F i D

Footing
Design
i

Types of Footing
Wall footings are used to
support structural walls that
carry loads for other floors
or to support nonstructural
walls.

Types of Footing
Isolated or single footings
are used to support single
columns. This is one of the
most economical types of
footings and is used when
columns are spaced at
relatively long distances.

Types of Footing
Combined footings usually
support two columns, or
three columns not in a row.
Combined footings are used
when two columns are so
close that single footings
cannot be used or when one
col mn is located at or near
column
a property line.

Types of Footing
Cantilever or strap footings
consist of two single
footings connected with a
beam or a strap and support
two single columns. This
type replaces a combined
footing and is more
economical.
economical

Types of Footing
Continuous footings
support a row of three or
more columns. They have
limited width and continue
under all columns.

Types of Footing
Rafted or mat foundation
consists of one footing
usually placed under the
entire building area. They
are used, when soil bearing
capacity
it is
i low,
l
column
l
loads are heavy single
footings cannot be used,
piles are not used and
differential settlement must
be reduced.

Types of Footing
Pile caps are thick slabs
used to tie a group of piles
together to support and
transmit column loads to the
piles.

Distribution of Soil Pressure

When the column load P is applied
on the centroid of the footing, a
uniform
if
pressure is
i assumedd to
develop on the soil surface below the
footing area.
area However the actual
distribution of the soil is not
uniform,
f
but depends
p
on mayy
factors especially the composition of
the soil and degree of flexibility of
the footing.

Distribution of Soil Pressure

Soil pressure distribution in

cohesionless soil.

Soil pressure distribution in cohesive

soil.

Eccentrically loaded footings

Eccentrically loaded footings Example

Isolated Footing
D.L = 900 kN
L.L = 450 kN
Ms = 150kN.m
Mu=200kN.m
qall =200kpa

Area required approximated

qall ( net ) = 20t / m 2 = 200kPa

Ag =

Ps
qall ( net )

(900 + 450) 103

2
=
=
6
.
75
m
200 103

use (3.5m 2.5m )

A = 8.75m

I = 3.5122.5 = 8.9m 4
Check stress
3

M 150
e=
=
= 0.111 < L6 = 36.5 = 0.583
P 1350
Ps M s C 1350 150 32.5
+
=
+
= 183.7 kPa
A
I
8.75
8 .9
Ps M s C 1350 150 32.5

= 124.7 kPa
A
I
8.75
8.9

124.7

183 7
183.7

Ultimate p
pressure under footingg

Pu = 1.2(900 ) + 1.6(450) = 1800kN

M u = 200kN .m

Pu M u C 1800 200 32.5

+
=
+
245kPa
A
I
8.75
8 .9
Pu M u C 1800 200 32.5

166kPa
8 .9
A
I
8.75

245
166
245

Check Punchingg Shear

bo = 4[(530 + 400)] = 3720cm
F square column
For
l
the
th suitable
it bl VC equation
ti is
i :
fc '
25
VC =
530 3720 / 1000 = 2464.5kN
bo d = 0.75
3
3
VU

(166 + 245 +166 + 245 )

4

(3.5 2.5) = 1798kN

Check Beam Shear

VC = 0.75

25
530 2500 / 1000 = 828.13kN
6

VU at d from column face

223 + 245
VU =
* (1.5 0.53)* 2.5
2

= 567.5kN
VU < VC

3.5m

Bendingg moment design

g
Long direction
M U at d from column face

245

166

P1 = 211(1.5)(2.5) = 791.25kN
P2 = 12 (245 211)(1.5)(2.5) = 63.75kN

245

M U = P1 (0.75) + P2 (1) = 791.25(0.75) + 63.75(1) = 657.2kN .m

b = 2500, d = 530mm

25
2 106 * 657.2
657 2
= 0.85 *
1 - 1 = 0.00254
2
0.9(0.85)25 * 530 * 2500
420
AS = 0.00254 530 1000 = 1346mm 2 13.5cm 2 use 716 / m long
g direction

