EC2405- OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

Vi Institute of Technology
Sirunkundram-603108

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING

Regulation 2008
Academic Year: 2015-2016

EC2405 OPTICAL & MICROWAVE LAB

MANUAL
FINAL YEAR - VII SEMESTER
Prepared by
Mr. P. JASMIN DENNIS

M.E,

Assistant Professor / ECE

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EC2405- OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

EC2405 OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

MICROWAVE EXPERIMENTS:
1. Reflex Klystron Mode Characteristics
2. GUNN Diode Oscillator
3. Frequency and Wavelength Measurement; VSWR; VSWR Impedance
of Unknown Load
4. Directional Coupler Directivity and Coupling Co-efficient SParameter Measurement
5. Isolator and Circulator S-Parameter Measurement
6. Attenuation and Power Measurement
7. S-Matrix Characterization E-Plane Tee, H-Plane Tee; Magic Tee
8. Radiation Pattern of Antenna
9. Antenna Gain Measurement

OPTICAL EXPERIMENTS:
1. DC Characteristics of LED; Photodiode
2. Mode Characteristics of Fiber
3. Measurement of Bending and Connector Loss
4. Fiber Optic Analog Link; Digital Link
5. Numerical Aperture Determination for Fiber
6. Attenuation Measurement in Optical Fiber

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MICROWAVE
LAB
EXPERIMENT
S

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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

EX.NO:1

DATE:

REFLEX KLYSTRON MODE CHARACTERISTICS

AIM:

To Determine The Mode Characteristics And Output Power Of The

Reflex Klystron.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

Klystron Power Supply

Klystron Tube
Klystron Mount
Isolator
Frequency Meter
Variable Attenuator
Detector Mount
VSWR Meter
Wave Guide Stands
CRO
BNC Cable

PROCEDURE:
Connect The Components And Equipment As Shown In Fig. A.
Keep The Control Knob Of Klystron Power Supply As Below:

Modulation Selection
Beam Voltage Knob
Reflector Voltage Knob
Selector Switch

: AM
: Fully Anti-Clockwise
: Fully Clockwise
: Beam Voltage

Keep The AM Modulation Control Knob Of Amplitude &Frequency At Mid

Position.
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Switch On The Klystron Power Supply.

Now Vary The Beam Voltage Knob To 295V. Next Change The Selector Knob
To Beam Current. Observe The Beam Current. [The Beam Current Should
Not Be More Than 30 mA].
Now Change The Selector Switch To Reflector Voltage Position.
Now Decrease The Reflector Voltage To Minimum Position.
Now Observe The Square Wave Form In CRO By Varying Either Reflector
Voltage Or Adjusting The Amplitude Knob Of AM.
Next Rotate The Direct Frequency Meter In Clock Wise Or Anti Clock Wise
Direction And Note Down The Dip(Low Amplitude Output) Which Is
Displayed In The CRO. Note Down The Frequency (Fc) Which Is In Giga
Hertz.
Next Tabulate The Reflector Voltage & Output Voltage By Gradual Increase Of
Reflector Voltage And Note Down The Corresponding Output Voltage.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

KLYSTRON POWER SUPPLY

VSWR METER

KLYSTRON MOUNT

ISOLATOR

FREQUENCY METER

DETECTOR MOUNT

C.R.O

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OBSERVATIONS:

S.NO.

Reflector voltage
(Volts)

Output Voltage

Frequency Meter
Reading Freq
(Ghz)

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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

MODEL GRAPH
Output Voltage (Milli volts)

Reflector voltage

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RESULT:

EX.NO:2

DATE:
GUNN DIODE OSCILLATOR

AIM:
To Study V-I characteristics of Gun diode oscillator
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

Gun power supply

Gun oscillator
PIN modulator
Isolator
Frequency meter
Variable attenuator
Detector mount
VSWR Meter
Wave guide stands
CRO
BNC cable

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

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Gun Power
Supply

Gum
Oscillator

VSWR
Meter

PIN
Modulator

Isolator

Slotted
Section

Detector
Mount

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the components and equipment as shown in fig
2. Keep the control knob of Gun power supply as below:
Meter Switch
: OFF
Gun Bias
: Fully anti-clockwise
Pin Bias (Amplitude)
: Mid Position
Pin Modulation Frequency
: Mid Position
3.Set micro meter of gun oscillator between 6-7mm for required frequency of

operation.
4. ON the gun power supply & VSWR, Cooling fan.
5. Set mode switch in internal mode.
6. Now vary the gun bias voltage around 8 volts.
7. Now change the meter switch to current position and noted.
8. Gun bias voltage is varied current starts decreasing .this indicates negative
resistance characteristics of gun diode..
9. Now see the waveform in CRO or VSWR meter.
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10. Adjust the square wave modulation frequency to approximately 1 KHz.

