Long Island

For other uses, see Long Island (disambiguation).

Suolk County northward across Long Island Sound to
Nassau Island redirects here. For the island in the the state of Connecticut.
Cook Islands, see Nassau (Cook Islands). For other uses,
see Nassau (disambiguation).

1 History
Coordinates: 4048N 7318W / 40.8N 73.3W
Long Island is an island located just o the northeast Main article: History of Long Island
coast of the United States and a region within the U.S.
state of New York. Stretching east-northeast from New
York Harbor into the Atlantic Ocean, the island com1.1 Early history
prises four counties: Kings and Queens (these form the
New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, respectively) to the west; then Nassau and Suolk to the
east. However, many people in the New York metropolitan area (even those living in Queens and Brooklyn) colloquially use the term Long Island (or The Island) exclusively to refer to the Nassau-Suolk county area collectively, which is mainly suburban in character.[2] North
of the island is Long Island Sound, across which are the
states of Connecticut and Rhode Island.
With a Census-estimated population of 7,804,968 in
2014, constituting nearly 40% of New York States
population,[3][4][5][6][7] Long Island is the most populated
island in any U.S. state or territory, and the 17th-most
populous island in the world (ahead of Ireland, Jamaica,
and Hokkaid). Its population density is 5,571 inhabitants per square mile (2,151/km2 ). If Long Island geographically constituted an independent metropolitan statistical area, it would rank fourth most populous in the
United States; while if it were a U.S. state, Long Island
would rank 13th in population and rst in population density.

Long Island Native American settlements, and their neighbors

At the time of European contact, the Lenape people

(named the Delaware by Europeans) inhabited the western end of Long Island, and spoke the Munsee dialect of Lenape, one of the Algonquian language family.
Giovanni da Verrazzano was the rst European to record
an encounter with these people, after entering what is now
Both the longest[8] and the largest island in the contiguous New York Bay in 1524. The eastern portion of the island
United States, Long Island extends 118 miles (190 km) was inhabited by speakers of the Mohegan-Montaukeastward from New York Harbor to Montauk Point, with Narragansett language group of Algonquian languages;
a maximum north-to-south distance of 23 miles (37 km) they were part of the Pequot and Narrangansett peoples
between Long Island Sound and the Atlantic coast.[9] inhabiting what is now Connecticut and Rhode Island.
With a land area of 1,401 square miles (3,629 km2 ),
In 1609, the English navigator Henry Hudson explored
Long Island is the 11th-largest island in the United States
the harbor and purportedly landed at Coney Island.
and the 148th-largest island in the world larger than
Adriaen Block followed in 1615 and is credited as the rst
the 1,214 square miles (3,140 km2 ) of the smallest state,
European to determine that both Manhattan and Long IsRhode Island.[10]
land are islands.
Two of the New York City metropolitan areas three busIndian land deeds recorded by the Dutch from 1636 state
iest airports, JFK International Airport and LaGuardia
that the Indians referred to Long Island as Sewanhaka
Airport, are located on Long Island, in Queens. Nine
(Sewanhacky and Sewanhacking were other spellings in
bridges and 13 tunnels (including railroad tunnels) conthe transliteration of Lenape).[11] Sewan was one of the
nect Brooklyn and Queens (and thus Long Island) to the
terms for wampum (commemorative stringed shell beads,
three other boroughs of New York City. Ferries connect
for a while also used as currency by colonists in trades
1

HISTORY

with the Lenape), and is also translated as loose or

scattered, which may refer either to the wampum or to
Long Island.[11] The name " 't Lange Eylandt alias Matouwacs (later shortened to Lange Eylandt) appears in
Dutch maps from the 1650s.[12][13] Later, the English referred to the land as Nassau Island,[14] after the Dutch
Prince William of Nassau, Prince of Orange (who later
also ruled as King William III of England). It is unclear
when the name Nassau Island was discontinued.

The Old House in Cutchogue, built 1649, is the oldest Englishstyle house in New York State.

The 1664 land patent granted to the Duke of York included all islands in Long Island Sound. The Duke of
York held a grudge against Connecticut, as New Haven
had hidden three of the judges who sentenced the Dukes
father, King Charles I, to death in 1649. Settlers throughout Suolk County pressed to stay part of Connecticut,
but Governor Sir Edmund Andros threatened to eliminate
the settlers rights to land if they did not yield, which they
did by 1676.[15]
All of Long Island (as well as the islands between it and
Connecticut) became part of the Province of New York
within the Shire of York. Present-day Suolk County was
designated as the East Riding (of Yorkshire), present-day
The c. 1806 Old Hook Mill in East Hampton is one of eleven
Brooklyn was part of the West Riding, and present-day
extant windmills in Suolk County.
Queens and Nassau were part of the larger North Riding.
In 1683, Yorkshire was dissolved and the three original
The very rst settlements on Long Island were by set- counties on Long Island were established: Kings, Queens,
tlers from England and its colonies in present-day New and Suolk.
England. Lion Gardiner settled nearby Gardiners Island
in 1637. The rst settlement on the geographic Long
Island itself was on October 21, 1640, when Southold 1.2 18th and 19th centuries
was established by settlers from New Haven, Connecticut.
Southampton was settled in the same year. Hempstead
followed in 1644, East Hampton in 1648, Huntington in
1653, and Brookhaven in 1655.
While the eastern region of Long Island was rst settled by English, the western portion of Long Island was
settled by the Dutch. Until 1664, the jurisdiction of
Long Island was split, roughly at the present border between Nassau County and Suolk County. The Dutch
founded six towns in present-day Brooklyn beginning in
1645. These included: Brooklyn, Gravesend, Flatlands,
Flatbush, New Utrecht, and Bushwick. The Dutch had
granted an English settlement in Hempstead, New York
(now in Nassau county) in 1644 but, after a boundary dispute, drove out English settlers from the Oyster Bay area.
In 1664, the English took over the Dutch colony of New
Amsterdam, including all their lands on Long Island, and
controlled the 120-mile (190 km) expanse (except for all
the territories inhabited by indigenous peoples.)