Bendingg moment design

g

2 5m
2.5m

Short direction
M U at d from column face

(245 + 166)
(1 3.5)0.5 = 719.25kN .m
MU =
2

b = 3500, d = 530mm

245

25
2 106 * 719.25
= 0.85 *
1 - 1 = 0.002
2
420
0.9(0.85
0 85)25 * 530 * 3500
AS = 0.002 530 1000 = 1060mm 2 10.1cm 2

245

166

short direction

Central band ratio =

3.5
= 1.4
2.5
2
2
=
= 0.83
+ 1 2.4

Central band of short direction = 0.83 As = 0.83 (10.1)=8.6cm2

214
716/m

714/m

214

Footing Design
Part II
C bi d ffooting
Combined
ti

Example 1
Design a combined footing As shown
qall ( net ) = 20t / m 2 = 200kPa

f c = 25 N mm 2

f y = 420 N mm 2

Dimension calculation
Th base
The
b
dimension
di
i to get uniform
if
di
distributed
ib d lload
d
2000kN
800 kN

1200 kN

x1=0.2m

x2=6.2m
x

800(0.2)+1200(6.2)=2000(x)
x = 3.8m

800 kN

1200 kN

Try thickness
=80cm
2x =7.6 m

Area required

qall ( net ) = 20t / m 2 = 200kPa,

Pu = 1.3( Ps ) = 1.3(2000) = 2600kN
Ag =

Ps
qall ( net )

2000 103
2
=
10
m
7.6 *1.8
=
3
200 10

Pu (2600)103
qu =
=
= 190 103 Pa = 190kPa
A
7.6 *1.8

Check for punching Shear

d = 730 mm

1.13m

0.765

bo = 2(765) + 1130 = 2260mm

fc '
25
bo d = 0.75
730 2260 / 1000 = 2062.3kN
3
3
d fc '
30 730
25

VC = 2 + s
bo d = 0.75 2 +

730 2260 / 1000 = 6027 kN

b 12
2260 12

VC =

VU = 800(1.3) 1.13 * 0.765 *190 = 875.8kN < Vc

oK
K

B
bo = 4[(730 + 400)] = 4520mm
fc '
25
VC =
730 4520 / 1000 = 4124.4kN
bo d = 0.75
3
3
s d fc '
40 730
25

VC = 2 +
bo d = 0.75 2 +

730 4520 / 1000 = 13322.5kN

b
12
4520
12

VU = 1200(1.3) 1.13 *1.13 *190 = 1317.4kN < Vc

oK

Draw S.F.D & B.M.D

Stress under footing
f
g
= 190 *1.8 = 342 kN/m

Check for beam shear

b = 1800mm, d = 730mm
25
VC = 0.75
730 1800 / 1000 = 821.25kN
6
Max. VU at d from column face = 762.34kN
VU < VC

Bending moment Long

direction

ve M = 1366kN .m
b = 1800mm, d = 730mm

25
2 106 *1366
= 0.85 *
= 0.0039
1 - 1 2
420
0.9(0.85)25 * 730 *1800
AS = 0.0039 730 1000 = 2847mm 2 = 28.5cm 2 use 9 20 / m Top

+ ve M = 246.7kN .m
b = 1800mm, d = 730mm

25
2 106 * 246.7
= 0.85 *
= 0.0007 < min
1 - 1 2
420
0.9(0.85)25 * 730 *1800
AS min = 0.0018 800 1000 = 1440mm 2 = 14.4cm 2 use 716 / m Bottom
B tt

Bending moment Short

direction

Under Column A

1040
0.765 1.8 0.4

M=

= 141.6
(1.8 * 0.765)
2
2

b = 765mm, d = 730mm
2

25
2 106 *141.6
= 0.85 *
< min
1 - 1 2
420
0.9(0.85)25 * 730 * 765
AS min = 0.0018 800 765 = 1101.6mm 2 = 11cm 2 use 714 / m

