air is incident at grazing

angle (incident angle = 90) on a long rectangular slab
of a transparent medium of thickness t = 1.0 m. The

18. A double slit apparatus is immersd in a liquid of

refractive index 1.33. It has slit separation of 1 mm and
distance between the plane of slits and screen is
1.33 m. The slits are illuminated by a parallel beam of
light whose wavelength in air is 6300. (1996; 3M)

194

(i) Calculate the fringe width.

(ii) One of the slits of the apparatus is covered by a
thin glass sheet of refractive index 1.53. Find the
smallest thickness of the sheet to bring the adjecent
minimum as the axis.
19. A thin plano-convex lens of focal length f is split into
two halves. One of the halves is shifted along the
optical axis. The separation between object and image
planes is 1.8 m. The magnification of the image formed
by one of the half lens is 2. Find the focal length of
the lens and separation between the halves. Draw the
ray diagram for image formation.
(1996; 5M)

thickness as the first one but having refractive index

1.7. Interference pattern is observed using light of
wavelength 5400 . It is found that the point P on the
screen, where the central maximum (n = 0) fall before
the glass plates were inserted, now has 3/4 the original
intensity. It is further observed that what used to be
the fifth maximum earlier lies below the point P while
the sixth minima lies above P. Calculate the thickness
of glass plate. (Absorption of light by glass plate may
be neglected).
(1997; 5M)
23. A prism of refractive index n 1 and another prism of
refractive index n 2 are stuck togehter with a gap as
shown in the figure. The angle of the prism are as
shown n 1 and n 2 depend on l, the wavelength of light

= 1.20 +

according to : n 1

= 1.45 +

1.8m

where is in nm.

and n 2

(1998; 8M)

20. In Young's experiment, the source is red light of

wavelength 7 107 m. When a thin glass plate of
refractive index 1.5 at this wavelength is put in the
path of one of the interfering beams, the central bright
fringe shifts by 103 m to the position previously
occupied by the 5th bright fringe. Find the thickness
of the plate. When the source is now changed to green
light of wavelength 5 107 m, the central fringe shifts
to a position initially occupied by the 6th bright fringe
due to red light. Find the refractive index of glass for
green light. Also estimate the change in fringe width
due to the change in wavelength.
(1997C; 5M)

70
n2
n1

60

20

21. A thin equiconvex lens of glass of refractive index

= 3/2 and of focal length 0.3 m in air is sealed into an
opening at one end of a tank filled with water = 4/
3. On the oppoosite side of the lens, a mirror is placed
inside the tank on the tank wall perpendicular to the
lens axis, as shown in figure. The separation between
the lens and the mirror is 0.8 m. A small object is
palced outside the tank in front of. Find the position
(relative to the lens) of the image of the object formed
by the system
(1997C; 5M)

1.80 104

10.8 104

40

(a) Calcualte the wavelength 0 for which rays incident

at any angle on the interface BC pass through
without bending at that interface.
(b) For light of wavelength 0, find the angle of
incidence i on the face AC such that the deviation
produced by the combination of prisms is minimum.
24. A coherent parallel beam of microwaves of wavelength
= 0.5 mm falls on a Young's double slit apparatus.
The separation between the slits is 1.0 mm. The
intensity of microwaves is measured on a screen placed
parallel to the plane of the slits at a distance of 1.0 m
from it as shown in the figure.
(1998; 8M)
y

0.8m
0.9m

30

d = 1.0mm

D = 1.0m
Screen

22. In a Young's experiment, the upper slit is covered by

a thin glass plate of refractive index 1.4, while the lower
slit is covered by another glass plate, having the same
195

(a) If the incident beam falls normally on the double

slit apparatus, find the y0-coordinates of all the
interference minima on the screen.
(b) If the incident beam makes an angle of 30 wit the

x-axis (as in the dotted arrow shown in figure),

find the y-coordinates of the first minima on either
side of the central maximum.
25. The Young's double slit experiment is done in a medium
of refractive index 4/3. A light of 600 nm wavelength
is falling on the slits having 0.45 mm separation. The
lower slit S 2 is covered by a thin glass sheet of
thickness 10.4 m and refractive index 1.5 The
interfernce pattern is observed on a screen placed 1.5
m from the slits as shown in the figure.
(1999; 10M)
y

28. A convex lens of focal length 15 cm and a concave

mirror of focal length 30 cm are kept with their optics
axis PQ and RS parallel but separated in vertical
direction by 0.6 cm as shown. The distance between
the lens and mirror is 30 cm. An upright object AB of
height 1.2 cm is placed on the optic axis PQ of the lens
at a distance of 20 cm from the lens. If A'B is the image
after refraction from the lens and the reflection from
the mirror, find the distance of A'B' from the pole of the
mirror and obtain its magnification. Also locate positions
of A' and B' with respect to the optic axis RS.
(2000; 6M)
A

S1
P
0.6cm
R

S
O
S2

26. The x-y plane is the boundary between two transparent

media. Medium1 with z 0 has a refractive index

and medium 2 with z 0 has a refractive index

3.
A ray of light in medium 1 given by vector
ur
A = 6 3i$ + 8 3 $j 10k$ is incident on the plane of
separation. Find the unit vector in the direction of the
refracted ray in medium-2.
(1999; 10M)
27. A quarter cylinder of radius R and refractive index 1.5
is placed on a table. A point object P is kept at a
distance of mR from it. Find the value of m for which
a ray from P will emerge parallel to the table as shown
in figure.
(1999; 5M)
+ve

A
mR

Q
S

30 cm

(a) Find the location of central maximum (bright fringe

with zero path difference) on the y-axis.
(b) Find the light intensity of point O relative to the
maximum fringe intensity.
(c) Now, if 600 nm light is replaced by white light of
range 400 to 700 nm, find the wavelengths of the
light that form maxima exactly at point O.
[All wavelengths in the problem are for the given
medium of refractive index 4/3. Ignore dispersion]

29. A glass plate of refractive index 12.5 is coated witha

thin layer of thickess t and refractive index 1.8. Light
of wavelength travelling in air is incident normally on
the layer. It is partly reflected at the upper and the
lower surfaces of the layer and the two reflected rays
interfere. Write the condition for their constructive
inteference. If = 648 nm, obtain the least value of t
for which the rays interfere constructively.
(2000; 4M)
30. The refractive indices of the crown glass for blue and
red light are 1.51 and 1.498 respectively and those of
the flint glass are 1.77 and 1.73 respectively. An
isosceles prism of angle 6 is made of crown glass. A
beam of white light is incident at a small angle on this
prism. The other flint glass isosceles prism is combined
with the crown glass prism such that there is no
deviation of the incident light.
(2001; 5M)
(i) Determine the angle of the flint glass prism.
(ii) Calculate the net dispersion of the combined
system.
31. A vessels ABCD of 10 cm width has two small slits S 1
and S 2 sealed with identical glass plates of equal
thickness. The distance between the slits is 0.8 mm.
POQ is the line perpendicular to the plane AB and
passing through O, the middle point of S 1 and S 2 . A
monochromatic light source is kept at S, 40 cm below
P and 2 m from the vessel, to illuminate the slits as
shown in the figure alongside. Calculate the position
of the central bright fringe on the other wall CD with
respect to the line OQ. Now, a liquid is poured into the
vessel and filled upto OQ. The central bright fringe is
found to be at Q. Calculate the refractive index of the
liquid.
(2001; 5M)

196

1 2

S2
P

O
40cm
S

S1
2m

10cm
C

32. A thin biconvex lens of refractive index 3/2 is placed

on a horizontal plane mirror as shown in the figure.
The space between the lens and the mirror is then
filled with water of refractive index 4/3. It is found that
when a point object is placed 15 cm above the lens on
its principal axis, the object concides with its own
image. On repeating with another liquid, the object and
the image again coincide at a distance 25 cm from the
lens. Calculate the refractive index of the liquid.
(2001; 5M)

33. A poin source S emitting light of wavelength 600 nm

is placed at a very small height h above a flat reflecting
surface AB (see figure). The intensity of the reflected
light is 36% of the incident intensity. Inteference
fringes are observed on a screen placed parallel to the
reflecting surface at a very large distance D from it.
(2002; 5M)
P

35. A prism of refracting angle 30 is coated witha thin

film of transparent material of refracting indx 2.2 on
face AC of the prism. A light of wavelength 6600 is
incident on face AB such that angle of incidence is 60.
Find
(2003; 4M)
A

30
60

f = 2.2

p = 3
B
C
(a) the angle of emergence and
(b) the minimum value of thickness of the coated film
on the face AC for which the light emerging from
the face has maximum intensity. [Given refractive
index of the material of the prism is 3 ]
36. Figures shows an irregular block of material of refractive
index

2 . A ray of light strikes the face AB as shown

in the figure. After refraction it is incident on a spherical
surface CD of radius of curvature 0.4 m and enters a
medium of refractive index 1.514 to meet PQ at E. Find
the distance OE upto two places of decimal.
(2004; 2M)

Screen

D
45

= 2

=1

(a) What is the shape of the inteference fringes on

the screen?
(b) Calculate the ratio of the minimum to the maximum
intensities in the interference fringes formed near
the point P (shown in the figure).
(c) If the intensity at point P corresponds to a
maximum, calculate the minimum distance through
which the reflecting surface AB should be shifted
so that the intensity at P again becomes maximum.
34. In the figure, light is incident on the thin lens as
shown. The radius of curvature for both the surface is
R. Determine the focal length of this system.
(2003; 2M)

60
A

= 1.514
D

37. An object is approaching a thin convex lens of focal

length 0.3 m with a speed of 0.01 m/s. Find the
magnitudes of the rates of change of position and
lateral magnification of image when the object is at a
distance of 0.4 m from the lens.
(2004; 4M)
38. In a Young's double slit experiment, two wavelengths
of 500 nm and 700 nm were used. What is the minimum
distance from the central maximum where their maximas
coincide again? Take D/d = 103 . Symbols have their
usual meanings.
(2004; 4M)
39. AB and CD are two slabs. The medium between the
slabs has refractive index 2. Find the minimum angle of

197

incidence of Q, so that the ray is totally reflected by

both the stabs.
(2005; 2M)
A

= 2

60

60
60

=2

A
P

3 as shown in figure.

p = 3

40. A ray of light is incident on a prism ABC of refractive

index

(2005; 4M)

(a) Find the angle of incidence for which the deviation

of light ray by the prism ABC is minimum.
(b) By what angle the second prism must be rotated.
so that the final say suffer net minimum deviation.