11. Change the meter range if no deflection is observed.
12. Tabulated the readings Gun bias voltage, current.

TABULATION
SL.NO

GUN BIAS VOLTAGE

(Volts)

GUN DIODE CURRENT

(mA)

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MODEL GRAPH:
Threshold voltage Gun bias current

Gun bias voltage (volt)

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RESULT:

EX.NO:3A

DATE:

FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH MEASUREMENT

AIM:
To Measure the frequency and cutoff wavelength.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

Klystron power supply

Klystron Tube
Klystron Mount
Isolator
Frequency Meter
Variable Attenuator
Slotted section
Detector Mount
Wave guide Stands
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VSWR Meter
BNC Cable
CRO
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

KLYSTRON MOUNT
KLYSTRON POWER SUPPLY

TUNABLE PROBE
CRO

VARIABLE ATTENUATOR

FREQUENCY METER SLOTTED SECTION DETECTOR MOUNT

ISOLATOR

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the components and equipment as shown in fig. 2
2. Keep the control knob of klystron power supply as below:
Modulation selection
: AM
Beam voltage knob
: Fully anti-clockwise
Reflector voltage knob
: Fully clockwise
Selector switch
: Beam voltage
3. Keep the AM modulation control knob of amplitude &frequency at mid position.
4. Switch on the klystron power supply.
5. Now vary the Beam voltage knob to 295V. Next change the selector knob to Beam
Current. Observe the BEAM CURRENT. [The beam current should not be more
than 30 m amps].
6. Now change the selector switch to Reflector voltage position.

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7. Now decrease the Reflector voltage to minimum position.

8. Now observe the square wave form in CRO by varying either reflector voltage or
adjusting the amplitude knob of AM.
9. Next rotate the direct frequency meter in clock wise or anti clock wise direction
and note down the dip which is displayed in the CRO as low amplitude output.
Note down the frequency (fc) which is in giga Hertz.
10.Next tabulate the Reflector, output voltage & frequency by gradual increase of
reflector voltage and note down the corresponding output voltage.
11.Now vary the slotted section left to right and observe the wave form in CRO same
time tabulated in distance Vmax (d1) & Vmax (d2).
12.Next calculate the guided wavelength (g). Twice of the Difference between two
minimum position or two maximum position (distance) is called Guided
wavelength.
13.Next calculate the cutoff wavelength (c).
c = 2*a
Where
a =broad dimension of wave guide
a = inner broad dimension of 22.85 or 22.86 mm for X band.
g = 2*(d2 d1)
Where
d1 is the 1st maximum obtained in slotted section.
d2 is the 2nd maximum obtained in slotted section.
Calculate the frequency, F=C\ 0,
Where
0 = free space wavelength.

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1 / 0 2 = 1/ (g) 2 + 1/(c) 2

C= velocity of light
F= C*

1/ (g)

+ 1/(c) 2

Where, C=3*108 m /s.

Or
C = 3*1010 cm /s]

OBSERVATIONS: 1

Sl.No

Reflector
Voltage

Slotted section
Distance d1
(max or min)

Distance d2
(max or min)

Guided
wavelength(g)

Verify with frequency obtained by frequency meter

OBSERVATIONS: 2

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F= C*
Sl.No

Repeller voltage
(VOLTS)

1/(g)

+ 1/(c) 2

Frequency meter
reading (GHz)

RESULT:

EX.NO:3B

DATE:

MEASUREMENT OF VOLTAGE STANDING WAVE RATIO

AIM:
To determine the Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR).