Under Column B

1560
1.13 1.8 0.4
M=

= 212.33
(1.8 *1.13)
2
2

b = 1130mm, d = 730mm
2

25
2 106 * 212.33
= 0.85 *
1 - 1 < min
2
0.9(0.85)25 * 730 *1130
420
AS min = 0.0018 800 765 = 1101.6mm 2 = 11cm 2 use 714 / m

Shrinkage Reinforcement in short direction

AS min = 0.0018 800 765 = 1101.6mm 2 = 11cm 2 use 714 / m

Footing
g Design
g
Part III
Combined footing, strip footing, & Mat foundation

Example 2
Design a combined footing As shown
qall ( net ) = 18 t / m 2 = 180kPa

f c = 25 N mm 2

f y = 420 N mm 2

Dimension calculation
The base dimension to get uniform distributed load
1950kN
1200 kN

750 kN

750(4.2)+1200(0.2)
750(4
2)+1200(0 2)=1950
1950 (x)
x = 1.75m

x1=0.2m

x2=4.2
m

B1 + 2 B2 L

x =
B1 + B2 3

Area required
qall ( net ) = 20t / m 2 = 200kPa,
Ag =

Ps
qall ( net )

1950 103
2
=
=
10
.
8
m
180 103

B1 + B2

L = 10.8
2
B1 + B2
4.35 = 10.8

2
B1 + B2
= 2.5

2
B1 + B2 = 5
B + 2 B2 L 5 + B2 4.35
x = 1
=

B1 + B2 3 5 3
1.75 = 1.45 + 0.29 B2
B2 = 1m
B1 = 4 m

Pu 1.3(1950 ) 103
qu =
=
= 235 103 Pa = 235kPa
A
10.8

Check for punching Shear

h= 750mm
h
750
d = 732 mm

A
bo = 2(732) + 1065 = 2590mm

B2 1
B2=1m
B1=4m

fc '
25
bo d = 0.75
665 2590 / 1000 = 2160.4kN
3
3
d fc '
30 665
25

VC = 2 + s
bo d = 0.75 2 +

665 2590 / 1000 = 5222kN

b 12
2590 12

VC =

VU = 1200(1.3) 1.065 * 0.733 * 235 = 1376.6kN < Vc

oK
K

B
bo = 2(633) + 965 = 2231 mm
fc '
25
VC =
bo d = 0.75
665 2231 / 1000 = 1854.5kN
3
3
sd fc '
30 665
25

VC = 2 +
bo d = 0.75 2 +

665 2231 / 1000 = 5273kN

b
12
2231
12

VU = 800(1.3) 0.965 * 0.633 * 235 = 896.5kN < Vc

oK

Draw S
S.F.D
FD & B
B.M.D
MD

Empirical S.F.D & B.M.D

975 0.70 = 682

m
Convert trapezoidal load to rectangle
wave = 235 + 23 (940 235) = 705
M max =

wl
705(3.65)
=
= 1174 kN .m
8
8
2

Clear distance between column

B in moment design = ave. width = 2.5m

1560 (0.70) = 1092

Mmax

Check for beam shear

d = 665mm
b = 1 + 2( Lx ) y
at x = 0.815 + 0.15
1 + 2( 04.965
.35 ) 1.5 = 1.7 m = 1700 mm
25
VC = 0.75
665 1700 / 1000 = 696kN
6
Max. VU at d from column B face ( the most critical) = 668kN
VU < VC
b

Y=1.5m

4m

1m

Bending moment Long

Top
ve M = 1260kN .m
d = 730mm

direction

b = 1 + 2( 24..25
35 ) 1.5 = 2.60m = 2600

2 106 *1260
25
= 0.85 *
1 - 1 = 0.003
2
420
0.9(0.85)25 * 665 * 2600
AS = 0.003 665 1000 = 1995mm 2 = 20cm 2 use 1016 / m Top

