Waves
and
Oscilla-ons
Lecture
13
Sound
Waves
Textbook
reference:
17.1-17.3
Kepler
planets
Last
-me:
Standing
Waves
Standing
waves
have
the
form:
y = 2A sin(kx) cos(t)
They
can
be
split
into
a
spa-al
and
a
temporal
part.
The
par-cles
that
make
up
the
medium
undergo
SHM
with
amplitude
2Asin(kx).
Last
-me:
Standing
Waves
Nodes:
points
on
a
standing
wave
with
zero
amplitude.
An*nodes:
points
on
a
standing
wave
at
which
maximum
displacement
occurs
Natural
frequencies
Fundamental:
n=1
v
v
n
fn =
=n
=
n
2L
2L
Demo
via
YouTube
Rubens
Tube
demo
with
more
re
and
good
explana-on
Wa8:
Standing
Waves
vibra-on
generator
and
wire
The different modes can be generated easily, and the dependence of the
frequency on tension shown.
Sound
waves
Longitudinal
waves
Can
move
in
three
dimensions
Need
a
medium/material
to
travel
through
As
sound
waves
travel
through
air
they
move
the
molecules
that
make
up
the
air,
crea-ng
high
and
low
pressure
regions.
Can
be
modeled
as
a
sinusoidal
wave
(like
on
a
string)
How
to
make
a
sound
wave
and
you
thought
we
were
done
with
pistons!
Compression
High
Pressure
Rarefac-on
Low
Pressure
Assuming
the
piston
is
being
moved
with
SHM
Sound
Waves:
Compression
waves
Compressible
gas,
ini-ally
uniform
density
Piston
suddenly
moved
to
the
right
Gas
in
front
is
compressed
Piston
comes
to
rest,
but
compression
region
con-nues
to
move
Corresponds
to
a
longitudinal
pulse
travelling
through
the
tube
with
speed
v
Speed
of
the
piston
is
not
the
same
as
the
speed
of
the
wave
Quan-ta-ve
Let
s(x,
t)
be
the
posi-on
of
a
small
element
rela-ve
to
its
equilibrium
posi-on.
Each
element
moves
with
SHM
parallel
to
direc-on
of
the
wave.
Displacement
from
equilibrium:
s(x, t) = smax cos(kx t)
smax
is
the
displacement
amplitude.
We
can
use
this
to
derive
an
expression
for
the
pressure,
which
is
also
periodic.
Pressure
Consider
a
parcel
of
gas
with
thickness
x
Vi = Ax
V = As = A(s1 s2 )
A
deni-onBulk
Modulus
volume stress
F/A
P
B
=
=
volume strain
V /Vi
V /Vi
V
P = B
Vi
Stress:
force
on
a
material
Strain:
what
happens
to
the
material
under
a
given
stress.
Pressure
As
P = B
Ax
s
P = B
x
P = B [smax cos(kx t)]
x
Using
equa-on
for
s(x,t)
P = Bsmax k sin(kx t)
This
is
a
Pressure
Amplitude
Periodic
Sound
Waves:
Pressure
vs.
Displacement
A
sound
wave
may
be
considered
either
a
displacement
wave
or
a
pressure
wave
Since
s
(x,
t)
=
smax
cos
(kx
t)
and
P
=
Bsmax
k
sin
(kx
t)
the
pressure
wave
is
90o
out
of
phase
with
the
displacement
wave
The
pressure
is
a
maximum
when
the
displacement
is
zero,
etc.
If
you
blow
across
the
top
of
an
empty
sof-drink
bogle,
a
pulse
of
sound
travels
down
through
the
air
in
the
bogle.
At
the
moment
the
pulse
reaches
the
bogom
of
the
bogle,
what
is
the
correct
descrip-on
of
the
displacement
of
elements
of
air
from
their
equilibrium
posi-ons
and
the
pressure
of
the
air
at
this
point?
1.
2.
3.
4.
The
displacement
and
pressure
are
both
at
a
maximum.