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

Klystron power supply

Klystron mount
Klystron tube
Isolator
Frequency meter
Variable attenuator
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Slotted section
Tunable probe
Wave guide stands
Movable short
BNC cable
VSWR meter.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

KLYSTRON
POWER
SUPPLY

KLYSTRON
MOUNT

V.S.W.R
METER

ISOLATOR

VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR

TUNABLE
PROBE

FREQUENCY
METER

SLOTTED
SECTION

MATCHED
TERMINATION

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PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the components and equipment as shown in fig
2. Keep the control knob of klystron power supply as below:
Modulation selection
: AM
Beam voltage knob
: Fully anti-clockwise
Reflector voltage knob
: Fully clockwise
Selector switch
: Beam voltage
3. Keep the AM modulation control knob of amplitude &frequency at mid
position.
4. Switch on the klystron power supply.
5. Now vary the Beam voltage knob to 295V. Next change the selector knob to
Beam Current. Observe the BEAM CURRENT. [The beam current should not
be more than 30 m amps].
6. Now change the selector switch to Reflector voltage position.
7. Now decrease the Reflector voltage to minimum position.
8. Now observe the square wave form in CRO by varying either reflector voltage
or adjusting the amplitude pot of AM.

VSWR METER SETTINGS:

1. Keep the knob of vswr meter as
Scale selector
- NORMAL
Range in dB
- 0 to 60 dB
Impendence
- 200k low
Coarse & fine control - Mid position
2. Find the needle deflection at what db it should be deflected, (i.e.)
change the db range from 0 to 60 and find where the maximum deflections
will.
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3. After obtaining the deflection, now vary the coarse knob & fine knob
set the needle in 1 on vswr scale.
4. Now Replace the Detector mount & connect to the unload & observe
VSWR

and
the

5. Now read the VSWR meter scale.

6. Keep the entire control knob as it Is, move the probe in next position.
Read the VSWR.
7. Repeat the above steps for change of S.S tuner probe depth and record
The corresponding VSWR.
9. If the VSWR is between 3.2 to 10.

CALCULATION:
VSWR = E max / E min
(OR)
VSWR = 1 + Reflection coefficient / 1- Reflection coefficient
VSWR = (1 + R / 1- R)
REFLECTION COEFFICIENT
R

= (vswr -1 / vswr +1)

= Er / Ei = Z l Z o / Z l + Z o

Note:
If we can't able to set the needle at 1 VSWR, use variable attenuator at increase
or decrease the micrometer scale to get the vswr in VSWR meter.
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RESULT:

EX.NO: 3C

DATE:

VSWR- IMPEDANCE OF UNKNOWN LOAD MEASUREMENT

AIM:
To determine impedance of unknown load by measuring VSWR.
EQUIPEMENTS REQUIRED:
Klystron power supply
Klystron mount
Klystron tube
Isolator
Frequency meter
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Variable attenuator
Slotted section
Tunable probe
VSWR meter
Wave guide stands
Unknown load
CRO
BNC cable

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

VSWR Meter

Klystron Power Supply

Klystron Mount

Variable Attenuator
Isolator

Tunable probe

Slotted Section

Unknown
load

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the components and equipment as shown in fig. 3
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2. Keep the control knob of klystron power supply as below:

Modulation selection
: AM
Beam voltage knob
: Fully anti-clockwise
Reflector voltage knob
: Fully clockwise
Selector switch
: Beam voltage
3. Keep the AM modulation control knob of amplitude & Frequency at mid
position.
4. Switch on the klystron power supply.
5. Now vary the Beam voltage knob to 295V. Next change the selector knob
to Beam Current. Observe the Beam current. [The beam current should not be
more Than 30 m amps].
6. Now change the selector switch to Reflector voltage position.
7. Now decrease the Reflector voltage to minimum position.
8. Now observe the square wave form in CRO by varying
Either reflector voltage or adjusting the amplitude pot of AM.

VSWR METER SETTINGS:

1. Keep the knob of vswr meter as
Scale selector
- NORMAL
Range in dB
- 0 - 60 db
Impendence
- 200K low
Coarse & fine control - Mid position
2. Find the needle deflection at what db it should be deflected, (i.e.) change
the db range from 0 to 60 and find where the maximum deflections will.
3. Remove the BNC Cable and detector mount.
4. Now connect the load after slotted section and connect the BNC cable
from tunable probe to CRO.
5. Now adjust the tunable probe and observe the CRO (maximum gain)
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6. Now disconnect the BNC cable in CRO side and connect to VSWR meter.
7. Now set the VSWR meter scale equal to 1. (Adjustment the knob: Gain
control knob & variable attenuator).
8. Now connect the slotted section to unknown load. (S.S tuner, movable
short, fixed short, matched termination, etc.,)
9. Then observe the VSWR meter and tabulate the readings.