Battle of Long Island

Early in the American Revolutionary War, the island was

captured by the British from General George Washington
in the Battle of Long Island, a decisive battle after which

1.3

20th and 21st centuries

Washington narrowly evacuated his troops from Brooklyn

Heights under a dense fog. After the British victory on
Long Island, many Patriots ed, leaving mostly Loyalists
behind. The island remained a British stronghold until
the end of the war in 1783.
General Washington based his espionage activities on
Long Island, due to the western part of the islands proximity to the British military headquarters in New York
City. The Culper Spy Ring included agents operating between Setauket and Manhattan. This ring alerted Washington to valuable British secrets, including the treason
of Benedict Arnold and a plan to use counterfeiting to
induce economic sabotage.
Long Islands colonists served both Loyalist and Patriot
causes, with many prominent families divided among
both sides. During the occupation British troops repurposed a number of civilian structures for defense and
demanded to be quartered in the homes of civilians. A
number of structures from this era remain. Among these
are Raynham Hall, the Oyster Bay home of patriot spy
Robert Townsend, and the Caroline Church in Setauket,
which contains bullet holes from a skirmish known as the
Battle of Setauket. Also in existence is a reconstruction of
Brooklyns Old Stone House, on the site of the Maryland
400's celebrated last stand during the Battle of Long Island.

The Brooklyn Bridge, the rst of multiple crossings constructed

across the East River, connects Long Island with Manhattan Island (background).

Oheka Castle, a Gold Coast estate, is the second-largest private

residence in the country.

Island City in Queens.

Until the 1883 completion of the Brooklyn Bridge, the
only connection between Long Island and the rest of the
United States was by boat and ship. As other bridges
and tunnels were constructed, areas of the island began
to be developed as residential suburbs, rst around the
railroads that oered commuting into the city. On January 1, 1898, Kings County and portions of Queens were
consolidated into The City of Greater New York, abolishing all cities and towns within them. The easternmost 280
square miles (730 km2 ) of Queens County, which were
not part of the consolidation plan,[16][17][18][19][20][21] separated from Queens in 1899 to form Nassau County.
At the close of the 19th century, wealthy industrialists
who made vast fortunes during the Gilded Age began
to construct large baronial country estates in Nassau
County communities along the North Shore of Long Island, favoring the many lots with water views. Proximity to Manhattan attracted such men as J. P. Morgan,
William K. Vanderbilt, and Charles Pratt, whose estates
led to this area being nicknamed the Gold Coast. This period and the area was immortalized in ction, such as F.
Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby (which has also been
adapted in lms.)

1.3 20th and 21st centuries

In the 19th century, Long Island was still mainly rural
and devoted to agriculture. The predecessor to the Long
Island Rail Road (LIRR) began service in 1836 from
the South Ferry, Brooklyn, through Brooklyn to Jamaica
in Queens. The line was completed to the east end of
Long Island in 1844 (as part of a plan for transportation
to Boston). Competing railroads (soon absorbed by the
LIRR) were built along the south shore to accommodate
travellers from those more populated areas. For the century from 1830 until 1930, total population roughly doubled every twenty years, with more dense development in
areas near Manhattan. Several cities were incorporated,
such as the City of Brooklyn in Kings County, and Long

Charles Lindbergh lifted o from Roosevelt Field with

his Spirit of Saint Louis for his historic solo ight to Europe. From the 1920s to the 1940s, Long Island began the
transformation from backwoods and farms as developers
created numerous suburbs. Numerous branches of the
LIRR already enabled commuting from the suburbs to the
city. Robert Moses engineered various automobile parkway projects to span the island, and developed beaches
and state parks for the enjoyment of residents and visitors from the city. Gradually, development also followed
these parkways, with various communities springing up
along the more traveled routes.

GEOGRAPHY

Brooklyn and a portion of Queens, relocating a sizeable

swath of New York Citys population. On eastern Long
Island, such villages as Port Jeerson, Patchogue, and
Riverhead have been repurposed from inactive shipbuilding and mill towns into tourist-centric commercial centers
with cultural attractions.
A ood occurred on August 13, 2014 in Long Island after record-setting rainfall deposited two months worth of
precipitation on the area.

Grounds of the 1964 New York Worlds Fair in Flushing, Queens

2 Geography
Main article: Geography of Long Island
The westernmost end of Long Island contains the New

A typical house in a post-war middle class suburban development

After World War II, suburban development increased

with incentives under the GI Bill, and Long Islands population skyrocketed, mostly in Nassau County and western
Suolk County. Second and third-generation children of
immigrants moved out to Long Island to settle in new
housing developments built during the post-war boom.
Levittown became noted as a suburb, where house construction was simplied to be produced on a large scale.
These provided opportunities for GIs returning home to
buy houses and start a family.

Montauk Point is at Long Islands rural eastern tip

York City boroughs of Brooklyn (Kings County) and

Queens (Queens County). The central and eastern portions contain the suburban Nassau and Suolk counties. However, colloquial usage of the term Long Island usually refers only to Nassau and Suolk counties. For example, the Federal Reserve Bank of New
York has a district named Long Island (Nassau-Suolk
Metro Division).[25] At least as late as 1911, locations in
Queens were still commonly referred to as being on Long
Island.[26] Some institutions in the New York City section
of the island use the islands names, like Long Island University and Long Island Jewish Medical Center.

The descendants of late 19th and early 20th-century immigrants from southern and eastern Europe, and black
migrants from the South, have been followed by more recent ones from Latin America. These have created a diversity on Long Island lacked in other American regions.
The population has many ethnic Irish, Jews and Italians, Nassau County is more densely developed than Suolk
as well as an increasing number of Asians and Hispanics County. While auent overall, Nassau County has pockets of more pronounced wealth with estates covering
reecting later migrations.
greater acreage within the Gold Coast of the North Shore
In 1985, the United States Supreme Court ruled in United and the Five Towns area on the South Shore. South Shore
States v. Maine that Long Island was not an island for legal communities are built along protected wetlands of the ispurposes.[22][23][24]
land and contain white sandy beaches of Outer Barrier IsBy the start of the 21st century a number of Long Is- lands fronting on the Atlantic Ocean. Dutch and English
land communities had successfully repurposed their as- settlers from the time before the American Revolutionary
sets from industrial uses to post-industrial roles. Brook- War, as well as communities of Native Americans, populyn reversed decades of population decline and factory lated the island. The 19th century saw the infusion of the
closings to resurface as a globally renowned cultural and wealthiest Americans in the so-called Gold Coast of the
intellectual hotbed. Gentrication has aected much of North Shore, where wealthy Americans and Europeans in

2.1

Geology

The four counties of Long Island include two independent counties (Nassau and Suolk) and two New York City boroughs
(Brooklyn and Queens)

the Gilded Age built lavish country homes.