MATCH THE COLUMN

1.

Some laws/processes are given in Column I. Match these with

Column I
(A) Intensity of light received by lens
(p)
(B) Angular magnification
(q)
(C) Length of telescope
(r)
(D) Sharpness of image
(s)

the physical phenomena given in Column II.

Column II
radius of aperture (R)
dispersion of lens
focal length f0, fe
spherical aberration

2.

An optical component and an object S placed along its optic axis are given in Column I. The distanc between the
object and the component can be varied. The propertices of images are given in Column II. Match all the properties
of images from Column II with the appropriate components given in Column I. Indicate your answer by darkening
the appropriate bubbles of the 4 4 matrix given in the ORS
Column I
Column II

(A)

(p) Real image

(B)

(q) Virtual image

(C)

(r)

Magnified image

(D)

(s)

Image at infinity

3. Column I shows four situations of standard Young's double slit arrangment with the screen placed far away from
the slits S1 and S2. In each of these cases S1P0 = S2P0, S1P1 - S2P1 = /4 and S1P2 - S2P2 = /3, where is the wavelength
of the light used. In the cases B, C and D, a transparent sheet of refractive index and thickness t is pasted on
slit S2. The thicknesses of the sheets are different in different cases. The phase difference between the light waves
reaching a point P on the screen from the two slits is denoted by (P) and the intensity by I(P). Match each situation
given in Column I with the statement(s) in Column II valid for that situation.
Column - I
Column - II
(p) (P0) = 0

(A)
P2
S2

P1
P0

S1

198

(B) ( - 1) t = /4

P2
S2

(q) (P1) = 0

P1
P0

S1

(C) ( - 1) t = /2

(P1) = 0

(r)
P2
S2

P1
P0

S1

(D) ( - 1) t = 3/4

P2
S2

(s) (P0) > I (P1)

P1
P0

S1

(P2) > I (P1)

(t)

ASSERTION AND REASON

1.

This section contains, statement I (assertion) and

statement II (reasons).
Statement-I : The formula connecting u, v and f for a
spherical mirror is valid only for mirrors whose sizes
are very small compared to their radii of curvature.
(2007; 3M)
Because :
Statement II : Laws of reflection are strictly valid for
plane surfaces, but not for large spherical surfaces.
(a) Statement-I is true, statement-II is true; statementII is a correct explanation for statement -I
(b) Statement-I is true, statement-II is true; statementII is NOT a correct explanation for statement -I
(c) Statement-I is true, statement-II is false
(d) Statement-I is false, statement-II is true

COMPREHENSION

1.

Light travels as a :
(2007; 4M)
(a) parallel beam in each medium
(b) convergent beam in each medium
(c) divergent beam in each medium
(d) divergent beam in one medium and covergent
beam in the other medium

2.

The phases of the light wave at c, d, e, and f are c,

d , e and f respectively. It is given that e f .
(2007; 4M)
(a) c cannot be equal to d
(b) d can be equal to e
(c) (d f ) is equal to (c e)
(d) (d c) is not equal to (f e)

3.

Speed of light is :
(2007; 4M)
(a) the same in medium-1 and medium-2
(b) large in medium-1 than in medium-2
(c) large in medium-2 than in medium-1
(d) different at b and d

Passage
The figure shows a surface XY separating two
transparent media, medium-I and medium-2. Teh lines
ab and cd represent wavefronts of a light wave travelling
in medium-I and incident on XY. The lines ef and gh
represent wavefronts of the light wave in medium-2
after refraction.
b

d
Medium-1

c
f

h
Medium-2

199

ANSWERS
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1. 2 108 m/s, 4 107 m

2. 15

3. 4000, 5 1014 Hz

4.

25
9
9. zero

5. 60

7. 30 cm o the right of P. Image will be virtual

8. 1.5

0 0

10. smaller

11.

13. 0.125, 0.5

14. 15

6.

12. 2.945 104

TRUE/FALSE
1. T

2. F

3.

4. T

5. F

6. T

5. (a)
12. (c)
19. (b)
26. (c)
33. (b)
39. (b)
46. (d)
53. (c)

6.
13.
20.
27.
34.
40.
47.
54.

OBJECTIVE QUESTION (ONLY ONE OPTION)

1.
8.
15.
22.
29.
36.
42.
49.
56.

(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(d)
(b)

2. (d)
9. (d)
16. (c)
23. (d)
30. (d)
37. (c)
43. (a)
50. (c)
57. (c)

3.
10.
17.
24.
31.
37.
44.
51.

(a)
(c)
(c)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(b)
(c)

4. (a)
11. (c)
18. (b)
25. (a)
32. (b)
38. (a)
45. (c)
52. (c)

(c)
(d)
(d)
(d)
(d)
(b)
(c)
(b)

7.
14.
21.
28.
35.
41.
48.
55.

(d)
(c)
(d)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(a)

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (MORE THAN ONE OPTION)

1. (b, d)
8. (a, b)

2. (a, c)

3.(b, d)

4. (a, b, c, d)

5. (a, c)

6. (b, c)

7. (c, d)

SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. (i) 15 cm (ii) 13.84 cm

2. 13.97 W/m2

3.5892

4. 75 cm

5. (i) 1.17 mm (ii) 1.56 mm

7. (i) 2 (ii) No

8. (i) 6mm, 5mm

9. 7 106 W

10.

1
49

11. (a) b = 8 105 ()2 (b) 4000 = 37, 3000 = 27.13 (C) 9I

13. (i) 1 mm (ii) increase 15. (a) Slope = cot i (b) 4y1/4 = x (c) (4m, 1m)

1 2
2

n n1 n1 (ii) 73
17. (i) i1 = sin 1

2
19. 0.4 m, 0.6 m
20. 7 106 m, 16, 5.71 105 m
mirror
22. 9.3 m

23. (a) 600 nm (b) sin 1

25. (a) 4.33 mm (b) I = =

28. 15 cm, 3/2

3
4

(ii) 1.579 m

21. 0.9 m from the lens (rightwards) or 0.1 m behind the

1
26.

5 2

$ $ $
(3i+4j5k)

27.

4
3

29.2t = n 2 with = 1.8 and n = 1, 2, 3..., 99 nm, tmin = 90 nm

200

16. 4200, 1.43

24. (a) + 0.26 m, + 1.13 m (b) 0.26 m, 1.13 m

3I max
(c) 650 nm; 433.33 nm
4

18. (i) 0.63 mm

12.

30. (i) 4 (ii) 0.04

33. (a) circular (b)

31. 2 cm above point Q on side CD, = 1.0016

1
(c) 300nm
16

37. 0.09 m/s, 0.3/s

38. 3.5 mm

32. 1.6

3 R
34.
3
1

35. (a) zero (b) 1500

39. 60

40. (a) 60 (b) 60

36. 6.06 m

MATCH THE COLUMN

1. A-p, B-r, C-r, D-p, q, s.
2. A-p, q, B-q, C-p, q, r, s, D-p, q, r, s.
3. A-p, s; B-q; C-t; D-r, s, t.

ASSERTION AND REASON

1. (c)

COMPREHENSION
1. (a)

2. (c)

3.

(b)

SOLUTIONS
FILL IN THE BLANKS
1.

v =

c 3 10
=

1.5

4.

= 2.0 108 m/s

=

2.

Frequency remains unchanged.

v 2.0 108
=
= 4.0 107 m
f 5.0 1014

At I1 , second focus of convex lens should coincide

with first focus of concave lens.
or
Power of combination of lens is zero.
p = 0 = P1 + P2 dP1P2

4I 0
Therefore, the desired ratio is 2I = 2
0
Here I0 is the intensity due to one slit.

5.

1 1
d
+
20 5 100
Solving this, we get d = 15 cm

Dividing Eq. (2) by E. (1), we get

f medium
=4
f air

ll

5cm

6.

20cm

medium

1
1
fair = (1.51)

R1 R2
1
1.5
1
1
fmedium =

4 / 3 R1 R2

0=

3.

In case of YDSE, at mid-point intensity will be Imax =

4I0 . In the second case when sources are incoherent,
the intensity will be I = I0 + I0 = 2I0

and

fmedium = 4fair = 4 15 = 60 cm

1
I 2 (in case of point source)
r
I A2
A

?
6000
= air =
= 4000

1.5
or

3.010
v
v
f = air = medium =
= 5.0 1014 Hz
? air ? medium
6.0 107
201

1
r

A1
r2 25
=
A2 = r1
9

7.

Rays starting from O will suffer single refraction from

spherical surface APB. Therefore, applying

5f
5f
or OP' =
2
2
Length of image of rod
or

+Ve

v=

2 A
1

CP' = OP' OC =
O

Here, negative sign implies that image is inverted.

9.

u 2 1 u2 1

=
v
u
R

(A = 60 for an equilateral prism)

1
1
1

=
v
10 7.5

F = focus
C = centre of the curvature

Object

Solving this we get m = 30

The given deviation is also 30 (i.e. m )
Under minimum deviation, the ray inside the prism is
parallel to base for an equilateral prism.
10. The resolving power of a microscope is inversely
proportional to the wavelength of the wave used DeBrogie matter wave is used in case of an electron
microscope whose wavelength is less than the
wavelength of visible light used in optical microscope.

Image
P

f
3

11. Speed of light in vacuum, c =

When the object lies between F and C, image is real,

elongated and inverted. As one end of rod just touches
its image, this end should lie at C. Because image of
object at C is at C itself.
Let P' be the image of other end of rod P.
For P :
u = (2f f/3) =

60 + m
sin

=
2
60
sin

or
v = 30 cm
Therefore, image of O will be formed at 30 cm to the
right of P.
Note that image will be virtual. There will be no effect
of CED.

Let m be the angle of minimum deviation. Then

A + m
sin

2
=
sin( A /2)

1.0 2.0 1.02.0

=
v 15
10

P'

f /2
Magnification =
= 1.5
f /3

15cm

8.

