TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER
Page
I. INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………….. 1
Statement of the Problem 2
Importance of the Study 2
Scope and Delimitation of the Study 3
Research Method Used 4
Definition of Terms Used 4

II. PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA ………………... 5

A. What is Smoking? 5
B. Why Do People Smoke? 6
C. The Things Composes the Cigarette 6
D. The Effects of Smoking to the Human Body 7
 2

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Statement of the Problem

This term paper seeks to present and discuss the reason why do people smoke. More

specifically, it answers the following questions :

1. What is smoking ?

2. Why do people smoke ?

3. What are the things composes the cigarette ?

4. What are the bad effects of smoking ?

Importance of the Study

Hans Eysenck has developed a personality profile for the typical smoker.

Extraversion is the trait that is most associated with smoking, and smokers tend to be

sociable, impulsive , risk taking, and excitement-seeking individuals. Although personality

and social factors may make people likely to smoke, the actual habit is a function of

operant conditioning. During the early stages, smoking provides pleasurable sensations

(because of its action on the dopamine system) and thus serves as a source of positive

reinforcement. After an individual has smoked for many years, the avoidance of
withdrawal symptoms and negative reinforcement become the key motivations. Although

smoking tobacco has long been seen as a universally addictive trait, it has been proven

statistically that people take a varying amount of time to become dependent on the drug

nicotine. In fact, the graph showing percentage of the " population showing addictive

behavior " vs. " amount of nicotine taken" levels off before reaching 100% of the

population, showing that a proportion of people never become dependant on nicotine at

all.

However, because people who smoke are engaging in an activity that has negative

effects on health, they tend to rationalize their behavior. In other words, they develop

convincing, if not necessarily logical, reasons why smoking is acceptable for them to do.

For example, a smoker could justify his or her behavior by concluding that everyone

dies and so cigarettes do not actually change anything. Or a person could believe that

smoking relieves stress or has other benefits that justify its risks. Smokers who need a

cigarette first thing in the morning will often quote the positive effects, but will not

accept that they awake feeling below normal levels of happiness (lower levels of

dopamine) and merely smoke to return themselves to a " normal " level of happiness

(" normal " level of dopamine).

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

about the composition of cigarettes and its bad effects to the body.

Research Method Used

This particular topic needs the general description and analysis method to deeper the

knowledge of everyone about smoking.

Definition of Terms Used

Cannabis - genus of flowering plants.

Crack - is a solid, smokable form of cocaine.

Cigarette - is a small roll of finely-cut tobacco leaves wrapped in a cylinder of

thin paper for smoking. The cigarette is ignited at one end and

allowed to smolder, its smoke is inhaled from the other end, which

is held in the mouth.

Emphysema - illness caused by smoking.

Lungs - part of the body that absorbs nicotine.

Opium - Previously it had only been eaten, and then primarily for its medical

properties.

Paraphernalia - equipment or apparatus use in smoking.

CHAPTER II

PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

A. What is Smoking?

Smoking is a practice in which a substance, most commonly tobacco, is burned and the

smoke tasted or inhaled. This is primarily practiced as a route of administration for

recreational drug use, as combustion releases the active substances in drugs such as

nicotine and makes them available for absorption through the lungs. It can also be done

as a part of rituals, to induce trances and spiritual enlightenment. The most common

method of smoking today is through cigarettes, primarily industrially manufactured but

also hand-rolled from loose tobacco and rolling paper. Other smoking tools include pipes,

cigars, hookahs and bongs.

Smoking is one of the most common forms of recreational drug use. Tobacco smoking

is today by far the most popular form of smoking and is practiced by over one billion

people in the majority of all human societies. Less common drugs for smoking include
cannabis and opium. Some of the substances are classified as hard narcotics, like heroin

and crack cocaine, but the use of these is very limited as they are often not

commercially available.

B. Why Do People Smoke

There's more than just one simple answer. Some people may start smoking just because

they're curious. Others may like the idea of doing something dangerous — something

grownups don't want them to do. Still others might know lots of people who smoke and

they might think it's a way to act or look like an adult. Fortunately, fewer people are

starting smoking than a few years ago.