In its easternmost sections, Suolk remains small-town
rural, as in Greenport on the North Fork and some of The intersection of Long Island, Manhattan, and the continental
the outward areas of The Hamptons, although summer mainland
tourism swells the population in those areas.
primarily through the very center of Long Island, roughly
coinciding with the length of the Long Island Expressway.

A portion of the Downtown Brooklyn skyline, on Long Islands

western end

The North Fork peninsula of Suolk Countys East End

has developed a burgeoning Wine Country region.[27] The
South Fork peninsula is known for beach communities,
including the prominently known Hamptons, and for the
Montauk Point Lighthouse at the eastern tip of the island.
The Pine Barrens is a preserved pine forest encompassing
much of eastern Suolk County.

2.1

Geology

Long Island, as part of the Outer Lands region, is formed

largely of two spines of glacial moraine, with a large,
sandy outwash plain beyond. These moraines consist
of gravel and loose rock left behind during the two
most recent pulses of Wisconsin glaciation during the Ice
Ages some 21,000 years ago (19,000 BC). The northern
moraine, which directly abuts the North Shore of Long
Island at points, is known as the Harbor Hill moraine.
The more southerly moraine, known as the Ronkonkoma
moraine, forms the backbone of Long Island; it runs

The blus of the North Shore

The land to the south of this moraine to the South Shore

is the outwash plain of the last glacier. One part of the
outwash plain was known as the Hempstead Plains, and
this land contained one of the few natural prairies to exist
east of the Appalachian Mountains.[28]
The glaciers melted and receded to the north, resulting
in the dierence between the North Shore beaches and
the South Shore beaches. The North Shore beaches are
rocky from the remaining glacial debris, while the South
Shores are crisp, clear, outwash sand. Jaynes Hill, at 401
feet (122 m), within Suolk County near its border with
Nassau County, is the highest hill along either moraine;
another well-known summit is Bald Hill in Brookhaven
Town, not far from its geographical center at Middle Island. The glaciers also formed Lake Ronkonkoma in Suffolk County and Lake Success in Nassau County, each a
deep kettle lake.

2.2

Climate

Long Island has a climate similar to that of other coastal

areas of the Northeastern United States; it has warm, humid summers and cool, wet winters. Under the Kppen
climate classication, most of Long Island lies in a transition zone between a humid subtropical climate (Cfa)
and a humid continental climate (Dfa).[29] The oceanic
climate zone (Cfb) only exists on the North Fork, the
eastern end of the South Fork, islands in Peconic Bay,
and Fishers Island, and is rare in eastern North America. Parts of the Harbor Hill Moraine are aected by a
subtropical highland climate. The Atlantic Ocean brings
afternoon sea breezes that temper the heat in the warmer
months and limit the frequency and severity of thunderstorms. Long Island has a moderately sunny climate,
averaging between 2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine
annually.[30]

GEOGRAPHY

month is July, when average temperatures range from 70

to 80 F (21 to 27 C).[31] Temperatures seldom fall below 5 F (15 C) or rise above 95 F (35 C). Long Island temperatures vary from west to east, with the western
part (Nassau County, Queens, and Brooklyn) generally
warmer than the east (Suolk County). This is due to several factors: the western part is closer to the mainland and
more densely developed, causing the "urban heat island"
eect, and Long Islands land mass veers northward as
one travels east. Also, daytime high temperatures on the
eastern part of Long Island are cooler on most occasions
due to moderation of the Atlantic Ocean and Long Island
Sound. On dry nights with no clouds or wind, the Pine
Barrens forest of eastern Suolk County can be almost
20 degrees Fahrenheit (11 degrees Celsius) cooler than
the rest of the island due to radiational cooling. Average
dew points, a measure of atmospheric moisture, typically
lie in the 6070 F (1621 C) range during July and August.

Stripped boardwalk in Rockaway Beach after Hurricane Sandy

in 2012.

Cumulus congestus clouds over Long Island on a summer afternoon.

Clear skies in autumn over the Great Peconic Bay, with the
Atlantic Ocean as its primary inow, separating the North Fork
and South Fork at the East End of Long Island.

Due to its coastal location, Long Island temperatures are

somewhat mild compared to the rest of New York state.
The coldest month is January, when average temperatures
range from 30 to 35 F (1 to 2 C), and the warmest

Precipitation is distributed fairly uniformly throughout

the year, with approximately 34 inches (76102 mm)
on average during each month. Average yearly snowfall
totals range from approximately 20 to 35 inches (51 to
89 cm), with the north shore and western parts averaging
more than the south shore and the east end. In any given
winter, however, some parts of the island could see up to
75 inches (190 cm) of snow or more. There are also some
very quiet winters, in which most parts of the island could
see less than 10 inches (25 cm) of snow.
Long Island is somewhat vulnerable to hurricanes.[32] Its
northern location (and the relatively cool waters around it)
tend to weaken tropical cyclones before they reach Long
Island; nonetheless, several have stricken the Island as
full hurricanes, including a devastating Category 3, the
1938 New England Hurricane (also known as the Long Island Express), and another Category 3, Hurricane Carol
in 1954. Other 20th-century storms that made landfall
on Long Island at hurricane intensity include the Great
Atlantic Hurricane of 1944, Hurricane Donna in 1960,
Hurricane Belle in 1976, and Hurricane Gloria in 1985.
Also, the eyewall of Hurricane Bob in 1991 brushed the
eastern tip. In August 2011, portions of Long Island
were evacuated in preparation for Hurricane Irene, a Category 1 hurricane which weakened to a tropical storm
before it reached Long Island.[33] On October 29, 2012,

7
Hurricane Sandy, a slow-moving superstorm, reached
the area causing 90% of Long Island households to lose
power and an estimated $18 billion in damages in Nassau & Suolk Counties alone.[34][35] The storm also had a
devastating impact on coastal communities in the Brooklyn and Queens portions of the island, including Coney Island in Brooklyn and the Rockaway Peninsula in Queens,
although estimates of monetary damages there are usually
calculated as part of the overall losses suered in New
York City as a whole. The extent of Sandys damages is
second only to those caused by the 1938 Long Island Express, when adjusted for ination. Although a lower central pressure was recorded in Sandy, the National Hurricane Center estimates that the 1938 hurricane had a
lower pressure at landfall.[36][37] Hurricane Sandy and its
profound impacts have prompted the discussion of constructing seawalls and other coastal barriers around the
shorelines of Long Island and New York City to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another
such event in the future.[38][39]

2.3

Additional islands

Main article: Outer barrier

Koreatown, Long Island (

) originated in
Flushing, Queens before sprawling eastward along Northern
Boulevard and into Nassau County. Bordering its west end is
the Flushing Chinatown (
).