5f
f
2 f =
2
2

5f
3

1
0 0

and speed of light in same medium, v =

Therefore, refractive index of the medium is

1/ e00
c
=
=
v
1/ e

0 0

12. Given
Minima

1 1 1
Applying the mirror formula : v + u = f

or

1 3
1

v 5f = f

Central
maxima

d
f

3
1
1
= 5f f
v

Minima

202

2y = 2 103 m
y = 1 103 m
First minima is obtained at

2.

y
d sin = but sin = tan =
f
y
d =
f

d =

ll

5.89 10 7 0.5
f
=
y
1 103
= 2.945 104 m

1.0m

3.

1
m
4
P = P1 + P2 d P1 P2
=

The power is

P1 P2
= 6
...(2)
4
Solving Eqs. (1) and (2), we can find that P1 = 8 dioptre
and P2 = 2 dioptre
P1 + P2

f1 =

1
m = 0.125 m
8
A
60
r2

i 1 = 90

Through a thin glass slab

ray of light almost passes
undeviated. A hollow
prism can be assumed to
be made up of three thin
glass slabs as shown in
figure.

Air

4.

To obtain interference, source must be coherent. Two

different light sources can never be coherent.

5.

With white light we ge coloured fringes (not only

black and white) with centre as white.

6.

Focal length of concave is less i.e., power of concave

lens will be more. Hence the combination will behave
like a concave lens. Further V is greater than all other
colours. Hence, fV will be least.

i2

C
R

1
f2 =
m = 0.5 m
2

14. Ray falls normally on the face AB. Therefore, it will

pass undeviated through AB.
r2 = 90 60 = 30
=

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (ONLY ONE OPTION)

1.

sin i2
2 = sin r
2

i2 = 45
Deviation = i2 r2 = 45 30 = 15
(Deviation at face AC only)

v
f

In moving from air to glass, f remains unchanged while

v decreases. Hence, should decreases.
2.

D
d

d is halved and D is double

Fringe width will become four times.
Correct option is (d).

TRUE FALSE
1.

0.25m

0.75m

13. When the lenses are in contact, the power of the

system is
P = P1 + P2 or P1 + P2 = 10...(1)
When lenses are separated by a distance d = 0.25 m

or

P
P
1
=
or I
S
2rl
r
At I1 , second focus of convex lens coincides with first
focus of concave lens. Hence, rays will become parallel
to the optic axis after refraction from both the lenses.
I=

At a distance r from a line source of power P and

length I, the intensity will be,
3.
203

Let c be the critical angle at face AC, then

 R
C = sin 1
D
Correct option is (a).

w = 4/3 = 8
3/2 9
g

sinc =

Angle of incidence at face AC is i =

Total internal reflection (TIR) will take place on this
surface if.
i > c
or
> c
or
sin > sin c

6.

Imax =
Imin =

I1 + I 2
I1 I 2

) =(
2

) =(
2

4I + I
4I

= sin 1 (tan r)

= 9I

= I

Correct option is (c)

A
7.

From the mirror formula :

1
1 1
+ =
f (f = constant) ....(1)
v u
v2 dv u 2 du = 0
or

or

8
9

sin >

| du |

f
Size of image = b

u f
Correct option is (d).

5. r + r' + 90 = 180
8.
r
90

f
2 = u f
u

Substituting these values in Eq. (2) we get

1
1

= 1.5 D
0.4 0.25

u2

v2

1
1
+
P = P1 + P2 =
f1 ( m) f2 ( m)
=

v2

Here, |dv| = size of image

|du| - size of object (short) lying along the axis = b
further, from Eq. (1), we can find

Correct option is (a)

4.

|dv| =

The colours for which i > c, will get total internal

reflection :
i > c or sin i > sin c
A

Denser
Rarer

r'

i
i=r

45

r' = 90 r
Further,
i=r
Applying Snell's law,
D sin i = R sin r'
or
D sin r = R sin (90 r) = R cos r

or

i = 45

1
sin 45 > or

1
1
>
2

or for which > 2 or > 1.414

Hence, the rays for which > 1.414 will get TIR
For green and blue > 1.414 so, they will suffer TIR
on face AC only red comes out from this face.
Correct option is (a).

R
= tan r
D

204

9.

Linear magnification for L2

m=
P1

l1
f0

P2

v
f ( f d)
1
f2
= 2 1
.
=
u
f2 + f 2 d f1 d f2 + f 1 d

Therefore, second image will be formed at a distance

fe

f2
below its optic axis.
of m or
f2 + f 1 d
Therefore, y - coordinate of the focus of system will
be

35cm

P1 I2 = 36 cm

f0 + fe = 36
....(1)
Further angular magnification is given as 5. Therefore,

f0
fe = 5

f 2 .

y=
f
+
2 f1 d

...(2)

( f1 d ).
y= f + f d
2
1

or

Solving Eqs. (1) and (2), we get

f0 = 30 cm and fe = 6 cm
Correct option is (d).

12. Spherical aberration is caused due to spherical nature

of lens. Paraxial and marginal rays are focussed at
different place on the axis of the lens. Therefore, image
so formed is blurred. This aberration can be reduced
by either stopping paraxial rays or marginal rays,
which can be done by using a circular annular mark
over the lens.

10. Deviation : d = ( 1) A
Given net = 0

(1 1)A1 = (2 1)A2

( 1 1)
(1.541)
or A2 = ( 1 A1 = (1.721) (4) = 3
2
Correct option is (c).

11. From the first lens parallel beam of light is focussed at

its focus i.e.. at a distance f1 from it. This image I1 acts
as virtual object for second lens L2 . Therefore, for L2 .
Paraxial rays
y

f (f d)
y= 2 1
f2 + f 1 d
I2
I1

13. For first dark fringe on either side d sin =

D
dy
=l y =
d
D
Therefore, distance between two dark fringes on either
or

side = 2y =

L2
f1

L1

distance =

u = + (f1 d), f = + f2

Hence,

2 D
d

Substituting the values, we have

f1

Marginal rays

2(60010 6 mm)(2103 mm)

= 24 mm
(1.0mm)

1 1
1
1
1
= f +u = f + f d
v
2
1

Dark

f 2 ( f1 d )
v=
f2 + f1 d
d

x =d+ v=d+

f 2 ( f1 d )
f2 + f1 d

D
sin = y/D

f1 f2 + d ( f1 d)
f1 + f 2 d

Dark

205

14. The diagrammatic representation of the given problem

is shown in figure.

A diminished real image is formed by a convex lens

when the object is placed beyond 2 f and the image of
such object is formed beyond 2 f on other side.
Thus,
d > (df + 2f)
or
4f < 0.1 m
o4
f < 0.25 m

i
120

17. Path difference between the opposite edges is .

For a phase difference of 2, we gets a path difference
of .

P
A

From figure it follows that i = A = 30

From Snell's law, we written
n 1 sin i = n 2 sin r
or
sin r =
Now = r i = sin 1 (0.72) 30

= 2() = 2 {sin 1 (0.72) 30}

O'

18. The focal length of conbination is given by

15. Since, the final image is formed at infinity, the image
formed by the objective wil;l be at the focal point of
the eyepiece, which is 3.0 cm. The image formed by the
objective will be at a distance of 12.0 cm (= 15.0 cm
3.0 cm) from the objective.

1
1
1
1 1
1
+

=
40 25 F F1 F2
F

F=

or

E V=

200
2
cm = m
3
3

Power of the combination in dioptres,

1
P = F (m )

3
2
= 1.5

P=

O
3m

12.0m
15.0m

If u is the distance of the object from the objective, we

have

1
1 1
+ =
f
u v
1
1
1
+
=
u 12.0
2.0

u =

24.0
(1.20)(2.0)
=
= 2.4 cm
10.0
12.02.0

19. In general spherical aberration is minimum when the

total deviation produced by the system is equally
divided on all refracting surfaces. A planoconvex lens
is used for this purpose. In order that the total deviation
be equally divided on two surfaces, it is essential that
more parallel beam (or the incident and refracted) be
incident on the convex side. Thus, when the object is
far away from the lens, incident rays will be more
parallel than the refracted rays, therefore, the object
should face the convex side, but if the object is near
the lens, the object should face the plane side. This
has been shown in figure.

16. Image can be formed on the screen if it is real. Real

image of reduced size can be formed by a concave
mirror or a convex lens as shown in figure.

A
b

t
1 2t

O 2f f

1m
C

20. At first minima, b sin =

1m

206

First
minimum

or

b =

or

y
b =
D

or

y=

23. Diffraction is obtained when the slit width is of the

order of wavelength of light (or any electromagnetic
wave) used. Here, wavelength of X-r a y s
(1 100) < < slit width (0.6 mm). Therefore, no
diffraction pattern will be observed.

D
b

yb
or
= sin = 0
...(1)
D
Now, at P (First minima) path difference between the
rays reaching from two edges (A and B) will be

24. Locus of equal path difference are the lines running

parallel to the axis of the cylinder. hence, straight
fringes are obtained.
Note : Circular rings (also called Newton's rings) are
observed in intereference pattern when a plano-convex
lens of large focal length is placed with its convex
surface in contact with a plane glass plate because
locus of equal path difference in this case is a circle.

yb
yb
(Compare with x =
in YDSE)
D
D
or
x =
(From Eq. 1)
Corresponding phase difference (f) will be
x =

2
=
.x

f=

25. R1 = R, R2 = + R, g = 1.5 and m = 1.75

1
g
1
1
1

f
m
R
R
2

2
. = 2

R1

21. The ray digram is shown in figure. Therefore, the

iamge will be real and between C and O.

R2

Normal at P will
pass through C
C

Substituting the values, we have

1 1.5
1
1
1
=
1
=
f 1. 75 R R 3. 5R

f = + 3.5R
Therefore, in the medium it will behave like a convergent
lens of focal length 3.5 R. It can be understood as,
u n > g , the lens will change its behaviour.

Image

22. Let us say PO = OQ = x

1 = 1.0

2 =

1.5

26. The ray diagram is a as follows :

P
O

B
FO
A A'' O

+ve

A'

E
B'

F0

2 2
2 1

=
v
u
R
Substituting the values with sign
Appling

B''

1.5 1.0
1.51.0

=
+X X
+R
(Distance are measured from O and are taken as positive
in the direction of ray of light)

2.5
0.5
=
X
R
X = 5R

From the figure it is clear that image formed by objective

(or the intermediate image) is real, inverted and
magnified.
27. The len Makers' formula is :

1
nL
1
1
1

=
f
nm
R1 R2
207

where n L = Refractive index of lens and

n m = Refractive index of medium.
In case of double concave lens, R1 is negative and R2

30. The ray diagram will be as follows :

G

1
1

will be negative. For

is positive. Therefore,
R1 R2
the lens to be diverging in nature, focal length f should

C
D

be negative or L 1 should be positive or n L > n m

n
m

B
L

but since n 2 > n 1 (given), therefore, the lens should be

filled with L2 and immersed in L1 .