Bottom

AS min = 0.0018 750 1000 = 1350mm 2 = 13.5cm 2 use 914 / m Bottom

Bending moment Short

direction

Under Column A
b' = 1 + 2( 34..62
35 ) 1.5 = 3.5m = 3500mm
b' = 1 + 2( 04.633
.35 ) 1.5 = 1.44m = 1440mm

b=

3.5 + 4
m = 3.75m = 3750mm
2

1560
0.733 3.75 0.4

M=

= 583.6
(3.75 * 0.733)
2
2

d = 665mm
2

25
2 106 * 583.57
= 0.85 *
1 - 1 = 0.005
2
420
0.9(0.85)25 * 665 * 733
AS = 0.005 665 733 = 3325mm 2 = 33cm 2 use 10 20

Under Column B
b=

1.44 + 1
m = 1.22m = 1220mm
2

975
0.633 1.22 0.3

M=

= 84.6
(1.22 * 0.633)
2
2

b = 633mm, d = 665mm
2

25
2 106 * 84.6
= 0.85 *
1 - 1 < min
2
420
0.9(0.85)25 * 665 * 633
AS min = 0.0018 750 633 = 854.6mm 2 = 8.6cm 2 use 614

Shrinkage Reinforcement in short direction

AS min = 0.0018 1000 750 = 1350mm 2 = 13.5cm 2 use 914 / m

Reinforcement details

Example 3 (Strip footing)

Design a combined footing As shown
qall ( net ) = 20t / m 2 = 200kPa

f c = 25 N mm 2

f y = 420 N mm 2

Dimension calculation
The base dimension to get uniform distributed load
3040kN
800 kN

1280 kN

960 kN

Assume
L1=0.6

x1=5.2m

x2=10 7m
x2=10.7m

800(0.6)+1280(5.1)+960(10.6)=
800(0
6)+1280(5 1)+960(10 6)
3040 (x)
x = 5.65m,
2(x)=11.3m
L2=11.3 - (10.6)=0.7

L2

qall ( net ) = 188t / m 2 = 180

80kkPaa,
Ag =

Ps
qall ( net )

3040 103
2
=
16
.
9
m
11.3m 1.8m
=
3
180 10

Pu 1.3(3040 )103
qu =
=
= 195 103 Pa = 195kPa
A
11.3 1.8

Check for punching Shear

h = 700 mm
d=630mm

Example

B
bo = 4(630 + 400)) = 4120mm
fc '
25
VC =
bo d = 0.75
630 4120 / 1000 = 3244.5kN
3
3
s d fc '
40 630
25

VC = 2 +
bo d = 0.75 2 +

630 4120 / 1000 = 6584kN

b
12
4120
12

VU = 1280(1.3) 1.032 *195 = 1457.1kN < Vc

You can check other columns

oK

Draw S.F.D & B.M.D

Stress under footing

= 195 *1.8 = 351 kN/m

Check for beam shear

b = 1800mm, d = 630mm
25
VC = 0.75
630 1800 / 1000 = 708.75kN
6
Max. VU at d from column face 0.7(1009) = 706.3kN
VU < VC

Bending moment Long

direction

ve M = 1366kN .m
b = 1800mm, d = 730mm

25
2 106 *1365
= 0.85 *
1 - 1 = 0.0053
2
420
0.9(0.85)25 * 630 *1800
AS = 0.0053 630 1000 = 3362mm 2 = 33.6cm 2 use 9 22 / m Top
+ ve M = 246.7 kN .m
b = 1800mm, d = 730mm

25
2 106 * 81
= 0.85 *
1 - 1 < mini
2
420
0.9(0.85)25 * 730 *1800
AS min = 0.0018 700 1000 = 1260mm 2 = 12.6cm 2 use 814 / m Bottom

Design Short

direction as example 1 (lecture 11)

Reinforcement details

Mat Foundation

Check for punching Shear

Rf 2
G
General
l Example,
E
l Ref.

Modified load

General reinforcement details