Several smaller islands are in close proximity to Long Island and are often grouped with it. These islands include ward.
Fire Island, Plum Island, Robins Island, Gardiners Island,
Fishers Island, Long Beach Barrier Island, Jones Beach
Island, and Shelter Island.

Demographics

Long Island is one of the most densely populated regions

in the United States. As of the United States 2010 Census, the total population of all four counties of Long Island was 7,568,304, which was 39 percent of the population of the State of New York. New York Citys portion of the census was 4,735,538, with Brooklyns population at 2,504,700 and Queens having 2,230,722 residents.
Long Islands proportion of New York States population
has been increasing, with Long Islands Census-estimated
population increasing 3.1% since 2010, to 7,804,968 in
2014, representing 39.5% of New York States Censusestimated 2014 population of 19,746,227.[6] According
to the US Census Bureaus 2008 American Community
Survey, Nassau and Suolk counties have the 10th and
26th highest median household incomes in the nation,
respectively.[40]
As of the 2010 census, the combined population of Nassau and Suolk counties was 2,832,882 people; Suffolk Countys share being 1,493,350 and Nassau Countys
1,339,532. Nassau County had a larger population for
decades, but Suolk County surpassed it in the 1990 census as growth and development continued to spread east-

Long Island contains one of the worlds largest populations of

Jews (), both secular and non-secular. Brooklyn is a major center for the growing following of Orthodox Judaism and is
about 23% Jewish overall.[41]

As Suolk County has more than twice the land area of

Nassau County, the latter still has a much higher population density. Combining all four counties, Long Islands
population is greater than 38 of the 50 U.S. states.
Population gures from the U.S. Census Bureau Census
2010[42] show that whites are the largest racial group in
all four counties, and are in the majority in Nassau and
Suolk counties. In 2002, The New York Times cited a
study by the non-prot group ERASE Racism, which determined that Nassau and Suolk counties constitute the

4 ECONOMY

most racially segregated suburbs in the United States.[43]

In contrast, Queens is the most ethnically diverse county
in the United States and the most diverse urban area in
the world.[44][45]
According to a 2000 report on religion, which asked congregations to respond, Catholics are the largest religious
group on Long Island, with non-aliated in second place.
Catholics make up 52% of the population of Nassau and
Suolk, versus 22% for the country as a whole, with Jews
at 16% and 7%, respectively, versus 1.7% nationwide.[46]
Only a small percentage of Protestants responded, 7%
and 8% respectively, for Nassau and Suolk counties.
This is in contrast with 23% for the entire country on the
same survey, and 50% on self-identication surveys.[46]
F-14 Tomcat on static display pedestal at Grumman Memorial
More recently, a Little India ( ) community has Park, Calverton, New York
emerged in Hicksville, Nassau County,[47] spreading eastward from the more established Little India enclaves in
Queens. Rapidly growing Chinatowns have developed in
Brooklyn (
) and Queens ( ), with Asian immigrants moving into Nassau County,[48][49][50] as did earlier European immigrants, such as the Irish and Italians.
Likewise, the Long Island Koreatown (
)
originated in Flushing, Queens. It is expanding eastward
along Northern Boulevard[51][52][53][54][55] and into Nassau County.[50][52][53]
A 2010 article in The New York Times stated that the expansion of the immigrant workforce on Long Island has
not displaced any jobs from other Long Island residents.
Half of the immigrants on Long Island hold white-collar
positions.[56]
Long Island is home to some of the wealthiest communities in the United States, including The Hamptons, on the
East End of the South Shore of Suolk County; the Gold
Coast, on the islands North Shore, along Long Island
Sound; and increasingly, the western shoreline of Brooklyn, facing Manhattan. In 2015, according to Business
Insider, the 11962 zip code encompassing Sagaponack,
within Southampton, was listed as the most expensive in
the U.S. by real estate-listings site Property Shark, with a
median home sale price of $5,125,000.[57]

Brookhaven National Laboratory is a major US Department of

Energy research institution

Brookhaven National Laboratory in nuclear physics and

Department of Energy research.

In recent decades companies such as Sperry Rand,

Computer Associates (headquartered in Islandia),
Motorola Enterprise Mobility (now occupying the
former headquarters of Symbol Technologies and a
4 Economy
former Grumman plant in Holtsville), have made Long
Island a center for the computer industry. Stony Brook
Main article: Economy of Long Island
University of the State University of New York conducts
The counties of Nassau and Suolk have been long advanced medical and technology research.
renowned for their auence.
Long Island is also home to the Cold Spring Harbor LabFrom about 1930 to about 1990, Long Island was considered one of the aviation centers of the United States,
with companies such as Grumman Aircraft, Republic,
Fairchild, and Curtiss having their headquarters and factories on Long Island.

oratory, which was directed for 35 years by James D.

Watson (who, along with Francis Crick and Rosalind
Franklin, discovered the double helix structure of DNA).

Long Island is home to the East Coast's largest industrial park, the Hauppauge Industrial Park. The park has
Long Island has played a prominent role in scientic over 1,300 companies employing more than 71,000 Long
research and in engineering. It is the home of the Islanders. Companies in the park and abroad are rep-

5.1

Law enforcement

9
comptroller. The towns in both counties have their own
governments as well, with town supervisors and a town
council. Nassau County is divided into three towns
and two small incorporated cities (Glen Cove and Long
Beach). Suolk County is divided into ten towns.
Brooklyn and Queens, on the other hand, do not have
county governments. As boroughs of New York City,
both have Borough Presidents, which have been largely
ceremonial oces since the shutdown of the New York
City Board of Estimate.