28. The path of rays become parallel to initial direction as

they emerge.
Applying Snell is law at P
Since,

sin
sin
1
2 , at Q, n =
2
2n =
sin
2 sin

Similarly, IJ = d

HI = AB = d
d
DS = CD =
2
AH = 2.AD
d
GH = 2CD = 2 = d
2
GJ = GH + HI + IJ
= d + d + d = 3d

31. Rays come out only from CD, means rays after
refraction from AB get total internally reflected at AD.
From the figure :

D
r

r
A

D
r1

max

r2
n1

B
C

n2

E
i

r1 + r2 = 90

r1 = 90 r2
(r1 )max = 90 (r2 )min and (r2 )min = C (for total
internal reflection at AD)

29. In intereference we know that

Imax = ( I1 + I 2 )2 and Imin = ( I1 ~ I 2 )2
Under normal conditions (when the width of both the
slits are equal)
I1 = I2 = I (say)

Imax = 4I and Imin = 0

When the width of one of the slits is increased.
Intensity due to that slit would increase, while that of
the other will remain same. So, let :
I1 = I and I2 = I
( > I)
Then,

Imax = I (1 + )2 > 4I

and

Imin = I

where

(r1 )max = 90 C
Now applying Snell's law at face AB :

n1
sin max
sin max
sin max
=
n2 = sin(r1 ) max = sin(90 C )
cos C
or

1 > 0

Intensity of both maxima and minima is increased.

n2
n2
sinC= n or C = sin 1
1
n1

sin max =

n1
cosC
n2

n1

max = sin 1 cos C

n2

n1
1 n2
= sin 1 cossin
n1
n2

208

32. I () = I1 + I2 + 2 I1I 2 cos

Here,
I1 = I and I2 = 4I
=

At point A,

At point B,
=

IA IB = 4I

..(1)

Note : The Snell's law, which the students read in their

sin i
plus two syllabus = sin r comes from sin i =

IA = I + 4I = 5I

constant

IB = I + 4I 4I = 5I
1 = 1, 1 sin i1 = 2 sin i2

Note : Eq. (1) for resultant intensity can be applied

only when the sources are coherent. In the question
it is given that the rays interfere. Interference takes
place only when the sources are coherent. That is why
we applied equation number (1). When the sources are
incoherent, the resultant intensity is given by I = I1 +
I2

1
2
r

d
When the wavelength is decreased from 600 nm to 400

33. Fringe width, =

nm, fringe width will also decrease by a factor of

2 = , or sin i = sin r

4
or
6

sin i
= sin r

or

2
or the number of fringes in the same segment will
3
increase by a factor of 3/2.
Therefore, number of fringes observed in the same
segment = 12

3
= 18
2

35. Figure (a) is part of an equilateral prism of figure (b)

as shown in figure which is a magnified image of figure
(c). Therefore, the ray will suffer the same deviation in
figure (a) and figure (c).

Note : Since , therefore, if YDSE apparatus is

immersed in a liquid of refractive index , the
wavelength and thus the fringe width will decrease
times.

P
(b)

(a)

(c)

D
i
i
A

34. Applying Snell's law at B and C,

sin i = constant or
1 sin iB = 4 sin iC
But
AB| |CD

iB = iC
or
1 = 4

Note : Question are often asked based on part of a

prism For example, section shown in figure (a) is part
of a prism shonw in figure (c).

36. PQ = QR = 2h
i = 45

ST = RT = h = KM = MN

209

So,

h2 + (2h2 ) = h 5

KS =

sin r =

I
2 3
=
= 30
d
0.2/ 3
Therefore maximum number of reflection are 30.

h 5

40. PR = d

PO = d sec
and CO = PO cot 2= d sec cos 2
path difference between the two rays is,
x = CO + PO = (d sec + d sec cos 2)
phase difference between the two rays is
= (one is reflected, while another is direct)
Therefore, condition for constructive interference should
be)

P
h
2h
S
2h

T
M

O
N

2h

37.

sin i sin45
5
=
= sin r =
1/ 5
2

1
1
1
= ( 1)

f
R
R
1
2

1
For no dispersion, d = 0
f
or

x =

1
1
=0
d
R
R
1
2

or

For minimum value of t, n = 1

t = 1 = 1.51 = 2

39. d = 0.2 tan 30 =

or
(2cos2 ) =

cos
2

n
t=
1

3
, .....
2 2

or d cos (1 + cos 2) =

or
R1 = R2
38. Path difference due to slab should be integral multiple
of or x = n
or
( 1)t = n n = 1, 2, 3, ...
or

cos =

4d

41. Image formed by convex lens at I1 will acg as a virtual

object for concave lens. For concave lens

ll

0.2

l2

3
l=2

3
26cm

1
1 1
=
f
v u

0.2m
30

30

or

1 1
1
=
v 4 20

or
v = 5 cm
Magnification for concave lens
210

4cm

 400
560
(2n 1)
= (2m 1)

2
2

v 5
= = 1.25
u 4
As size of the image at I1 is 2 cm. Therefore, size of
images at I2 will be 2 1.25 = 2.5 cm
m=

2n 1
7 14
= ....
= =
2m 1
5 10
i.e., 4th minima of 400 nm coincides with 3rd minima of
560 nm.
Locaion of this minima is,
or

42. Applying
Snell's law ( sin i = constant)
at 1 and 2, we have

(2 41)(1000)(400 106 )
2 0.4
= 14 mm
Next 11th minima of 400 nm will coincide with 8th
minima of 560 nm.
Location of this minima is,
Y1 =

Air
r

r
Water
Glass

(2 111)(1000)(400 106 )
2 0.1
= 42 mm
Required distance of Y2 Y1 = 28 mm
Hence, the correct option is (2).
+ Y2 =

Here,

or

1 sin i1 = 2 sin i2
1 = glass , i1 = i
2 = glass = 1 and i2 = 90
g sin i = (1) (sin 90)
ug =

I = Imax cos 2
2

47.

1
sin i

1
43. CriticalangleC = sin 1

Wavelength increases in the sequence of VIBGYOR.
According to Cauchy's formula refractive index ()
decreases as the wavelength increases. Hence the
refractive index will increases in the sequence of
ROYGBIV. The critical angle C will thus increase in the
same order VIBGYOR. For green light the incidence
angle is just equal to the critical angle. For yellow,
orange and red the critical angle will be greater than
the incidence angle. So, these colours will emerge from
the glass air interface.
Hence, the correct option is (a).
44. During minimum deviation the ray inside the prism is
parallel to the base of the prism in case of an equilateral
prism.
Hence, the correct option is (b).

I max

= Imax cos 2
4
2
cos

1
=
2
2

=
3
2

or

2 2
=
x
3

where
x = d sin
Substituting in Eq. (1), we get

sin =

3d

= sin 1

3d
Correct answer is (c).
or

48. Distance of object from mirror

45. When the object is placed at the centre of the glass

sphere, the rays fro the object fall normally on the
surface of the sphere and emerge undeviated.
Henc, the correct opion is (c).
46. Let nth minima of 400 nm coincides with mth minima
of 560 nm, then
211

33.24
= 40 cm
1.33
Distance of image from mirror
= 15 +

= 15 +

25
= 33. 8 cm
1.33

...(1)

1 1 1
From the mirror, + = f
v u

1
1
1
+
=
f
33.8 40

52.

f = 18.3 cm
Most suitable answer is (c).

r = f tan
rf
r 2 f 2

or

49. Let focal length of convex lens isf,+lens length of

concave lens would be

53. Since < C , both reflection and refraction will take

place. From the figure we can see that angle between
reflected and refracted rays is less than 180 2.

3
f .
2

From the given condition,

1
1
2
1
=
=
30 f 3 f 3 f

f = 10 cm
Therefore, focal length of convex lens = + 10 cm and
that of concave lens = 15 cm
Correct answer is (d).

Air
Waterq

50. Combination = 2P2 + PM

1 2
15
= f
f 15
2

Option (c) is correct

Using mirror formula,

54. Since object and image move in opposite directions,

the positioning should be as shown in the figure.
Object lies between focus and centre of curvature
f < x < 2f.

1 1 1
1 1
2
+ =
=
v u f
v 25
15

v = 12 cm
51. From the lens formula :

Image

1 1 1
=
f v u we have

Object

1
1
1

f = 10 10
or
f=+ 5
Further,
u = 0.1
and
v = 0.1
(from the graph)
Now, differentiating the lens formula we have,
f
f

v
v

left

55. At minimum deviation ( = m) :

r1 = r2 =

A 60
=
= 30
2
2

(For both colours)

Correct option is (a).

56. Critical angle from region III to region IV

u2

v u
or
f = 2 + 2 f
v
u
Substituting the values we have,

Correct option is (b).

right

sin ? C =

or sin ? =

0.1 0.1 2
f = 2 + 2 (5)
10
10
= 0.05
f + f = 5 + 0.05

? = sin

n0 / 8 3
=
n0 / 6 4

1
1 3 1
sin ? C = =
6
6 4 8
1 1

Correct option is (b).

212

57. Let speed of ball in air at height of 12.8 m from water

surface be u.

3.

When upper half of the lens is covered, image is

formed by the rays coming from lower half of the lens.
Or image will be formed by less number of rays.
Therefore, intensity of image will decrease. But complete
image will be formed.

4.

Distance between objective and eyepiece

L = f0 + fe = (16 + 0.02) m = 16.02 m
Angular magnification
M = f0 / fe= 16/0.02 = 800
Image is inverted and objective is large than the
eyepiece.

u = 2 gh = 2 10 7 .2 = 12 = 12 m/s
Speed of ball as observed by fish is

4
u = 16 m/s
3

(c)

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (MORE THAN ONE OPTION)

1.

I max ( I1 + I 2 ) 2 I1 / I 2 + 1
=
=

I min ( I1 I 2 )2 I 2 / I 2 1

= 9 (Given)
5.