The
displacement
and
pressure
are
both
at
a
minimum.
The
displacement
is
zero,
and
the
pressure
is
a
maximum.
The
displacement
is
zero,
and
the
pressure
is
a
minimum.
If
you
blow
across
the
top
of
an
empty
sof-drink
bogle,
a
pulse
of
sound
travels
down
through
the
air
in
the
bogle.
At
the
moment
the
pulse
reaches
the
bogom
of
the
bogle,
what
is
the
correct
descrip-on
of
the
displacement
of
elements
of
air
from
their
equilibrium
posi-ons
and
the
pressure
of
the
air
at
this
point?
1.
2.
The
displacement
and
pressure
are
both
at
a
maximum.
The
displacement
and
pressure
are
both
at
a
minimum.
3. The
displacement
is
zero,
and
the
pressure
is
a
maximum.
4.
The
displacement
is
zero,
and
the
pressure
is
a
minimum.
Because the bottom of the bottle is a rigid barrier, the displacement of elements of
air at the bottom is zero. Thus, the pressure variation is at a minimum or a
maximum. Since the pulse is moving downward, the pressure variation at the
bottom is a maximum see the diagram.
Lets
take
a
short
break
Pressure
from
sound
waves
The
speed
of
sound
Ini-al
State
Final
State
Force
applied
on
piston
from
outside
is
in
equilibrium
with
force
applied
by
gas
on
the
piston.
The
speed
of
sound
Afer
-me
interval
t
every
bit
of
gas
in
the
element
is
moving
to
the
right
with
speed
v
x
.
The
speed
of
sound
in
this
medium
is
v
.
Impulse = momentum
I=
Ft = (AP t)i
Sum
of
forces,
using
deni-on
of
pressure
P=F/A
The
speed
of
sound
V
(vx At)
vx
P = B
= B
=B
Vi
vAt
v
From
8
slides
ago
where
we
dened
B
Volumes
come
from
diagram
here:
I=
Ft = (AP t)i
Impulse
from
previous
page
vx
I = (AB t)i
v
The
speed
of
sound
vx
I = (AB t)i
v
Momentum
of
gas
parcel.
Impulse
I
causes
a
change
in
momentum
p
p = mv = (Vi )(vxi 0) = (vvx At)i
vx
AB t = vvx At
v
v=
The
speed
of
sound
(liquid
or
gas)
v=
v=
elastic property
inertial property
v=
T
on a string
Speed
of
Sound
in
Air
The
speed
of
sound
also
depends
on
the
temperature
of
the
medium
Par-cularly
important
with
gases
For
air,
the
rela-onship
between
the
speed
and
temperature
is
v = (331 m/s) 1 +
TC
273 C
331
m/s
is
the
speed
at
0o
C
TC
is
the
air
temperature
in
Celsius
TK
Exercise
for
student:
show
that
v
=
(331
m/s)
273
where
TK
is
temperature
in
Kelvin
The
speed
of
sound
Pressure
and
displacement
Pmax = Bsmax k = (v )smax ( ) = vsmax
v
Pressure
amplitude
2
More
useful
to
relate
the
maximum
change
in
pressure
to
density
than
to
bulk
modulus.
Intensity
of
Periodic
Sound
Waves
Waves
carry
energy,
sound
waves
also
carry
energy.
As
a
piston
moves
back
and
forward
crea-ng
sound
waves,
it
is
doing
work
on
a
gas.
W =Fx
The
rate
of
work
done
gives
us
the
power
Power = F vx
Intensity
of
Periodic
Sound
Waves
Power = F vx
Power = [P (x, t)A]i [s(x, t)]i
t
Power = [vAsmax sin(kx t)] [smax cos(kx t)]
t
Power = vAsmax sin(kx t)[smax sin(kx t)]
Power = v 2 As2max sin2 (kx t)
Now
we
need
to
nd
the
average
power
over
one
period.
This
is
independent
of
x
so
we
can
choose
any
value
of
x,
lets
take
x
=
0.