Long Island is home to two Indian reservations,

Poospatuck Reservation, and Shinnecock Reservation.
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory is a renowned biomedical reBoth reservations are in Suolk County. Numerous issearch facility
land place names are Indian in origin.
resented by the Hauppauge Industrial Association. As
many as 20 percent of Long Islanders commute to New
York City jobs. The eastern end of the island is still
partly agricultural. In the last 25 years, development of
vineyards on the North Fork became a major new industry, replacing potato elds. Pumpkin farms have been
added to traditional truck farming. Farms allow fresh
fruit picking by Long Islanders for much of the year.
Fishing continues to be an important industry, especially
at Huntington, Northport, Montauk, and other coastal
communities of the East End and South Shore.

Government and politics

5.1 Law enforcement

See also: List of Long Island law enforcement agencies
Queens and Brooklyn are patrolled by the New York City
Police Department; Nassau and Suolk counties respectively have the Nassau County Police Department and
Suolk County Police Department. New York State Police patrol state parks and parkways. Several dozen villages and the two cities in Nassau have their own police
departments.

Both Nassau and Suolk each have a sheris oce that

handles civil process, evictions, warrant service and enMain article: Politics of Long Island
forcement, prisoner transport and detention, and operaNassau County and Suolk County each have their tion of the county jail.

5.2 Secession proposals

Main articles: Long Island (state), List of U.S. state
secession proposals and Secession in New York
The secession of Long Island from New York was proposed as early as 1896, but talk was revived towards
the latter part of the twentieth century.[60] On March
28, 2008 Suolk County, New York Comptroller Joseph
Sawicki proposed a plan that would make Long Island
(specically, Nassau and Suolk counties) the 51st state
of the United States of America.[61] Sawicki says that all
the Long Island taxpayers money would stay on Long Island, rather than the funds being dispersed all over the
entire state of New York, and Long Island sending to
A commemorative half dollar issued in 1936 for the Long island Albany over three billion dollars more than it receives
tercentenary
back.[62] The state of Long Island would include over 2.7
million people (larger than that of fteen other states). So
own governments, with a County Executive leading each. far Nassau County executives have not expressed interest
Each has a county legislature and countywide-elected of- in joining in the secession proposal, which would need to
cials, such as district attorney, county clerk, and county be approved by the NY State Legislature.[61]

10

6 TRANSPORTATION

Transportation

The MTA implements mass transportation for the New

York metropolitan area including all ve boroughs of
New
York City, the suburban counties of Dutchess,
Main article: Transportation on Long Island
Nassau,
Orange, Putnam, Rockland, Suolk and
Every major form of transportation serves Long IsWestchester, all of which together are the Metropolitan
Commuter Transportation District (MCTD)".
The MTA is the largest public transportation provider in
the Western Hemisphere. Its agencies serve 14.6 million
people spread over 5,000 square miles (13,000 km) from
New York City through the southeastern section of the
state (including Long Island and the lower Hudson Valley), and Connecticut. Combined the MTA agencies now
move more than 2.6 billion rail and bus customers a year
while employing some 70,000 workers.
6.1.1 Rail

John F. Kennedy International Airport

land, including John F. Kennedy International Airport,

LaGuardia Airport, and Long Island MacArthur Airport,
multiple smaller airports, railroads, subways, and several
major highways. There are historic and modern bridges,
recreational and commuter trails, and ferries serving various parts of all of Long Island.
There are currently ten road crossings out of Long Island,
all within New York City limits at the extreme western
end of the island. Plans for a Long Island Crossing at
various locations in Nassau and Suolk Counties (a proposed bridge or tunnel that would link Long Island to the
south with New York or Connecticut to the north across
Long Island Sound) have been discussed for decades, but
there are currently no rm plans to construct such a crossing.

6.1

Schematic map of LIRR system

Main article: Long Island Rail Road

The Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) is the busiest
commuter railroad system in North America, carrying
an average of 282,400 passengers each weekday on 728
daily trains. Chartered on April 24, 1834, it is also the
oldest railroad still operating under its original name.[63]

Public transportation
6.1.2 Bus
Nassau Inter-County Express (NICE) provides bus service in Nassau County, while Suolk County Transit, an
agency of the Suolk County government, provides bus
service in Suolk County. In 2012, NICE replaced the
former Long Island Bus in transporting Long Islanders
across Nassau County while still allowing them to use
MTA MetroCards as payment.[64]

6.2 Roads

A 7 train in Queens

The Long Island Expressway, Northern State Parkway, and Southern State Parkway, all products of the
automobile-centered planning of Robert Moses, are the
islands primary east-west high-speed thoroughfares.

7.2

Colleges and universities

A Nassau Inter-County Express bus

11

The academic mall across Stony Brook University's main campus

7.2 Colleges and universities

See also: List of colleges and universities on Long Island
and List of colleges and universities in New York City
Long Island is home to a range of higher-education institutions, both public and private.

Long Island Expressway in Nassau County

6.2.1

Ground transportation

Being such a large, populous island with several airports

connecting the island to the rest of the world, there are
several hundred transportation companies that service the
Long Island/New York City area. Winston airport shuttle, the oldest of these companies in business since 1973,
was the rst to introduce door-to-door shared-ride service
to and from the major airports, which almost all transportation companies now utilize.[65]

7
7.1

Education
Primary and secondary education

Long Islands Nassau and Suolk counties are the home

of 125 public school districts containing a total of 656
public schools. In contrast, all of Brooklyn and Queens
are served by the New York City Department of Education, the largest school district in the United States. Long
Island is also home to a number of private and parochial
schools.