I1
2
Solving this, we have I = 4
2
But

A1
= 2
A2

2
2
( x ) = ( d sin )

(i) for = 30
where =

A2

Correct options are (b) and (d).

2.

The intensity of light is I () = I0 cos 2

2

c 3 108
=
= 300 m and d = 150 m
v
106

2
1
(150) =
=

300
2 2

At P (directly infront of S 1 )
y= b
2

Path difference.
d

=
2
4

I0
I () = I0 cos 2 =
(option a)
4 2

(ii) For = 90
b

S1

y=

S2

2
=
(150) (1) =
300

b
2

or
and

(iii) For = 0, = 0 or

b
y.(b) ( b)
b2
2
X = S 2 P S 1 P =
=
=
d
d
2d
Those wavelengths will be missing for which
X =

1 = 2X =

2 =

1 3 2 5 3
,
,
.....
2
2
2

I () = 0

6.

I () = I0

1 1 1
For a lens : v u = f

b2
d

2X b2
=
3
3d

O I

2X b 2
=
3
5d
Correct option are (a) and (c).
3 =

213

= 0
2
(Option c)

2 1
2 1

=
v
u
R
With proper signs :

1 1
1
= f +u
v

i.e.

For a concave lens f and u are negative i.e., v will

always be negative and image will always be virtual.
For a mirror :

1.5
1
1.51
1
3
1
8

=
=

=
or
20 x
60
x 40 120 120
120
= 15 cm
8
(ii) Now, before striking with the concave surface, the ray
is frist refracted fro a plane surface. So, let x be the
distance of pin, then the plane surface will form its

image at a distance

1
1 1
+ =
f
v u
i.e.

x=

2 1 2 1

=
with proper signs,
v
u
R

Now, using

1 1
1
= f u
v

1.5
4/3
1.54/3
we have 20 ( 4 / 3x) =
60

Here, f is positive and u is negative for a convex mirror.

Therefore, v is always positive and image is always
virtual.

1
3
1
26
+
=
=
x
40 360 360

or
7.

For total internal reflection to take place :

Angle of incidence, i > critical angle, C
or
sin i > sin C
or

sin 45 >

1
or
or

>

2.

1
n

8.

Resultant intensity at P :
IP = IA + IB + IC
=

1
n

n>

2
or
n > 1.414
Therefore, possible values of n can be 1.5 or 1.6 in the
given options.

PA
4 ( PA)
90

4(3)

PB
4( PB ) 2

cos 60 + IC cos 60

180
4(1.5) 2

cos 60 + 20 cos 60

= 0.79 + 3.18 + 10
= 13.97 W/m2
3.

for d = , there will be only one, central maxima.

For < d < 2, there will be three maximas on the
screen coresponding to path difference,
x = 0 and x = .
Correct options are (a) and (b),

Shifting of fringes due to introduction of slab in the

path of one of the slits, comes out to be,
y =

' =

(i) Image of object will coincide with it if ray of light

after refraction from the concave surface fall normally
on concave mirror so formed by silvering the convex
surface. Or image after refraction from concave surface
shold form at centre of curvature of concave mirror or
at a distance of 20 cm on same side of the combination.
Let x be the distance of pin from the given optical
system. Applying.

214

(1)tD
d

...(1)

Now, the distance between the screen and slits is

doubled. Hence, new fringe width will become

SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1.

4
x (h
app. = h) from it.
3

y = '

Given,

( 1)tD 2D
=
d
d

or

(2D )
d

(1) t (1.61)(1.964 106 )

=
2
2
= 0.5892 106 m
= 5892

....(2)

4.

Refer figure (a) :

1 D
y1 = 31 = 3

4cm

4cm

O
(a)

O
(b)

In the case refraction of the rays starting from O takes

place from a plane surface. So, we can use
d app =

(2 103 )
= 11.7 104 m = 1.17 mm
(ii) Let n 1 bright fringe of 1 coincides with n 2 bright
fringe of 2 . Then,
n11D
n2 2 D
=
d
d

dactual

or

4
3=

or

Therefore, 4th bright fringe of 1 coincide with 5th

bright fringe of 2 . Similarly, 8th bright fringe of 1 will
coincide with 10th bright fringe of 2 and so on. The
least distance from the central maximum will therefore
corresponding to 4th bright fringe of 1 (or 5th bright
of 2 ). Hence,

Refer figure (b) : In this case refraction takes place

from a spherical surface. Hence, applying

Ymin =

2 1
2 1

=
v
u
R

n1
Given is slightly greater than sin 1
n2
(i) When n3 < n1 :
n3 n1
n3
n2
i.e., n 3 < n 1 < n 2 or n < n or sin 1 < sin 1
2
2
n2
n1

we have,

1
4/3 14/3

=
(25/8) 4
R
1
1 8
1
=
=
3R
3 25 75

R = 25 cm
Now, to find the focal length we will use the lens
Maker's formula :
or

1
1
1

=
(

1)
f
R1 R2

Hence, critical angle for III and II will be less than the
critical angle for II and I. So, if TIR is taking palce
between I and II, then TIR will definitely take place
between I and III.
(ii) When n3 < n1 : Now two cases may arise :
Case I : n 1 < n 3 < n 2
In this case there will be no TIR between I and III but
TIR will take place between III and II. This is because:
I
III

i
P

1
4 1
= 1

25

41 D 4( 6500 10 10)(1.2)
=
= 15 .6 10 4 m
3
d
( 2 10 )
= 1.56 mm

6.

n1
2 5200 4
=
=
=
n2
1 6500 5

or

4
3

(3)(6500 1010 )(1.2)

II

1
75

i
i >

Ray of light first enters from II to III i.e., from denser

to rarer

i>
Applying Snell's law at P :
n 2 sin = n 3 sin i

f = 75 cm

25. (i) The desired distance will be :

215

 n2
sin i = sin
n3

or

x + y = 90, 90 > 2ic

ic < 45

n1
Since, sin is slightly greater than n
2

n2 n1
n1
sin i is slightly greater than n n or n
3
2
3

(ii)

or TIR will now take place on I and III and the ray will
be reflected back.
Case 2 : n 1 < n 2 < n 3
This time while moving from II to III, ray of light will
bend towards normal. Again applying Snell's law at P:

II

1
1
=
= 2
sin ic sin 45

5
1
1
3
For = 3 , sin ic 1 = = 5 / 3 = 5 ,

ic = 37, y = 30

(Given)

x = 60 , x > ic

To the refractive index of the medium for this

happen

B
i

n1
but n is nothing but sin (c)I,III
3

I
III

B
A

but

i>

y < ic
Total internal reflection will take place on face
AC but not on BC.

n 2 sin = n 3 sin i

n2
sini = n sin
3

8.
P

n1
Since, sin slightly greater than n
2
n2 n1
n1
sin i will be slightly greater than n n or n
3
2
3

2 1 2 1

=
, one by one on two
v
u
R
spherical surfaces.
First on left surfaces :
Applying

n1
but n is sin (c)I,III
3
i.e,
sin i > sin (c)I,III
or
i > (c)I,III
Therefore, TIR will again take place between I and III
and the ray will be reflected back.
Note : Case I and case III of n 3 > n 1 can be explained
by one equation only. But two cases are deliberately
formed for better understanding of refraction, Snell's
law and total internal reflection (TIR).
7.

Let x is the incident angle for reflection at AC. For total

1 4/3
14/3

v1 = +2
1
1

v1 = 6
or
v1 = 6mm
i.e., first image will be formed at 6 mm towards left of
P.
Second on right surface : Now, distance of first image
I1 from Q will be 10 mm (towards left).
or

internal reflection x > ic (critical angle).

4/3
1
4/31

v2
10 = 2

Let y be the incident angle of the ray on face BC. For

Total internal reflection y > ic

x + y > 2ic , But x = CA and y = CB

or

216

4
1 1
4

=
or v2 = 5mm
3v2 = 6 10
15

(ii) The ray diagram is shown in figure.

2
91
64

32
64

I2

I1
6mm

91
16

1
4

2mm
2mm
5mm

31
16

31
4

Interference pattern is to take place between rays 1

and 2
I1 = 1/4 and I2 = 9I/64

Note :

I1 I 2
I min
1

=
=

I max
49
I1 + I 2

(i) At P and Q both normal will pass through C.

(ii) At P ray of light is travelling from a denser medium
(water) to rare medium (air) therefore, ray of light will
bend away from the normal and on extending meet at
I1 . Similarly at Q, ray of light bends towards the
normal.

11. (a) Total internal reflecion (TIR) will take place first for
the wavelength for which critical angle is small or is
large.
A

(iii) Both the images I1 and I2 are virtual.

9.

i=

Power received by aperture A.

( )

( )

10
() (0.001)2 = 105 W

Power received by aperture, B

2
PA = I rA

2
PB = I rB

10
() (0.002)2 = 4 105 W

Only 10% of PA and PB goes to the original direction.

Hence,
% of PA = 106 = P1 (say) and
% of PB = 4 106 = P2 (say)
Path difference created by slab :
x = ( 1)t = (1.5 1) (2000) = 1000
Corresponding phase difference,

2
2

=
x =
1000 =

6000
3
Now, resultant power at the focal point :
P = P1 + P2 + 2

From the given expression of , it is more for the

wavelength for which value of is less.
Thus, condition of TIR is just satisfied for 4000
or
i = c for 4000
or
= c
or
sin = sinc
or

1
0.8 =

or

0.8 =

1
1.20 +

b
(4000)2

Solving this equation, we get

b = 8.0 105 ()2

P1 P2 cos

= 106 + 4 106 + 2 (10 6 )(4 106 ) cos

3
=7

(for 4000)

= 90 i

10. Each plate reflects 25% and transmits 75%.

Incident beam has an intensity I. This beam undergoes
multiple reflections and refractions. The corresponding
intensity after each reflection and refraction
(transmission) are shown in fiugre.

