Chapter 5

The Research Process

Steps 4 and 5: Theoretical Framework
Hypothesis Development

@ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamil Bojei

5-1

RESEARCH GUIDELINE
(1)
OBSERVATION
Broad area of
research interest
identified

(3)
PROBLEM
DEFINITION
Research Problem
Delineated

(2)
PRELIMINARY
DATA
GATHERING
Interviewing
Literature Survey

@ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamil Bojei

(4)
THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK

Variables clearly
identified and
labeled

(5)
GENERATION
OF
HYPOTHESES

(6)
SCIENTIFIC
RESEARCH
DESIGN

(7)
DATA
COLLECTION
ANALYSIS,
AND
INTERPRETATION

(8)
DEDUCTION
Hypotheses
substantiated?
Research question
answred?

5-2

The Need for a Theoretical Framework

Variables
Is anything that can take on differing or varying values.
The values can differ at various times for the same object
or person, or the values can differ at the same time for
different objects or persons. I.e., exam scores, motivation.

Dependent Variable
The variable of primary interest to the researcher to
understand and describe the dependent variable, or to
explain its variability, or predict it.

Independent Variable
Influences the dependent variable in either a positive or a
negative way.

@ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamil Bojei

5-3

The Need for a Theoretical Framework

Moderating Variable
The one that has a strong contingent effect on the
independent variable-dependent variable relationship.

Intervening Variable
The one that surfaces between the time the independent
variables operate to influence the dependent variable and
their impact on the dependent variable.

@ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamil Bojei

5-4

Theoretical Framework
The foundation on which the entire research project
is based.
It is logically developed, described and elaborated
network of associations among the variables
relevant to the problem situation identified through
such processes as interviews, observations and
literature survey.
The literature survey provides a solid foundation for
developing the theoretical framework.

@ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamil Bojei

5-5

Five Basic Features Incorporated in

Theoretical Framework.
1. The variables considered relevant to the study
should be clearly identified and labeled.
2. The discussions should state how two or more
variables are related to one another.
3. If the nature and direction of the relationships can
be theorized from previous research, then the
discussions whether the relationships would be
positive or negative should be stated.
4. A clear explanation of why we wold expect these
relationships to exist.
5. A schematic diagram of theoretical framework
should be given.
@ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamil Bojei

5-6

Hypotheses Development
Hypothesis
A logically conjectured relationship between two
or more variables expressed in the form of
testable statement.

If-Then Statements
To examine whether or not the conjectured
relationships or differences exist, these
hypotheses can be set as propositions or in the
form of if-then statements.
@ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamil Bojei

5-7

Directional and Nondirectional

Hypotheses
Directional Hypotheses
Stating the relationship between two variables or
comparing two groups, such as positive,
negative, mote than, less than, etc.
The direction of the relationship between
variables (positive/negative) is indicated.

Nondirectional Hypotheses
Do postulate a relationship or difference, but
offer no indication of the direction of theses
relationships or differences.

@ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamil Bojei

5-8

Null and Alternate Hypotheses

Null Hypotheses
A proposition that states a definitive , exact
relationship between two variables.
The null statement is expressed as no (significant)
relationship between two variables or no (significant)
difference between two groups.

Alternate Hypotheses
The alternate statement is expressed that there is a
significant difference between groups or that there is
a significant relationship between variables
hypothesized.

@ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamil Bojei

5-9

The Steps to be followed in

Hypothesis Testing
1. State the null and the alternate hypotheses.
2. Choose the appropriate statistical test depending on
whether the data collected are parametric or
nonparametric.
3. Determine the level of significance desired.
4. See if the output results from computer analysis indicate
that the significance level is met. This critical value
demarcates the region of rejection from the region of
acceptance of the null hypothesis.
5. When the resultant value is larger than the critical value,
the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternate
accepted. If the calculated value is less than the critical
value, the null is accepted and the alternate rejected.
@ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamil Bojei

5 - 10

FIGURE 5.1

New Product

Stock Market

Success

Price

Independent Variable

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Dependent Variable

5 - 11

FIGURE 5.1

Managerial
values
Independent Variable

@ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamil Bojei

Power
distance
Dependent Variable

5 - 12

FIGURE 5.3a

Number of Books

Reading abilities

Independent variable

Dependent variable

@ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamil Bojei

5 - 13

FIGURE 5.3b

Number of Books

Reading abilities

Independent variable

Dependent variable

Parents literacy

Moderating variable
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5 - 14

FIGURE 5.4

Workforce diversity

Organizational
effectiveness

Independent variable

Dependent variable
Managerial
expertise

Moderating variable
@ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamil Bojei

5 - 15

Willingness to learn

FIGURE 5.5a

Training programs
Growth needs
@ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamil Bojei

5 - 16

FIGURE 5.5b

Willingness to learn

Effects for those high

in growth needs

Effects for those low

in growth needs
Training programs
Growth needs

@ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamil Bojei

5 - 17

FIGURE 5.6

Time:

t1

Workforce diversity

Independent
variable

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t2

t3

Creative
synergy

Organizational
effectiveness

Intervening
variable

Dependent
variable

5 - 18

FIGURE 5.7
Time:

t1

t2

Workforce
diversity
Independent
variable

Creative
synergy

Intervening
variable
Managerial
expertise

t3
Organizational
effectiveness
Dependent
variable

Moderating variable

@ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamil Bojei

5 - 19

FIGURE 5.8
Communication among
cockpit members
Communication between
ground control and cockpit

