NoSQL Databases: Schema-less Overview
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Editor IJRITCCNoSQL Databases: Schema-less Overview
Uploaded by
Editor IJRITCCInternational Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication
Volume: 3 Issue: 5
ISSN: 2321-8169
2524 - 2526
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
NoSQL Databases: A Survey on Schema Less Databases
Rachapalli Devendra Reddy, Asst. Professor,
Department of CSE
Srikalahasteeswara Institute of Technology (SKIT) Srikalahasti,
Chittoor (DT), Andhra Pradesh, India
e-mail : [email protected]
Abstract- NoSQL (Not only SQL) databases are called as non-relational or unstructured databases. These databases are open source databases.
Basically horizontally scalable feature is useful in most of the cloud computing applications. These are to be able to store and process mass data
effectively. Traditional relational databases are facing many problems in solving mass data storage and retrieving due to their structured schema.
Unstructured databases does not follow the specific schema structure. This survey will realize the necessity in moving towards NoSQL
databases. The survey on different types of unstructured databases gives a clear cut list and comparison on their nativity.
Index Terms- SQL schema, mass data , unstructured databases.
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I.
INTRODUCTION
In olden days, the schema level fitting of data stores
has been argued by medical and internet based applications,
that is lead to the revolution on a variety of alternate schema
less databases. The movement of alternate data stores falls
under the category of NoSQL. Not Only SQL(NoSQL)
emphasizes that hey may support SQL like languages. Many
NoSQL data bases compromise in consistence in favor of
high availability and horizontal scalability than traditional
data bases. The most important result of the rise of NoSQL
is as follows
Figure2: Data in unstructured manner
II.
No schemas and mostly open source
No join operations
Not using the Relational Databases
By using NoSQL databases developers can convert inmemory structures to relational structures. NoSQL databases
were developed to execute efficiently on clusters. The rising
of web as a platform, it also created a measurable factor
change in data storage as to support massive volume of data
by running on clusters. NoSQL DBases store each
component separatly with a unique key. Some NoSQL
databases provide high data throughput when compared
with traditional RDBMSs. For example, the column-store
hyper table, that pursues Googles Big table approach allows
the local search engine Zvent for storing one million data
cells in one day. NoSQL data bases better than rational
databases in velocity, variety and volume but former is
complex.
TYPES OF DATA STORED IN NoSQL
DATABASES
Structured Data
The data can be stored in database SQL in table with
tuples and fields. They have unique key and it can be
mapped to pre-designed fields. Now a days, these data are
the most processed in development and the simplest way to
manage information in small volume of store. Structured
data is managed by using Structured Query Language (SQL)
it is a programming language developed for managing and
querying data in RDBMS.
Unstructured data
Unstructured data can't be so readily classified and fitted
into a neat box. Generally it can be used in photo, images,
videos, streaming data, web pages, pdf files, PowerPoint
presentations, emails, and word processing documents.
Unstructured data is everywhere. In fact, most individuals
and organizations conduct their lives around unstructured
data. Unstructured data is either machine generated or
human generated.
Figure1: Feature of NoSQL DBses
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_______________________________________________________________________________________
International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication
Volume: 3 Issue: 5
ISSN: 2321-8169
2524 - 2526
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Semistructured data
Semistructured data are intermediate between the
unstructured and structured. This is a type of structured data,
but lagging in the strict data model structure. Tags or other
types of markers are used to identify certain elements within
the semi structured data, but the data does not have a rigid
structure. For example, word processing software now can
include metadata showing the author's name and the date
created, with the bulk of the document just being
unstructured text. Electronic mails have the sender, receiver,
date with time and other fixed default fields added to the
unstructured data of the e-mail message content and any
attachments. Photos or other graphic images can be tailed
with keywords such as the creator, date, location and etc.
Extended Markup Language(XML) are often used to
manage semistructured data.
III. TYPES OF NoSQL DATABASES
Column : name of the column.
Value : content of the column.
Timestamp: Timestamp used to determine the valid
content.
Cassandra, Druid, HBase, are the examples of
Column oriented storages.
B . Document store :
These are one of the main categories of NoSQL
databases and the popularity of the term "document-oriented
database" (or "document store"). Values stored as a
document by compressed can provide encoded management
structure. XML is one of the common encoding structure.