217

(b)

106 W

For 4000

For 5000

For, 4000 condition of TIR is just satisfied. Hence, it

will emerge from AC, just grazingly.
or, 84000 = 90 i = 90 sin1 (0.8) = 37

(r)max = c or (r')min = (90 c)

Now, if minimum value of r' i.e., 90 c is greater than
Qc, then obviously all value of r' will be greater than
Qc i.e., total internal reflection will take place at face AB
in all conditions. Therefore, the necessary conditions is
(r')min c
or
(90 c) c
or
sin (90 c) sin c
or
cos c sin c
or
cot c 1

8.0 105

= 1.232
For 5000 : = 1.2 + 2 = 1.2 +

(5000)2
Applying =

sin iair
sin imedium

sin iair sin iair

=
sin
0.8
iair = 80.26
imedium = 80.26 sin1 (0.8) = 27.13
1.232 ==

or

5000 = iair

P r
i

(c)

R
r

....(1)

1 1 1
1
1
= +
+
v u f = (0.15) (0.10)

QS
= sin i
PS
or

v = 0.3 m

v
0.3
=
= 2
u 0.15
Hence, two images S 1 and S 2 of S will be formed at 0.3
m from the lens as shown in figure. Image S 1 due to
part 1 will be formed at 0.5 mm above its optic axis
(m = 2). Similarly, S 2 due to part 2 is formed 0.5 mm
below the optic axis of this part as shown.
Hence, d = distance between S 1 and S 2 = 1.5 mm
D = 1.30 0.30 = 1.0 m = 103 mm
= 500 nm = 5 104 mm
Therefore, fringe width,
Linear magnification, m =

PR / PS
sin r
=
QS / PS = sin i

(QS) = PR
Substituting in Eq. (1), we get x = 0
Phase difference between rays 1 and 2 will be zro.
Or these two rays will interfere constructively. So,
maximum intensity will be obtained from their
interference.

or Imax = ( I1 + I 2 ) 2 = ( 4I + I ) 2 = 9I

1
12. sin c =
( = critical angle)
n c

D ( 5 10 4 )(10 3 )
=
mm
d
(1.5)

1
= mm
3
Now, as the point A is at the third maxima

1
OA = 3 = 3 mm
3

1
c

or

n2 1

r' = 90 r
(r') = 90 r
(r')min = 90 (r)max

OA = 1mm

Note : The language of the question is slightly

confusing. The third intensity maximum may be
understood as second order maximum (zero order, first
order and the second order). In that case

sin(i )max
sin90
( imax = 90)
and n = sin( r )
= sin( r )
max
max
sin (r)max =

1 1 1
Therefore, using v u = f we have

PR
= sin r
PS

Then,

13. (i) For the lens, u = 0.15m; f = + 0.10 m

Path difference between rays 1 and 2 :

x = (QS) PR
Further

or

Therefore, minimum value of n is

or

n 2 1 1
n2 2

or

1
OA = 2 = 2 mm = 0.67 mm .
3

1
= sin c
n
218

(ii)

If the gap between L1 and L2 is reduced, d will

decrease. Hence, the fringe width will increase
or the distance OA will increase.

media is parallel to x-axis or normal at any point

will be parallel to y-axis.
y
P

A
0.5mm
0.25mm

0.25m
1.5m

B (x, y)

t=0

S1

S2

D = 1.0m
0.15m

0.3m
1.3m

Secondly, refractive index increases as y is increased.

Therefore, ray of light is travelling from rarer to denser
medium i.e., it will bend towards the normal and shape
of its trajectory will be as shown below.

14. Steps (i) In case of a lens

X
L
A

Normal

O
Y

(a) Join X and Y. The point O, where the line XY cuts

the optic axis AB, is the optical centre of the lens.
(b) Draw a line parallel to AB from point X. Let it cuts
the lens at L. Join L and Y. The point F where the
line LY cuts the optic axis AB is the focus of the
lens F.
Note : As the image is inverted, lens should be a
convex because lens always forms a virtual and erect
image.
(ii) In case of a concave mirror

dy
dx

dy
= cot i
dx
Applying Snell's law at A and B
n A sin i A = nB sin iB

X
O

(b) but tan =

Y'
F
A

Now, refer to figure (1):

Let i be the angle of incidence at any point B on its
path
= 90 i
or tan = tan (90 i) = cot i
or slope = cot i

B
P

...(1)

n A = 1 because y = 0
Y

(c)

(d)

15. (a)

Refractive index is a function of y. It varies

along y-axis i.e., the boundary separating two
219

nB = Ky3 / 2 + 1
=

or

y 3/ 2 + 1 because K = 1.0(m) 3/ 2
(1)(1) = ( y 3 / 2 + 1) sin i

(b)

Draw a line YY perpendicular to AB from point

Y. Let it cuts the line AB at point P. Locate a
point Y Such that PY = PY.
Extend the line XY. Let it cuts the line AB at
point O. Then O is the pole of the mirror.
Join X and Y. The point C, where the line XY
cuts the optic axis AB, is the centre of curvature
of the mirror.
The centre point F of OC is the focus of the
mirror.

y 3/2
+

(a)

sin iA = 1 because iA = 90 (Grazing incidence)

sin i =
y

3/2

+1

y3/2

cot i =

y 3/ 2 or

y3 / 4

Equating equations (1) and (2), we get

...(2)

dy
= y3 / 4
dx
y

or

y 3/ 4 dy = dx

4200 =

y 3 / 4dy = dx

or

or

6000
4200

or

6000

= 1. 429 1.43

4 y1/ 4 = x

17. (i)

...(3)

Critical angle c at face AC will be given by

n
n
c = sin 1 1 or sin c = 1
n
n

The required equation of trajectory is 4 y1/ 4 = x.

(c) At point P, where the ray emerges from the slab
y = 1.0 m

x = 4.0 m
[From Eq. 3)
Therefore, coordinates of point P are
P = (4.0 m, 1.0 m)

Now, it is given that r2 = c

r1 = A r2 = ( 45 c )
Applying Snell's law at face AB, we have

(d) As n A sin i A = nP sin iP and n A = nP = 1

n=

Therefore, iP = i A = 90 i.e., the ray will emerge parallel

to the boundary at P i.e., at grazing emergence.

sin i1
sin r1 or sin i1 = n sin r1

i1 = sin 1( n sin r1)

16. (a) (i) Given = 6000

Let be the width of slit and D the distance between
screen and slit.

A
45
r2

First minima

I1

r1

n1

n
45

B
f

Substituting value of r1, we get

i1 = sin 1{n sin(45 c )}

= sin 1{n(sin 45 cosc cos45 sin c )}
n

n
= sin 1
( 1 sin 2 c sin c sin c = 1
n
2

First minima is obtained at b sin =

or b = sin
or

n 1 n1 n1
= sin 1

n
2 n

b
Angular width will decrease by 30% when is also
decreased by 30%.
Therefore, new wavelength
Angular width of first maxima = 2 =

i1 = sin 1
( n 2 n12 n1 )
2

Therefore, required angle of incidence (i1 ) at face AB

for which the ray strikes at AC at critical angle is

30
= ( 6000 )
6000
100

= 4200
(ii) When the apparatus is immersed in a liquid of
refractive index , the wavelength is decreased times.
Therefore,

i1 = sin 1
( n 2 n12 n1 )
2

(ii) The ray will pass undeviated through face AC when

220

either ( a) n1 = n or


or

r2 = 0 i.e., ray falls normally on face AC.

Here n1 n (because n1 < n is given)

r2 = 0

or

r1 = A r2 = 45 0 = 45

19. For both the halves, position of object and image is

same. Only difference is of magnification. Magnification
for one of the halves is given as 2 (> 1). This can eb
for the first one, because for this, | v | > | u |. Therefore,
mangification, | m | = | v/u | > 1.
So, for the first half
| v/u | = 2or | v | = 2 | u |
Let u = x then v = + 2x and | u | + | v | = 1.8 m
i..e
3x = 1.8m or x = 0.6 m
Here, u = 0.6 m and v = + 1.2 m

sin i1
Now applying Snell's law at face AB, we have n = sin r
1

or 1.352 =

sin i1
sin 45

sin i1 = (1. 352 )

2

1 1 1
1
1
1
= =

=
f
v u
1.2 0.6 0.4

f = 0.4m
For the second half
Using

sin i1 = 0.956

t = 15790
t = 1.579m

i1 = sin 1( 0.956) 73

Therefore, required angle of incidence is

i = 76

1
1
1

=
f
1.2 d (0.6 + d )

18. Given, = 1. 33, d = 1mm , D = 1. 33 m

(i)

= 6300
Wavelength of light in the given liquid :

1
1
1
=
+
0. 4 1. 2 d 0.6 + d
Solving this, we get d = 0.6 m
Magnification for the second half will be
or

6300
=
4737 = 4737 10 10 m
1. 33

Fringe width, =

v
0.6
1
m2 = u = (1.2) = 2

'D
d

and magnification for the first half is :

v
1.2
m1 = u = (0.6) = 2

4737 1010 m)(1.33)m

(1 103 m )

= 6.3 106m
= 0.63 mm
(ii) Let t be the thickness of the glass slab.
Path difference due to glass slab at centre O.

The ray diagram is as follows :

d
B1
t = 0.4m
A

glass

1 t
x =

liquid

1.53
1 t
=
1.53
or
x = 0.15t
Now, for the intensity to be minimum at O, this path
difference should be equla to

or

x =

'
2
0.15t =

4737

'
2

t = 0.4m
A,A
1
2

B
0.6m

0.6m

0.6m

20. (i) Path difference due to the glass slab, x = ( 1)t

= (1.5 1)t = 0.5t
Due to this slab, 5 fringes have been shifted upwards.
Therefore,
x = 5red
or
0.5t = (5) (7 102 m)
t = thickness of glass slab = 7 106 m
(ii) Let ' be the refractive index for given light then
x = (' 1)t

221

Now the shifting is of 6 fringes of red light. Therefore,

x = 6red

(' 1)t = 6red

i.e., second image I2 is formed at 1.2 m from the lens

or 0.4 m from the plane mirror. This will act as a virtual
object for mirror. Therefore, third real image I3 will be
formed at a distance of 0.4 m in front of the mirror after
reflection from it. Now this image will work as a real
object for water-glass interface. Hence, applying

(6)(7 107 )

= 0.6
7 10 6

' = 1.6
(iii) In part (i), shifting of 5 bright fringes was equal to
103 . Which implies that
5red = 103 m
[Here = Fringe width]

(' 1)=

3/2
4/3
3/24/3
We get v (0.80.4) =
0.3
4

v4 = 0.54m
i.e., fourth image is formed to the right of the lens at
a distance of 0.54 m from it. Now finally applying the
same formula for glass-air surface.