Air-safety
violations

Decentralization
Training of cockpit crew
Independent variable
@ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamil Bojei

Dependent variable
5 - 20

FIGURE 5.9
Communication among
cockpit members
Communication between
ground control and cockpit

Dependent variable
Air-safety
violations

Decentralization
Training of cockpit crew
Independent variable
@ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamil Bojei

Nervousness
& diffidence
Intervening variable
5 - 21

FIGURE 5.10
Communication among
cockpit members

Dependent
variable

Communication between
ground control and cockpit

Air-safety
violations

Decentralization
Training
Independent variable
@ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamil Bojei

Intervening variable
5 - 22

FIGURE 5.11

Sex-role stereotyping
Advancement of
women to the top
Access to information

Independent variable

@ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamil Bojei

Dependent variable

5 - 23

EXERCISE 5.11: SEMANTIC DIAGRAM

QUICK & CORRECT DIAGNOSIS

FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS

RECOVERY

PEACE & QUIET

REST

STAGE OF
CANCER

IND.V

INT.V

M.V

@ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamil Bojei

D.V

5 - 24

EXERCISE 5.13: SEMANTIC DIAGRAM

SKILLS REQUIRED BY JOB

SATISFACTION

PERFORMANCE
REWARDS

MOTIVATION

VALENCE OF
REWARDS

[Link]
@ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamil Bojei

INT.V

[Link]

D.V
5 - 25

TRANSPARENCY 5A
PAY
TEACHERS
STRIKE

PHYSICAL
ENVIRONMENT
DEDICATION

[Link]

@ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamil Bojei

M.V

D.V

5 - 26

TRANSPARENCY 5B
PAY

LETHARGY

ABSENTEEISM
DRINKING

HANGOVER

TOLERANCE
FOR LIQUOR

[Link]

M.V

@ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamil Bojei

[Link]

D.V

5 - 27

TRANSPARENCY 5C
JOB LEVEL

AGE

LOYALTY

LENGTH OF
SERVICE

ORGANIZATIONAL
COMMITMENT

INT.V

PRIDE WORKING
FOR ORGANIZATION
LUST FOR
JOB HOPPING
[Link]
@ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamil Bojei

M.V

D.V
5 - 28

TRANSPARENCY 5D
N. ACH
MOTIVATION

JOB
INVOLVEMENT

WORK ETHIC

[Link]

@ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamil Bojei

INT.V

D.V

5 - 29

TRANSPARENCY 5E
M.V
EXTRA-LEVEL
SKILLS
UNDERSTANDING
STUDENT NEEDS
TEACHING
STRATEGIES

STUDENT
UNDERSTANDING

EXAM
PERFORMANCE

IN-CLASS EXAMPLES
AND EXERCISES

EXAM DIFFICULTY

[Link]
@ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamil Bojei

STRESS

[Link]

D.V
5 - 30

TRANSPARENCY 5F
FACTORS INFLUENCING DECISION
TO PURCHASE A PRODUCT
QUALITY

CONSUMER
CONFIDENCE

PRICE

PURCHASE
DECISION

FLET NEED
(FOR PRODUCT)

BRAND NAME

[Link]
@ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamil Bojei

BRAND
LOYALTY

INT.V

M.V

D.V
5 - 31

TRANSPARENCY 5G
FACTORS AFFECTING COUPON
REDEMPTION RATES

DISTRIBUTION
METHOD
COUPON
REDEMPTION

ADVERTISING

PACKAGING
SIZE OF PURCHASE
REQUIRE TO
REDEEM COUPON
[Link]
@ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamil Bojei

CONSUMER
NEED FOR THE
PRODUCT
M.V

D.V
5 - 32

TRANSPARENCY 5H
FACTORS AFFECTING AUDITOR SELECTION
BY COMPANIES
REPUTATION OF
CPA FIRM
FEES CHARGED

AUDITOR
SELECTION

SERVICE
QUALITY
PROXIMITY
OF FIRM

[Link]

INTERACTIONS

INT.V

SIZE OF
BUSINESS
D.V
M.V

@ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamil Bojei

5 - 33

TRANSPARENCY 5I
FACTORS ACCOUNTING FOR THE VARIANCE
IN BAD DEBTS
D.V
CREDIT POLICY
BAD
DEBTS
MONITORING OF
RECEIVABLES

PAY-OUT PERIOD

SLACKING OFF
ON PAYMENTS

(ON INSTALMENT LOANS)

CLASS OF
CUSTOMERS

INT.V

[Link]
M.V
@ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamil Bojei

5 - 34

TRANSPARENCY 5J
IMPORTANT FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE
THE NET PROFITS OF A FIRM
SALES
LABOR COSTS
MATERIALS COSTS

NET
PROFIT

ADMINISTRATIVE &
SELLING EXPENSES
INTEREST PAYMENTS
TAXES
[Link]
@ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamil Bojei

D.V
5 - 35

TRANSPARENCY 5K
FACTORS INFLUENCING STOCK VALUE
INT.V
SUSTAINED
EARNINGS

BELIEF IN
GROWTH PROSPECTS

MANAGERIAL
COMPETENCE

STOCK
VALUE
D.V

DIVIDENDS

EXPECTATION THAT
THE DIVIDEND POLICY
WILL BE MAINTAIN

[Link]
M.V
@ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Jamil Bojei

5 - 36