Brooklyn and Queens contain ve of eleven senior colleges within CUNY, the public university system of New
York City and one of the largest in the country. Among
these are the notable institutions of Brooklyn College and
Queens College. Brooklyn also contains private colleges
such as Pratt Institute and the New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering, an engineering college
that merged with New York University in 2014.
Nassau and Suolk counties are similarly served by community colleges, as well as several colleges and universities within the SUNY system, notably Stony Brook (for its
health sciences research and medical center). Private institutions include the New York Institute of Technology,
Hofstra University and Adelphi University (both located
in the Town of Hempstead), as well as Long Island University (with its C.W. Post campus, located on a former
Gold Coast estate in Brookville, and a satellite campus
in downtown Brooklyn). Long Island also contains the
Webb Institute, a small naval architecture college in Glen
Cove. In addition, the island is home to the United States
Merchant Marine Academy, a Federal Service Academy
located in Kings Point, on the North Shore.

8 Culture
8.1 Music
Main article: Music of Long Island
See also: Long Island Music Hall of Fame, List of Long
Islanders and List of people from New York City
Music on Long Island (Nassau and Suolk) is strongly
inuenced by the proximity to New York City and by the

12

8 CULTURE

8.2 Cuisine
Long Island has historically been a center for shing and
seafood. This legacy continues in the Blue Point oyster,
a now ubiquitous variety that was originally harvested on
the Great South Bay and was the favorite oyster of Queen
Victoria. Clams are also a popular food and clam digging a popular recreational pursuit, with Manhattan clam
chowder reputed to have Long Island origins.[69]

Nikon at Jones Beach Theater

youth culture of the suburbs. Psychedelic rock was widely

popular in the 1960s as ocks of disaected youth travelled to NYC to participate in protest and the culture of
the time. R & B also has a history on Long Island, especially in areas close to New York City. In the late 1970s
through the 1980s, the inuence of radio station WLIR
made Long Island one of the rst places in the U.S. to
hear and embrace European New Wave bands such as
Depeche Mode, the Pet Shop Boys, and Culture Club.
In the 1990s, hip-hop became very popular with rap pioneers Rakim, EPMD, and Public Enemy growing up on
Long Island. Recently, new bands have been making a
name for themselves originating from Long Island such
as Brand New, Austin Schoeel and Envy on the Coast.

A winery and tasting room in a 1690 farmhouse near Stony

Brook, New York

Of land-based produce, Long Island duck has a history

of national recognition since the 19th century, with four
duck farms continuing to produce 2 million ducks a year
as of 2013.[70] Two symbols of Long Islands duck farming heritage are the Long Island Ducks minor-league
baseball team and the Big Duck, a 1931 duck-shaped
building that is a historic landmark and tourist attraction.
In addition to Long Islands duck industry, Riverhead
contains one of the largest bualo farms on the East
coast.[71]

Famous rock bands that originated on Long Island include

The Rascals, The Ramones (from Queens), Dream Theater, Blue yster Cult, Twisted Sister and guitar virtuosos
John Petrucci, Steve Vai and Joe Satriani. Rock and pop
singer Billy Joel grew up on Long Island and his youthful
life there is reected in some of his music.
Long Island is well known for its production of alcoholic
The Nassau Coliseum and Nikon at Jones Beach Theater beverages. Eastern Long Island is a signicant producer
are venues used by national touring acts as performance of wines. Vineyards are most heavily concentrated on
spaces for concerts. Nikon at Jones Beach Theater is an Long Islands North Fork, which contains 38 wineries.
outdoor amphitheatre, located at Jones Beach State Park. Most of these contain tasting rooms, which serve as popIt is a popular place to view summer concerts, with new as ular tourist attractions for visitors from across the New
well as classic artists performing there during the summer York metropolitan area.[72] Long Island has also become
months. It hosts a large Fourth of July reworks show a producer of diverse craft beers, with 15 microbreweries
every year which lls the stands. People also park cars existing across Nassau and Suolk counties as of 2013.
along the highway leading to the show, and others watch The largest of these is Blue Point Brewing Company, best
known for its toasted lager.[73] Long Island is also globfrom the nearby beaches.[66]
Long Island is also known for its school music programs. ally known for its signature cocktail, the Long Island Iced
at a popular Jones
Many schools in Suolk County have distinguished mu- Tea, which purportedly was invented
[74]
Beach
nightclub
in
the
1970s.
sic programs, with high numbers of students who are accepted into the statewide All-State music groups, or even
the National All-Eastern Coast music groups. Both the
Suolk County and Nassau County Music Educators Associations are recognized by The National Association
of Music Education (MENC),[67][68] and host numerous
events, competitions, and other music-related activities.

The eateries on Long Island are largely a product of the

regions local ethnic populations. Italian cuisine is represented by ubiquitous pizzerias spread throughout the island, with the region hosting an annual competition, the
Long Island Pizza Festival & Bake-O. Jewish cuisine is
likewise represented by delicatessens and bagel stores.

8.3

8.3

Sports

13

Sports

See also: Sports in New York

The New York Mets baseball team plays at Citi Field

Citi Field, home of the New York Mets in Queens

Barclays Center, home of the Brooklyn Nets and New York Islanders in Brooklyn

National Tennis Center, located adjacent to Citi Field in

Flushing Meadows Park. The complex also contains the
biggest tennis stadium in the world, the Arthur Ashe Stadium.

in Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, Queens. Their former stadium, Shea Stadium was also home for the New
York Jets football team from 1964 until 1983. The new
stadium is designed with an exterior faade and main entry rotunda inspired by Ebbets Field. The New York
Mets had planned to move their Double-A farm team to
Long Island, as part of the ambitious but now-defunct
plan for Nassau county called The Lighthouse Project.
The Brooklyn Cyclones are a minor league baseball team,
aliated with the New York Mets. The Cyclones play The Stony Brook Seawolves during their 2012 homecoming game
at MCU Park just o the boardwalk on Coney Island
in Brooklyn. An articial turf baseball complex named Ebbets Field, which stood in Brooklyn from 1913 to
Baseball Heaven is located in Yaphank.
1957, was the home of the Brooklyn Dodgers baseThe Barclays Center, a new sports arena, business, and ball team, who moved to California after the 1957 Maresidential complex built partly on a platform over the jor League Baseball season to become the Los AngeAtlantic Yards at Atlantic Avenue in Brooklyn, is the cur- les Dodgers. The Dodgers won several National League
rent home of the Brooklyn Nets basketball team and the pennants in the 1940s and 1950s, losing several times in
New York Islanders hockey team. The move from New the World Seriesoften called Subway Seriesto their
Jersey in the summer of 2012 marked the return to Long Bronx rivals, the New York Yankees. The Dodgers won
Island for the Nets franchise, which played at Nassau Vet- their lone championship in Brooklyn in the 1955 World
erans Memorial Coliseum from 1972 to 1977. The Is- Series versus the Yankees.
landers played at Nassau Coliseum from their 1972 in- Long Island has been a hot spot for outdoor lacrosse
ception through 2015.
at the youth and college level, which made way for a
Long Island has a wide variety of golf courses that span Major League Lacrosse team in 2001, the Long Island
all over. One of the most famous is the public Bethpage Lizards. The Lizards play at Mitchel Athletic Complex
Black Course that has hosted multiple U.S. Open's as in Uniondale.
well as The Barclays with the most recent during the year The New York Dragons of the Arena Football League
2012.
also played their home games at Nassau Coliseum. Long
Long Island has a professional soccer club, the New York Island has also been at the forefront of Semi-Professional
Cosmos, who play in the Division 2 North American Soc- football. The Empire State Demon Knights[75] of the Five
cer League at James M. Shuart Stadium in Hempstead.
Star Football League have called Long Island their home
Queens also hosts one of the four tennis grand slams, the since they relinquished the name Kings County Wolfpack
US Open. Every August (September, in Olympic years) and moved to Suolk County.
the best tennis players in the world travel to Long Island Long Island is also home to the Long Island Ducks minor
to play the championships, which is held in the USTA league baseball team of the Atlantic League. Their sta-

14

10

REFERENCES

were all born and/or raised on Long Island. Both Komisarek and Higgins played on the same Suolk County
Hockey League team at an early age, and later played on
the Montreal Canadiens together. Nick Drahos was an
All Scholastic and All Long Island honoree at Lawrence
High School, Nassau Co. in 1936 and 1937, and a 2-time
Unanimous National College All-American in the years
of 1939 and 1940 at Cornell University.

9 See also
Preparing for a horse race at Belmont Park, home of the Belmont
Stakes, nal leg of the Triple Crown

dium, Bethpage Ballpark, is located in Central Islip. The

two main rugby teams are the Long Island RFC in East
Meadow and the Suolk Bull Moose in Stony Brook.
Another category of sporting events popular in this region are Firematic Racing events, involving many local
Volunteer re departments.

Geography of New York City

List of Long Islanders, famous residents of Nassau
and Suolk
List of people from New York City, including famous residents of Brooklyn and Queens
List of references to Long Island places in popular
culture
List of lms shot on Long Island
Timeline of town creation in Downstate New York
Long Island (proposed state)
List of Long Island recreational facilities

10 References
[1] Richmond Hill Historic Society Tributary tribes
Bethpage Ballpark, home of the Long Island Ducks minor league
baseball team

Long Island also has two horse racing tracks, Aqueduct

Racetrack in Ozone Park, Queens and Belmont Park
on the Queens/Nassau border in Elmont, home of the
Belmont Stakes. The longest dirt Thoroughbred racecourse in the world is located in the Nassau County community of Elmont at Belmont Park.
Long Island is home to numerous famous athletes, including Hall of Famers Jim Brown, Julius Erving, John
Mackey, Whitey Ford, Nick Drahos, and Carl Yastrzemski. Others include Gold Medalists Sue Bird, Sarah
Hughes and Derrick Adkins, D'Brickashaw Ferguson,
Billy Donovan, Larry Brown, Rick Pitino, John McEnroe, Jumbo Elliott, Mick Foley, Zack Ryder, Matt Serra,
Boomer Esiason, Vinny Testaverde, Craig Biggio, Frank
Catalanotto, Greg Sacks, Rob Burnett, Steve Park, Frank
Viola, Chris Weidman, Marques Colston and Speedy
Claxton. Several current NHL Players such as Vancouver Canucks Christopher Higgins and Matt Gilroy,
Nashville Predators Eric Nystrom, Toronto Maple Leaf
Mike Komisarek, and Pittsburgh Penguin Rob Scuderi

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agreed Long Island is a geographical island. It was only
for the purposes of the case that the island was declared
an extension of New Yorks coastline.

15

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The question of the Greater New-York, which is also to be
submitted to the people at this coming election, involves
the proposition to unite in one city the following cities,
counties, and towns: New-York City, Long Island City,
in Queens County; the County of Kings, (Brooklyn;) the
County of Richmond, (S.I.;) the towns of Flushing, Newtown, Jamaica, in Queens County; the town of Westchester, in Westchester County, and all that portion of the
towns of East Chester and Pelham which lies south of a
straight line drawn from a point where the northerly line of
the City of New-York meets the centre line of the Bronx
River, to the middle of the channel between Hunters and
Glen Islands, in Long Island Sound, and that part of the
town of Hempstead, in Queens County, which is westerly
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town of Flushing in a straight line to the Atlantic Ocean.
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[17] Vote for Greater New York. The New York Times. October 16, 1894. Retrieved April 30, 2011. (before election)
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[19] Greater New-York in Doubt: The City Vote is for it and
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Jamaica... Long Island City ... Newtown... The townships
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New-York have not been heard from yet... (before results
of Queens vote known)

[26] The Real Estate Field On Long Island. The New York
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[27] Long Island Wine Country - The Ocial Website Of The
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[34] Superstorm Sandy Sparks Floods, Blackouts on Long Island. Long Island Press. October 30, 2012. Retrieved
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23, 2015.

16

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EXTERNAL LINKS

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[75] [Link]

11 External links
Media related to Long Island at Wikimedia Commons
Long Island travel guide from Wikivoyage
"Long Island". The American Cyclopdia. 1879.