10
5

red =

Now since =

D
or l
d

green
red

m = 0.2 103 m

1
3/ 2
13/ 2

=
v5 0. 54
0.3

green
red

v5 = 0.9m
i.e., position of final image is 0.9 m relative to the lens
(rightwards) or the image is formed 0.1 m behind the
mirror.

5 10 7
3

green = red
= (0.2 10 )
7
red
7 10
green = 0.143 103 m
= green red = (0.143 0.2) 103 m
= 5.71 105 m
green

22. 1 = 1.4 and 2 = 1.7 and let t be the thickness of each

glass plates.
Path difference at O, due to insertion of glass plates
will be

21. From lens Maker's formula,

1
1
1

=
(

1)
f
R1 R2
We have

S1

1 3 1 1
= 1
0. 3 2 R R
(Here, R1 = R and R2 = R)
R = 0.3

2 1 2 1

Now applying
=
at air glass surface,
v
u
R
we get
3/21
3/2
1

=
0.3
v1
(0.9)

surface. Therefore, applying

2 1 2 1

=
at glass
v
u
R

water surface, we have

4/ 3 3/ 2
4/33/2

v2
2.7 =
0.3
v2 = 1.2m

6th Minima
O

S2

5th Minima
2

x = (2 1 )t = (1.7 1.4) t = 0.3t

Now, since 5th maxima (earlier) lies below O and 6th
minima lies above O.
This path difference should lie between 5 and 5 +
x = 5 +

So, let

v1 = 2.7m
i.e., first image I1 will be formed at 27 m from the lens.
This will act as the virtual object for glass water

2 1 2 1

=
v
u
R

...(2)

2
Due to the path different x, the phase dfference at O
will be
<

Where

2
2
x =
(5 + )

= (10 +

Intensity at O is given by
222

2
.)

3
I max and since
4

...(3)


I (f) = Imaxcos 2
2

10.8 104 1 1.5 3

sin i =
=
1.20 +
=
4
(600)2 2 2

3
I max = Imaxcos 2
4
2

3
= cos 2
4
2
From Eqs. (3) and (4), we find that
or

24. Given = 0.5 mm, d = 1.0 mm, D = 1m

(a) When the incident beam falls normally :

....(4)

=
6

x1

s
=d

in S
1

31
i.e., x = 5 + = = 0.3t (t = 0.3t )
6 6

P1
y2
1

S2

31
(31)(5400 1010 )
=
m
6(0.3)
1.8
or t = 9.3 106 m = 9.3m

(l = l0 = 600 nm)
i = sin 1 (3/4)

or

in 1
ds

O
=x

t =

4
1.80 10 4
23. n 1 = 1.20 + 10.8 10 and n 2 = 1.45 +
( = )
20
02
Here, is in nm.
(a) The incident ray will no deviate at BC if n 1 = n 2

1.20 + 10.8 10
02

9 104

20

= 1.45 +

1.80 10 4
02

sin =

, n = 1, 2, 3, ....
2

(2n 1)
2d
(2n 1)0.5
2n 1
=
2 1.0
4

(2n 1)
1 or n 2.5
4
So, n can be either 1 to 2
As sin 1 therefore

3 102
or 0 = 600 nm
0.5
(b) The given system is a part of an equilaterla prism
of prism angle 60 as shown in figure.

or

= 0.25

60

d sin = (2n 1)

( = 0 )

0 =

or,

Path difference between that two rays S 2 P and S 1 P is

x = S 2 P S 1 P = d sin
For minimum intensity,

When n = 1, sin1 =

1
1
or tan 1 =
4
15

n = 2, sin 2 =

3
or

70

tan2 =

y = D tan = tan (D = 1m)

So, the position of minima will be :

20

60

40

y1 = tan 1 =
B

At minimum deviation,

y2 = tan 2 =

1
15

m = 0.26m

m = 1.13m
7
[In this case, net path dfference x = x1 = x2 ]
[In this case x = x1 = x2 ]

60
= 30 = r (say)
r1 = r2 =
2

3
4

sin i
sin r
sin i = n 1 sin 30
n1 =

223

x1

s
=d

in S
1

P1
1

S2

=
in 1
ds

d sin 2 =

or

y2

sin 2 =

or

x2

tan 2 =

[In this case, net path difference x = x1 x2 ]

=
1

in
ds

or

y2

S2

y2 =

And as minima can be on either side of centre O.

Therefore, there will be four minimas at positions +
0.26 m and + 1.13 m on screen.
(b) When = 30, path difference between the rays
before reaching S 1 and S 2 is
x1 = d sin = (1.0) sin 30 = 0.5 mm =
So, there is already a path differnce of between the
rays.
Position of central maximum : Central maximum is
defined as a point where net path difference is zero.So
x 1 = x 2
or
d sin = d sin
or
= = 30

y0 =

1
3

y0
D

nm
3
y0 = 0.58m

30

y2
D

m = 1.13m

= =
or x1 = x2 =
2
2
2 2

or d sin 1 =

(0.5)
1

=
=
or sin 1 =
2d (2)(1.0) 4
2

tan 1 =

1
15

y1
D

1 m = 0.26 m
15
Therefore, y-coordinates of the first minima on either
side of the central maixmum are y1 = 0.26 m and y2 =
1.13 m.
or

y1 =

Note : In this problem sin = tan = is not valid as

is large

(D = 1m)

Central
P2 maximum
x = 0
P
y = 0.58m
P1
O

below point O. Then x1 = S 1 P S 2 P =

S1

OP1 = y1
and
OP2 = y2

O
P

At point P,
x 1 = x 2
Above point P x 2 > x1 and
Below point P x 2 > x 2
Now, let P1 and P2 be the minimas on either side of
central maxima. Then, for P2
x2 x1 =

25. Given = 600 m = 6 107 m,

d = 0.4 mm = 0.45 103 m
D = 1.5m
Thickness of glass sheet, t = 10.4 m = 10.4 106 m
Refractive index of medium m = 4/3
and refractive index of glass sheet, ug = 1.
(a) Let central maximum is obtained at a distance y

x1 x2 =

P2

Similarly, by for P1

tan =

3 (3)(0.5) 3
=
=
2d (2)(1.0) 4

d
sin
2 =
x
2

or

3
2

or x2 = x1 +
2
2

=+

3
=
2
2
224

S2

Path difference due to glass sheet

1 t
x 1 =
m

Net path difference will be zero when

x 1 = x 2

yd
D

or

= 1300nm, 650 nm, 433.33 nm, 325 nm..

The wavelength in the range 400 to 600 nm are 650 nm
and 433.33 nm.

yd
1 t
=
D
m

g
D
1 t
y=
m
d
Substituting the values, we have

ur
$
$
26. Incident ray A = 6 3$i + 8 3j10k

) (

= 6 3 $i + 8 3 $j + 10k$

1.5
1.5

1
1
y=
4/3 4/3
y = 4.33 103 m
or we can say y = 4.33 mm

z
P

y
Q'

x
10 k

2
. x

Substituting the values, we have

1.5

1 (0.04 106 )

6 107 4 / 3
2

3j

I () = Imax cos 2 2

13
I = Imax cos 2 6

1 = 2
q

Q'

O
r=1
1 = 3

(c) At O : Path difference is x = x2 = g 1t

For maximum intensity at O

x = n (Here n = 1, 2, 3,....)
=

8
i+

(As shown in figure)

uuur
Note that QO is lying x-y plane.
Now, QQ' and Z-axis are mutually perpendicular. hence,
we can shown them in two dimensionla figure as
below:

I = 3 Imax
4

uuur
uuur
QO + PQ

13
=
3

Net path difference, x = x2

Corresponding phase difference, or simple

Now,

1t
(b) At O, x1 = 0 and x2 =
m

ur
Vector A makes an angle i with z-axis given by

10

i = cos1
2
(10) + 6 3

x x x
, ,
..... and so on
1 2 3

1.5

1 (10.4 106 m)
x =
4/3

) + (8 3 )
2

= cos1
2

1.5

1 (10.4 10 6 nm)
=
4/3
x = 1300 nm
Maximum intensity will be corresponding o

i = 60
Unit vecotr in the direction QOQ' will be

q$ =

1300
1300
1300
= 1300nm,
nm,
nm,
nm .....
3
2
4

6 3i$ +8 3 $j

( )

(6 3 ) 2 + 8 3
225

=
2

1 $ $
3i + 4 j
5

Snell's law gives

3
2

sin i sin60
=
sin r
sin r

3/2

sin r =

v +60
=
= 3
u 20
i.e., first image formed by the lens will be 60 cm from
it (or 30 cm form mirror) towards left and 3 times
magnified but inverted. Length of first image A1 , B1
would be 1.2 3 = 3.6 cm (inverted)
and linear magnification, m1 =

3/ 2
2

r = 45
Now, we have to find a unit vector in refracted ray's
direction OR. Say it is $r whose magnitude is 1. Thus,

A
B1

Optics axis of lens

0.6cm

B
Optics axis of mirror

$r = (1 sin r) q$ 1 cos r) k$

1
=

3.0cm

[ q$ k$ ]

A1

$r =

60cm

3.0cm

1 1 $ $ $
=
(3i + 4 j ) k
2 5

20cm

Reflection from mirror : Image formed by lens (A1 B1 )

will behave like a virtual object for mirror at a distance
of 30 cm from it as shown. Therefore, u = + 30 cm, f
= 30 cm

$
$
(3i$ + 4j5k)

5 2

1 1 1
Using mirror formula, v + u = f

2 1 2 1

=
v
u
R
First on plane surface

27. Applying

1.5
1
1.51

= 0 (R )
AI1 mR =

AI1 = (1.5 mR)

Then on curved survace

v
15
1
=
=+
u
+30
2
i.e., final image A' B' will be located at a distance of 15
cm from the mirror (towards right) and since
magnification is +

0.5
1.5
=
R
(1.5m + 1) R
3 = 1.5m + 1

3
m=2
2

or

m=

1
, length of final image would be
2

1
= 1.8 cm
2

A'B' = 1.8 cm,

Point B1 is 0.6 cm above the optic axis of mirror,
3.6

1
therefore, its image B' would be (0.6) = 0.3 cm
2
above optic axis. Similarly, point A1 is 3 cm below the