We
start
by
nding
the
average
value
of
the
sin2(kx
t)
term.
1
T
T
0
1
sin2 (0 t)dt =
T
T
0
sin2 (t)dt =
1 t
sin 2t T
1
( +
)0 =
T 2
2
2
Intensity
of
Periodic
Sound
Waves
The
average
power
is
then
given
by:
(Power)avg
1
2
2
= v Asmax
2
Intensity
is
the
power
per
unit
area:
(Power)avg
I
A
Intensity
of
Periodic
Sound
Waves
So
for
this
case
(the
wave
was
moving
in
the
x
direc-on)
1
2
I = v(smax )
2
Or
in
terms
of
pressure
(remember
P
max
=
vs
max
)
(Pmax )2
I=
2v
But
sound
waves
can
travel
in
3
dimensions.
(Power)avg
I=
4r2
This
is
an
inverse-square
law
(happens
all
the
-me
in
astrophysics!)
Homework
Set
6:
PHYS
1121:
6,
7,
8,
12,
13
PHYS
1131:
7,
9,
10,
12,
15,
16
A
vibra-ng
guitar
string
makes
very
ligle
sound
if
it
is
not
mounted
on
the
guitar
body.
Why
does
the
sound
have
greater
intensity
if
the
string
is
agached
to
the
guitar
body?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The
string
vibrates
with
more
energy.
The
energy
leaves
the
guitar
at
a
greater
rate.
The
sound
power
is
spread
over
a
larger
area
at
the
listeners
posi-on.
The
sound
power
is
concentrated
over
a
smaller
area
at
the
listeners
posi-on.
The
speed
of
sound
is
higher
in
the
material
of
the
guitar
body.
None
of
these
answers
is
correct.
A
vibra-ng
guitar
string
makes
very
ligle
sound
if
it
is
not
mounted
on
the
guitar
body.
Why
does
the
sound
have
greater
intensity
if
the
string
is
agached
to
the
guitar
body?
1.
The
string
vibrates
with
more
energy.
2. The
energy
leaves
the
guitar
at
a
greater
rate.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The
sound
power
is
spread
over
a
larger
area
at
the
listeners
posi-on.
The
sound
power
is
concentrated
over
a
smaller
area
at
the
listeners
posi-on.
The
speed
of
sound
is
higher
in
the
material
of
the
guitar
body.
None
of
these
answers
is
correct.
The large area of the guitar body sets many elements of air into oscillation and
allows the energy to leave the system by mechanical waves at a much larger rate
than from the thin vibrating string.
Ques-on
A
sound
wave
propagates
in
air
at
27o
C
with
frequency
4.00
kHz.
It
passes
through
a
region
where
the
temperature
gradually
changes
and
then
moves
through
air
at
0o
C.
Give
numerical
answers
to
the
following
ques-ons
to
the
extent
possible
and
state
your
reasoning
about
what
happens
to
the
wave
physically.
(a) What
happens
to
the
speed
of
the
wave?
(b)What
happens
to
the
frequency?
(c) What
happens
to
the
wavelength?
QUESTION!!!!!
The
faintest
sounds
the
human
ear
can
detect
at
a
frequency
of
1000
Hz
correspond
to
an
intensity
of
about
1.00
x
10-12
W/m2,
which
is
called
the
threshold
of
hearing.
The
loudest
sound
that
the
ear
can
tolerate
at
this
frequency
corresponds
to
an
intensity
of
about
1.00
W/m2,
the
threshold
of
pain.
Determine
the
pressure
amplitude
and
displacement
amplitude
associated
with
these
two
limits.
=
1.2
kg/m
Sound
speed
c
=
343
m/s
air
Ques-on
A
point
source
emits
sound
waves
with
an
average
power
output
of
80.0
W.
(a)Find
the
intensity
3.00
m
from
the
source.
(b)Find
the
distance
at
which
the
intensity
of
the
sound
is
1.00
x
10-8
W/m2.