TABULATION:
Beam voltage = 290V
SL.N
O

Reflector voltage

Type of loads

VSWR
meter
readings

Theoretical
readings
ZL=Z0[1-j tan
/ - J tan ]

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CALCULATION:
Guide Wavelength g = 2 * Distance between two successive minimas (or)
maxims
= 2 *(X2 X1)
Calculate the free space wavelength 1/ o = 1 /g + 1 /c

Load impedance
ZL = Z0 [1-j tan / - J tan ]
Where
=VSWR-1/vswr+1

= 2 (X2-X1) /o
o = free space wavelength
c =cutoff wavelength

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RESULT:

EX.NO:4

DATE:

DIRECTIONAL COUPLER-DIRECTIVITY AND COUPLING

COEFFICIENT-SPARAMETER MEASUREMENT
AIM:
To study the Directional coupler Directivity and coupling coefficient - S Parameter measurement.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Klystron power supply
Klystron Tube
Klystron Mount
Isolator
Frequency Meter
Variable Attenuator
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Slotted section
Detector Mount
Wave guide Stands
VSWR Meter
BNC Cable
CRO
Directional Coupler

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

KLYSTRON MOUNT
KLYSTRON POWER SUPPLY

TUNABLE PROBE
CRO

VARIABLE ATTENUATOR

FREQUENCY METER

SLOTTED SECTION DETECTOR MOUNT

ISOLATOR

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the components and equipment as shown in fig. 2
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2. Keep the control knob of klystron power supply as below:

Modulation selection
: AM
Beam voltage knob
: Fully anti-clockwise
Reflector voltage knob
: Fully clockwise
Selector switch
: Beam voltage
3. Keep the AM modulation control knob of amplitude &frequency at mid
position.
4. Switch on the klystron power supply.
5. Now vary the Beam voltage knob to 295V. Next change the selector knob to
Beam Current. Observe the BEAM CURRENT. [The beam current should not
be more than 30 m amps].
6. Now change the selector switch to Reflector voltage position.
7. Now decrease the Reflector voltage to minimum position.
8. Now observe the square wave form in CRO by varying either reflector voltage
or adjusting the amplitude knob of AM.
9. 1Connect the slotted section output to detector mount, now measure the input
Power (P1).
10. Disconnect to setup as shown in fig 2.
11. Now connect the slotted section output to directional coupler input (port1),
connect the detector mount at port2, Terminate the port4 with matched
termination.
12. Now measure the Power (P2) at port 2.
13. Then remove detector mount from port2 and connect to port 4
terminate port 2 with matched termination
14. Now measure the power (P3) at port 3.
15. Now remove the directional coupler from slotted section. And connect the
slotted section output To directional coupler port2, connect the detector mount
at Port1, terminate the port4, with matched termination
16. Now measure the power (P4) at port 1 and tabulate readings.
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TABULATION:
2Beam Voltage = -- V
Beam current = -- ma
Replier Voltage =

Power of
(P1)

S.No

Power of
(P2)

Power of
(P3)

Power of
(P4)

Coupling
Loss

Transmission
Loss

Directivity

S -PARAMETER MEASUREMENT:

11

P1 P1

12

P2
P1

13

P3
P1

11

12

21

22

23

31

32

33

41

42

13

43

24

S
S

14

34

44

3FORMULA:

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P1
20 log
P4

10 log
Coupling loss (dB)

P4
20 log
P3

10 log
Directivity

Transmission loss

10 log

S
S

P1
20 log
P2

41

41
31

21

RESULT:

EX.NO:5

DATE:

ISOLATOR AND CIRCULATOR S - PARAMETER MEASUREMENT

AIM:
To analyse the isolator and circulator using s parameter measurement.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Klystron power supply
Klystron Tube
Klystron Mount
Isolator
Frequency Meter
Variable Attenuator
Slotted section
Detector Mount
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EXPERIMENTAL SET UP FOR ISOLATOR:

KLYSTRON
MOUNT

ISOLATOR

KLYSTRON
POWER
SUPPLY

VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR

CRO

FREQUENCY
METER

SLOTTED
SECTION

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the components and equipment as shown in fig. 2
2.