These systems are designed around an abstract notion of a
"document"[2].
Ex: Lotus Notes, Cluster point, Apache CouchDB,
Couchbase, MarkLogic, MongoDB, OrientDB, Qizx e.t.c.,
C. Key-value store:
These databases work by matching keys with
values, as similar to dictionary. These uses big hash table of
keys and values.
Key
Value
A.P
{P-16, Sector-28, India 517640
Telangana
{T-17,sector-29,india-044-666}
Figure4. Key-Value data store
Figure3: types of NoSQL databases
There have been four approaches to classify
NoSQL databases, each with different subcategories.
Because of different types of approaches and overlaps it is
difficult to maintain an overview of non-relational
databases. However their basic classification is depends on
data models.
A. Column-oriented :
These serializes all the values of a column together and
next column and so on. Data is stored in cells grouped in
columns of data rather than as rows of data.
Ex: smith:001,jhan:002,5500:003,4400:004,etc
. It is a tuple consisting of three elements: [1]
Get (key), value associated with the provided key.
Put (key, value), associates the value with the key.
Multi-get (key1, key2, .., key N), list of values
associated with the list of keys.
Delete (key), removes the entry for the key from
the data store.
Theses offer considerable flexibility and follows
modern concepts like object-oriented programming.[3]
Ex: Amazons Dynamo, FoundationDB, MemcacheDB,
Redis, Riak, etc.
D. Graph basesd:
There are three basic building blocks i.e node,
relationship and property.
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IJRITCC | May 2015, Available @ http://www.ijritcc.org
_______________________________________________________________________________________
International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication
Volume: 3 Issue: 5
ISSN: 2321-8169
2524 - 2526
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
5.
Support conditional atomicity.
VI. CONCLUSION
Figure4. Terminology of graph based data store
A graph database is any storage system that
provides index-free adjacency [1].These are well used in
which clear boundaries are established. Data can be
transformed from one model to other model easily. These
use tree like structures. Graph databases are based on graph
theory. Graph databases employ nodes, properties, and
edges. These are mainly used in handling complex relational
information.
Ex: Allegro, Neo4J, Infinite Graph, OrientDB, etc.
IV. ADVANTAGES
By comparing NoSQL databases with traditional SQL
support databases, the following key benefits are
addressed[4].
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
These are designed to address horizontal scalability
Supporting large volumes database management with
dynamic schema of different types of data.
Easy to use and flexible due to object oriented
programming.
These allow us to insert data into database without
predefined schema.
These support auto-sharding, that automatic spread of
data among arbitrary servers in the network in case of
server down.
These are open source data bases.
Support high availability.
These uses separate cache layer for data integration.
V.
SQL data bases follows ACID properties where as
NoSQL data bases follows BASE properties. NoSQL
databases have becoming most popular over the recent
years, due to the emergence of big data and cloud
computing applications. In this paper it is shown that some
of the benefits and disadvantages of NoSQL databases over
RDBMS. Developer has to keep in touch with both the
technologies to solve the real time problems, Although
NoSQL databases are having some key advantages in
particular to solve massive data problems, developers has to
aware about the limitations of NoSQL databases.
REFERENCES
[1] Chaker Nakhli. "Cassandras data model cheatsheet:Data
model elements: Column". Chaker Nakhli's Blog Yet
another technical blog.Retrieved2011-03-29. A name
value pair [consisting of a name and a value].
[2] DB-Engines Ranking per database model category.
[3] "Glossary of Big Data Terminology". Retrieved 5 august
2013
[4] www.e- dba.com/ mongodb.com
[5] http://www.bigdatacompanies.com
Rachapalli Devendra Reddy , Asst.
Professor, Department of CSE,
Srikalahasteeswara
Institute
of
Technology
(SKIT)
Srikalahasti,
Chittoor (DT), Andhra Pradesh,
India
e-mail : [email protected]
DISADVANTAGES
Although NoSQL databases having several advantages
to solve large volumes of data, there are some limitations[5].
1.
2.
3.
4.
Depending upon the database these are eventually
consistence.
Many of these databases does not support
transactions.
SQL can support queries beyond what NoSQL can
do.
Very few people are familiar with operating them.
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