C. The Things composes the Cigarette

The most popular type of substance that is smoked is tobacco. There are many different

tobacco cultivars which are made into a wide variety of mixtures and brands. Tobacco is

often sold flavored, often with various fruit aromas, something which is especially

popular for use with water pipes, such as hookahs. A few other recreational drugs are

smoked by smaller minorities. Most of these substances are controlled, and some are

considerably more intoxicating than either tobacco. Even the most primitive form of

smoking requires tools of some sort to perform. This has resulted in a staggering variety
of smoking tools and paraphernalia from all over the world. Whether tobacco, cannabis,

opium or herbs, some form of receptacle is required along with a source of fire to light

the mixture. The most common today is by far the cigarette, consisting of a tightly

rolled tube of paper, which is usually manufactured industrially or rolled from loose

tobacco, rolling papers which can include a filter. Other popular smoking tools are

various pipes and cigars. A less common but increasingly popular form is through

vaporizers, which operate using hot air convection by heating and delivering the

substance without combustion; thereby decreasing health risks to the lungs.

Other than the actual smoking equipment, many other items are associated with smoking;

cigarette cases, cigar boxes, lighters, matchboxes, cigarette holders, cigar holders, ashtrays,

pipe cleaners, tobacco cutters, match stands, pipe tampers, cigarette companions and so

on. Many of these have become valuable collector items and particularly ornate and

antique items can fetch high prices at the finest auction houses.

An allegedly healthier alternative to smoking appeared in 2004 with the introduction of

electronic cigarettes. These battery-operated, cigarette-like devices produce an aerosol

intended to mimic the smoke from burning tobacco, delivering nicotine to the user

without many of the other harmful substances released in tobacco smoke. Claims that

electronic cigarettes are overall less harmful to use than real cigarettes are, however,

disputed, as is their legal status in many countries.

D. The Effects of Smoking to the Human Body

Harmful Effects of Smoking

 Every year hundreds of thousands of people around the world die from diseases

cause by smoking cigarettes - Smoking KILLS.

 One in two lifetime smokers will die from their habit. Half of these deaths will

occur in middle age.

 Tobacco smoke also contributes to a number of cancers.

 The mixture of nicotine and carbon monoxide in each cigarette you smoke

temporarily increases your heart rate and blood pressure, straining your heart and

blood vessels.

 This can cause heart attacks and stroke. It slows your blood flow, cutting off

oxygen to your feet and hands. Some smokers end up having their limbs

amputated.
 Tar coats your lungs like soot in a chimney and causes cancer. A 20-a-day

smoker breathes in up to a full cup (210 g) of tar in a year.

 Changing to low-tar cigarettes does not help because smokers usually take deeper

puffs and hold the smoke in for longer, dragging the tar deeper into their lungs.

 Carbon monoxide robs your muscles, brain and body tissue of oxygen, making

your whole body and especially your heart work harder. Over time, your airways

swell up and let less air into your lungs.

 Smoking causes disease and is a slow way to die. The strain of smoking effects on

the body often causes years of suffering. Emphysema is an illness that slowly rots

your lungs. People with emphysema often get bronchitis again and again, and

suffer lung and heart failure.

 Lung cancer from smoking is caused by the tar in tobacco smoke. Men who

smoke are ten times more likely to die from lung cancer than non-smokers.

 Heart disease and strokes are also more common among smokers than non-

smokers.

 Smoking causes fat deposits to narrow and block blood vessels which lead to heart attack.

 Smoking causes around one in five deaths from heart disease.

smoking.

 Cigarette smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of low birth weight,

prematurity, spontaneous abortion, and prenatal mortality in humans, which has

been referred to as the fetal tobacco syndrome.

As mentioned earlier, this list can only begin to convey the harmful health effects of

smoking cigarettes and its long term side effects. Next we consider reasons why smoking

is bad for those around you in the effects of second hand smoke.