Keep the control knob of klystron power supply as below:

Modulation selection
: AM
Beam voltage knob
: Fully anti-clockwise
Reflector voltage knob
: Fully clockwise
Selector switch
: Beam voltage

3. Keep the AM modulation control knob of amplitude &frequency at mid

position.
4. Switch on the klystron power supply.
5. Now vary the Beam voltage knob to 295V. Next change the selector knob to
Beam Current. Observe the BEAM CURRENT. [The beam current should not
be more than 30 m amps].
6. Now change the selector switch to Reflector voltage position.
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EC2405- OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

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7. Now decrease the Reflector voltage to minimum position.

8. Now observe the square wave form in CRO by varying either reflector voltage
or adjusting the amplitude knob of AM.
9. Connect the slotted section output to detector mount measure the power (or)
voltage (A1) using CRO (or) power meter.
10. Now remove the detector mount from slotted section and connect the Isolator
Port1n to slotted section output , connect the detector mount in Port 2, now
measure the power (or) voltage (A12) using CRO (or) power meter.
11. Now remove the isolator from slotted section and connect the isolator Port 2
to the slotted section output, connect the detector power (or) voltage (A21)
using CRO (or) power meter.

TABULATION:
PORT 1

PORT 2

Insertion Loss (dB) = A1-A12 dB

Isolation dB = A1-A21dB

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR CIRCULATOR:

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KLYSTRON
MOUNT

ISOLATOR

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

KLYSTRON
POWER
SUPPLY

VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR

CRO

FREQUENCY
METER

SLOTTED
SECTION

ISOLATOR
CIRCULATOR

DETECTOR
MOUNT

PROCEDURE:
*

Connect the slotted section to detector mount and measure the power
(or) voltage (A1) using CRO (or) power.

Now remove the detector mount from the slotted section, and connect
the slotted section output to circulator port 1, and connect the detector
mount to port 1, terminate to port 3 with matched termination.

Now measure the power (or) voltage (A2) using CRO (or) power meter.

Now remove the detector mount from port 2, and connect to port 3,
terminate to port 2 with matched termination.

Now measure the power (or) voltage (A3) using CRO (or) power meter.

TABULATION:

PORT 1

PORT 2

PORT 3

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CIRCULATOR:

Insertion Loss (dB) =A1-A2 dB

RESULT:

EX.NO: 6

DATE:

ATTENUATION & POWER MEASUREMENT

AIM:
To study the attenuator characteristics of a variable attenuator.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Klystron Power Supply
Klystron Tube
Klystron Mount
Isolator
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Frequency Meter
Variable Attenuator
Detector Mount
Waveguide Stands
VSWR Meter
BNC Cable

PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Connect the components and equipments as shown in the block diagram.

Initially set the variable attenuator to maximum attenuation.
Termination the receiving end with unknown load.
Keep the control knobs of klystron power supply as,

5. Beam Voltage : OFF Modulation Switch : AM Beam Voltage Knob : Fully AntiClockwise Reflector Voltage Knob : Fully Clockwise AM Amplitude Knob : Fully
Clockwise AM Frequency and Amplitude Knob : Mid-Position
6. Now switch ON the klystron power supply, VSWR Meter and Cooling Fan.
Set the Beam Voltage to 300 V and vary the Reflector Voltage to get deflection in
VSWR Meter.
7. Tune the output by varying the Reflector Voltage and Amplitude, Frequency of
AM Modulation.
8. Tune plunger of klystron mount and probe for maximum deflection in VSWR
Meter.
9. Keep the control knob of VSWR Meter as,
Switch : Normal Input Switch : Low Impedance dB Range Switch : 40 dB
Gain Control Knob : Fully Clockwise .
10.
Connect the detector output to VSWR Meter and adjust the square meter wave
modulation frequency to approximately 1KHZ.
11.
Tune the detector by adjusting short plunger for maximum meter deflection.
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Move the probe along slotted line, adjust it at standing wave minimum. Record
the probe position as X1 [this is the position of reference minimum] and next
successive minimum position as X2.
13.
Replace the load by short circuit termination and move the probe carriage to
new standing wave minimum and record the probe position as Xs.
[Xs = This is the position of reference plane]
12.