4
3

28. (a) Rays coming from object AB first refract from the
lens and then reflect from the mirror.
Refraction from the lens :
u = 20 cm, f = + 15 cm

1 1 1
Using lens formula v u = f

v = 15 cm

and linear magnification, m2 =

11.5
1
1.5
=

R
(1.5mR + R)
[v because final image is at infinity]

1 1
1
+
==
v 30
30

or

optic axis, therefore, its image A' will be 3

below the optic axis as shown below :

B'

1
1
1

=
v 20
15
v = +60 cm

A'
A'B' = 1.8cm
15cm

226

1
= 1.5 cm
2

Total magnificaion of the image,

3.6t = n
2

Least values of t is corresponding to n = 1 or

or

3
1
m = m1 m2 = (3) + =
2
2
3
A'B' = (m) (AB) = (1.2) = 1.8cm
2
Note that, there is no need fo drawing the ray diagram
if not asked in the question.

tmin =

2 3.6

or

tmin =

648
nm
7.2

or

tmin = 90 nm

Note : With reference to the role of an optic instrument

(whether it is a lens or a mirror) the coordinates of the
object (X0 , Y0 )

30.(i) When angle of prism is small and angle of incidence

is also small, the deviation is given by = ( 1)A
Net deviation by the two prism is zero. So,

1 1 1
Xi is obtained using v u = f

Flint
A1

Here, v is actual X1 and u is X0 i.e., the above formula

1
1
1
can be written as X X = f
i
0

A2
Crown

1
Similarly, Yi is obtained from m =
O

1 + 2 = 0
or (1 1)A1 + (2 1) A2 = 0
...(1)
Here, 1 and 2 are the refractive indices for crown and
flint glasses respectively.

Here, I is Yi and O is Y0 .e., the above formula can be

written as m = Yi /Y0 or Yi = mY0 .

Hence,1 = 1.51+ 1.49 = 1.5 and 2 = 1.77 + 1.73 =1.75

2
2
A1 = Angle of prism for crown glass = 6
Substituting the value in Eq. (1), we ge
(1.5 1)(6) + (1.75 1)A2 = 0
This gives A2 = 4
Hence, angle of flint glass prism is 4 (Negative sign
shown that flint glass prism is inverted with respect to
the crown glass prism.)
(ii) Net dispersion due to the two prisms is

29. Incident ray AB is partly reflected as ray 1 from the

upper surface and partly reflected as ray 2 from the
lower surface of the layer of thickness t and refractive
index 1 = 1.8 as shown in figure. Path difference
between the two rays would be
A 1 2

B
t

1 = 1.8

2 = 1.5

x = 21 t
= 2 (1.8)t = 3.6t
Ray 1 is reflected from a denser medium, therefore, it
undergoes a phase change of , whereas the ray 2
gets reflected from a rarer medium, therefore, there is
not change in phase of ray 2.
Hence, phase difference between rays 1 and 2 would
be f = . Therefore, condition of constructive
intereference will be

= ( b1 r1 ) A1 + ( b 2 r 2 ) A2
= (1.51 1.49) (6) + (1.77 1.73)(4)
= 0.04
Net dispersion is 0.04
31. 2X at R will be zero if X1 = X2
or
d sin = d sin
or
=
or
tan = tan

x = n where n = 1,2 3, ...

2

227

y1
y2
D1 = D2
or
or

10
y 2 = D1 , y1 =
(40) cm
200
D2
y2 = 2 cm

(ii) The central bright fringe will be observed at point

Q. If the path difference created by the liquid slab of
thickness t = 10 cm or 100 mm is equal to X1 , so that
the net path difference at Q becomes zero.
S1

1
1
1
1
1

= (1 1)
+ (2 1)

F'
R R
R

t=100mm

or
Q
S2

3 2 (1)
1
= 1
R
F ' 2 R

or =

1 1 (2)

=
R
R
R

So,
or
or
or

F' =

R
10
(R = 10 cm)
=
2 2

Now, the image coincides with object when it is placed

at 25 cm distance.
Hence
F' = 25

( 1)t = X 1
( 1) (100) = 0.16
1 = 0.0016
= 1.0016

10
or 2 = 25 or 50 25 = 10 or 25 = 40

32. Let R the radius of curvature of both the surfaces of

the equi-convex. lens. In the first case :
Let f1 be the focal length of equi-convex lens of
refractive index 1 and f2 and focal length of
planoconcave lens of refractive index 2 . The focal
l;ength of the combined lens system will be given by:

1
1
1
=
+
F
f1 f2

40
= 1.6 or = 1.6
25

33 (a) Shape of the inference fringes will be circular.

(b) Intensity of light reaching on the screen directly
from the source I1 = I0 (say) and intensity of light on
mirror is I2 = 36 % of I0 = 0.36 I0

3
1 =
2

I1
I0
1
=
I 2 0.36 I 0 = 0.36 or

I1

I2

4
2 =
3

1
1
1
1

= (1 1)
+ (2 1)

R R
R

3 2 4 1
= 1 + 1
2 R 3 R

I min
I max =

I1
1
=
I 2 0.6

2
2

0.6 1

= 1
2
=
2 16
I1
1

+ 1

+
1

I2

0.6

(c) Initially path difference at P between two waves

reaching from S and S' is

1 1
2
3R

=
or F =
R 3 R 3R
2
Now, image coincides with the object when ray of light
retraces its path or it falls normally on the plane mirror.
This is possible only when object is at centre of
curvature of the lens system.
Hence, F = 15 cm (Distance of object = 15 cm)
=

3R
or
= 15 cm or R = 10 cm
2
In the second case, let be the refractive index of the
liquid filled between lens and mirror and let F' be the
focal length of new lens system. Then,
228

h+x

h+x
S'
Initial

S'
Final

Therefore, for maximum intensity at P :

2h = n
2

...(1)

Now, let the source S is displaced by x (away or

towards mirror) then new path difference will be 2h +
2x or 2h 2x. So, for maximum intensity at P

2h + 2x = n + 1

or

...(2)

2h 2x = n 1
...(3)
2

Solving Eqs. (1) and (2) or Eqs. (1) and (3), we get
600
= 300 nm
=
2
2

6600
= 1500
t = 2 =
2 2.2

36. Applying Snell's law on face AB

Because the reflected beam suffers a phase difference

of .

(I) sin 45 =

2 1
2 1

v1 = + R
For refraction at second surface,

...(1)

3 2
3 2

v2 v1 = + R
Adding Eqs. (1) and (2), we get

( 2)

sin r

1
2
or
r = 30
i.e., ray becomes parallel to AD inside the block. Now
applying

34. For refraction at first surface,

sin r =

2 1
2 1

=
on face CD,
v
u
R

...(2)

1.514
2
1.514 2

=
OE

0.4
Solving this equaion, we get
OE = 6.06 cm

3
1

sin r1 =

(b) Multiple reflection occurs between surfaces of film.

Intensity will be maximum if intereference takes place
in the transmitted wave.
For maximum thickness
x = 2t = (t = thickness)

Note : Here, we have taken the condition of maximum

intensity at P as :

1
Path difference x = n
2

3 sin r1

1
2
or
r1 = 30
Now,
r1 + r2 = A

r2 = A r1 = 30 30 = 0
Therefore, ray of light falls normally on the face AC
and angle of emergence i2 = 0.

or

x=

sin 60 =

1 1 1
37. Differentiating the lens formula v u = f with respect
v2

v1

to time, we get

3
3 1
R
or v2 = 3
v2 = v1 R
3 1
Therefore, focal length of the given lens system is

2
dv v du

=
...(1)
dt 2 . dt
u
Further, substituting proper values in lens formula.
We have

3 R
3 1
35. (a) sin i1 = sin r1

60

1 dv
1 dv
.
+
. = 0 (as f = constant)
v 2 dt
2 dt

1 1
1
+
=
v 0.4
0.3

30
90
30

(u = 0.4m, f = 0.3 m)
or
v = 1.2 m
Puting the values in Eq. (1)

C
229

Magnitude of rate of change of position of image

= 0.09 m/s
Laterel magnification, m =

dm
=
dt

the ray of light should be minimum. Therefore, the

second prism should be rotated by 60 (anticlockwise).

v
u

B,D

dv
du
v.
dt
dt
2
u

(0.4)(0.09)(1.2)(0.01)
=

(0.4) 2

= 0.3/s
Magnitude of rate of change of lateral magnification
= 0.3/s

MATCH THE COLUMNS

2.

38. Let n 1 bright fringe corresponding to wavelength

1 = 500 nm coincides with n 2 bright fringe
corresponding to wavelength 2 = 700 nm.

D
D
n1 1 = n2 2
d
d

(A), (C) and (D) : In case of concave mirror or convex

lens image can be real, virtual, diminished magnified or
of same size.
(B) : In case of convex image is always virtual (for real
object).

ASSERATION AND REASON

n1
2 7
=
=
n2
1 5
This imples that 7th maxima of 1 coincides with 5th
maxima of 2 . Similarly 14th maxima of l1 will coincide
with 10th maxima of 2 and so on.

1.

or

n11 D
Minimum distance =
d
= 7 5 107 103
= 3.5 103 m = 3.5 mm
1 1
1 1
C1 =sin = sin
= 45

2
2

Law of reflection can be applied to any type of surface.

Correct option is (c).

COMPREHENSION
1.

Wavefronts are parallel in both media. Therefore, light

which is prependicular to wavefront travels as a parallel
beam in each medium.
Hence, the correct option is (a).

2.

All points on a wavefront are at the same phase.

d = c and f = e

d f = c e
Hence, the correct option is (c).

3.

In medium-2 wavefront bends away from the normal

after refraction. Therefore, ray of light which is
perpendicular to wavefront bends towards the normal
in medium-2 during refraction. So, medium-2 is denser
or its speed in medium-1 is more.

39. Critical angles at 1 and 2

1 3
1 3
C2 =sin = sin
= 45
2
2
Therefore, minimum angle of incidence
for total internal reflection to take place on both slabs
should be 60.
imin = 60'

40. (a) At minimum deviation r1 = r2 = 30

From Snell's law

sin i1
= sin r or
1

d
Medium-1

a
X

sin i1
3 = sin30

c
f

Medium-2

3
or i1 = 60
2
(b) In the position shown net deviation suffered by

sin i1 =

230

e
g

Hence, option (b) is correct.

Y
h