17

12
12.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

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WhisperToMe, Wik, Zoicon5, Freechild, Maximus Rex, Omegatron, Ed g2s, Morven, Fvw, Renato Caniatti~enwiki, Wetman, Jason M,
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Wikiacc, YUL89YYZ, User2004, Too Old, Arthur Holland, Bender235, Kbh3rd, Kjoonlee, JoeSmack, Jarsyl, Ylee, Amcalabrese, Marcok, Shanes, Porterlu, Bobo192, Robotje, Smalljim, Reinyday, John Vandenberg, BrokenSegue, Cmdrjameson, Foobaz, Giraedata, R7,
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File:Aerial_View_of_Brookhaven_National_Laboratory.jpg Source: [Link]

View_of_Brookhaven_National_Laboratory.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Brookhaven Original artist: [Link]
File:Barclays_Center_western_side.jpg Source: [Link]
[Link] License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: AEMoreira042281
File:[Link] Source: [Link] License: Public domain Contributors: [1][2] Original artist: Domenick D'Andrea
File:Belmont9_1999-[Link] Source: [Link] License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from [Link]; transferred to Commons by User:Common Good using CommonsHelper. Original artist:
Dave Mock at [Link]
File:Belt_Pkwy_Shield.svg Source: [Link] License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Bethpage_ballpark.jpg Source: [Link] License: CC BY 3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Bethpage11
File:Brooklyn_view_from_south_seaport.jpg Source: [Link]
south_seaport.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Brooklyn Original artist: Kenneth Lu from Sunnyvale, CA
File:Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory.jpg Source: [Link]
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File:Compass_rose_pale.svg Source: [Link] License: CC-BYSA-3.0 Contributors: svg version of Image:[Link], made to look similar to Image:Reinel compass [Link]. Original artist:
Fibonacci
File:Cross_Island_Pkwy_Shield.svg Source: [Link]
License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Cumulus_congestus_over_Long_Island.JPG Source:
[Link]
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File:[Link] Source: [Link] License: Public domain Contributors: DarkEvil. Original artist: DarkEvil
File:East_Farm_farmhouse,_Head_of_the_Harbor.jpg Source:
[Link]
farmhouse%2C_Head_of_the_Harbor.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:
iPhone photo
Original artist:
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File:Flag_of_New_York.svg Source: [Link] License: Public
domain Contributors: xrmap ag collection 2.7 Original artist: State of New York
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File:Freiheitsstatue_NYC_full.jpg Source: [Link] License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:G-P_Bay.jpg Source: [Link] License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors:
112607 936 Original artist: Doug Kerr from now in Binghamton, NY
File:Grand_Central_Pkwy_Shield.svg Source: [Link]
svg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: TwinsMetsFan
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File:Harry_E_Donnell_house.jpg Source: [Link] License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Hixguy1

12.2

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File:House_Long_Island.jpg Source: [Link] License: GFDL

Contributors: Own work Original artist: Yann Forget
File:[Link] Source: [Link] License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:[Link] Source: [Link] License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
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artist: ?
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File:[Link] Source: [Link] License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
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artist: ?
File:JFK_Airport_Tower_and_Terminal.jpg Source: [Link]
and_Terminal.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Eheik
File:Jueus_ultraortodoxes_satmar_a_brooklyn.jpg
Source:
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ultraortodoxes_satmar_a_brooklyn.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: jueus ultraortodoxes satmar a brooklyn Original artist:
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File:Kenneth_P_LaValle_Stadium.jpg Source: [Link]
jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Personal Photo Stony Brook vs. Colgate Homecoming Sept. 28, 2012 6pm
Previously published: Facebook Original artist: Josephng1
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File:LOC_Brooklyn_Bridge_and_East_River_Edit_3.jpg Source: [Link]
Brooklyn_Bridge_and_East_River_Edit_3.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This image is available from the United States
Library of Congress's Prints and Photographs division under the digital ID hhh.ny1234.
This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information.

Original artist: Jet Lowe

File:Le_Citi_Field.jpg Source: [Link] License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Groupe Canam
File:Long_Island_Counties.gif Source: [Link] License: Cc-by-sa3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Long_Island_North_Shore.png Source: [Link]
License: CC0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Kelvinsong
File:Long_Island_location_map.svg Source: [Link]
License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ergo Sum
File:Long_island_tercentenary_half_dollar_commemorative_reverse.jpg Source:
[Link]
commons/f/f1/Long_island_tercentenary_half_dollar_commemorative_reverse.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
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York_Economic_Regions.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Vmanjr
File:Meadowbrook_Pkwy_Shield.svg Source: [Link]
svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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Lighthouse_2008.jpeg License: Public domain Contributors: Photo page: [1]
Original artist: United States Coast Guard, photographer not specied
File:[Link] Source: [Link] License: Public domain Contributors: Own
work Original artist: TwinsMetsFan
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work Original artist: TwinsMetsFan
File:[Link] Source: [Link] License: Public domain Contributors: Own
work Original artist: TwinsMetsFan
File:[Link] Source: [Link] License: Public domain Contributors: Own
work Original artist: TwinsMetsFan
File:[Link] Source: [Link] License: Public domain Contributors: Own
work Original artist: TwinsMetsFan
File:[Link] Source: [Link] License: Public domain Contributors: Own
work Original artist: TwinsMetsFan
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work Original artist: TwinsMetsFan

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File:[Link] Source: [Link] License: Public domain Contributors: Own

work Original artist: TwinsMetsFan
File:[Link] Source: [Link] License: Public domain Contributors:
Own work Original artist: TwinsMetsFan
File:[Link] Source: [Link] License: Public domain Contributors: Own
work Original artist: TwinsMetsFan
File:[Link] Source: [Link] License: Public domain Contributors: Own
work Original artist: TwinsMetsFan
File:[Link] Source: [Link] License: Public domain Contributors: Own
work Original artist: TwinsMetsFan
File:NYC_Main_St_Flushing_station_6.jpg Source:
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File:Nassau_Inter-County_Express_Orion_VII_CNG_(2011).jpg Source: [Link]
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File:New_York_STS058-[Link] Source: [Link]
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File:Question_book-[Link] Source: [Link] License: Cc-by-sa-3.0
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File:Stripped_boardwalk_RB_Sandy_jeh.jpg Source: [Link]
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File:Suffolk_County_Route_46_NY.svg Source: [Link] License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, based on File:MUTCD M1-6 template [Link] Original artist: TwinsMetsFan
File:Suffolk_County_Route_97_NY.svg Source: [Link] License: Public domain Contributors: Own work, based on File:MUTCD M1-6 template [Link] Original artist: TwinsMetsFan
File:Sunken_Meadow_Pkwy_Shield.svg Source: [Link]
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