14.Find the shift minima [Xs X2 or Xs X1]. It will be +ve if Min. shifted towards
load (i.e., for inductive load) It will be ve if Min. shifted towards generator (i.e.,
for capacitive load)
15.Convert the shift in wavelength units i.e., (*Xs X1) l wavelength.
16.Position on minimum can be known more accurately if it is taken as mid-point of
position by equal responses on equal side of minimum.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

TABULATION:

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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

POWER MEASUREMENT

S.NO

SCREW GAUGE
READING (MM)

Power Meter
Reading (mw)

ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT

S.NO

SCREW GAUGE
READING (MM)

Attenuation

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EC2405- OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

RESULT:

EX.NO:7 A

DATE:

S - MATRIX CHARACTERIZATION OF E-PLANE TEE,

H-PLANE TEE
AIM:
To determine the S matrix characterization of the E-Plane Tee and H-Plane
Tee.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Klystron power supply
Klystron Tube
Klystron Mount
Isolator
Frequency Meter
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EC2405- OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

Variable Attenuator
Slotted section
Detector Mount
Wave guide Stands
VSWR Meter
BNC Cable
CRO
H-Plane Tee
E-Plane Tee

GENERAL EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

KLYSTRON
MOUNT

ISOLATOR

KLYSTRON
POWER
SUPPLY

VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR

CRO

FREQUENCY
METER

SLOTTED
SECTION

DETECTOR
MOUNT

H-PLANE TEE:

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EC2405- OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

KLYSTRON
MOUNT

ISOLATOR

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

KLYSTRON
POWER
SUPPLY

VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR

CRO

FREQUENCY
METER

SLOTTED
SECTION

H-PLANE
TEE

DETECTOR
MOUNT

PROCEDURE:
1.

Connect the components and equipment as shown in fig. 2

2.

Keep the control knob of klystron power supply as below:

Modulation selection
: AM
Beam voltage knob
: Fully anti-clockwise
Reflector voltage knob
: Fully clockwise
Selector switch
: Beam voltage

3. Keep the AM modulation control knob of amplitude &frequency at

mid position.
4.

Switch on the klystron power supply.

5.

Now vary the Beam voltage knob to 295V. Next change the selector

knob to

Beam Current. Observe the BEAM CURRENT. [The beam current should not be
more than 30 m amps].
6.

Now change the selector switch to Reflector voltage position.

7.

Now decrease the Reflector voltage to minimum position.

8.

Now observe the square wave form in CRO by varying either reflector

voltage or adjusting the amplitude knob of AM.

9. Connect the slotted section output to detector mount , now measure the power
(or) voltage using CRO (or) power meter .

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EC2405- OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

10. Now measure the detector mount from slotted section connect the H-Plane Tee
Port1 to slotted section. Terminate the Port 3, with matched termination.
11. Now measure the power or voltage at Port 2 (P2) using CRO (or) power meter.
12. Then remove the detector mount from Port 2, and connect to port 3, terminate
the port 2, with matched termination.
13. Now measure the power or voltage at Port 3(P3) using CRO (or) power meter
TABULATION:

PORT1

PORT2

PORT 3

E-PLANE TEE:

KLYSTRON
MOUNT

ISOLATOR

KLYSTRON
POWER
SUPPLY

VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR

CRO

FREQUENCY
METER

SLOTTED
SECTION

E-PLANE
TEE

DETECTOR
MOUNT

4
PROCEDURE:
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EC2405- OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

1.

Connect the components and equipment as shown in fig. 2

2.

Keep the control knob of klystron power supply as below:

3.

Modulation selection

: AM

Beam voltage knob

: Fully anti-clockwise

Reflector voltage knob

: Fully clockwise

Selector switch

: Beam voltage

Keep the AM modulation control knob of amplitude &frequency at

mid position.
4.

Switch on the klystron power supply.

5.

Now vary the Beam voltage knob to 295V. Next change the selector

knob to

Beam Current. Observe the BEAM CURRENT. [The beam current should not be
more than 30 m amps].
6.

Now change the selector switch to Reflector voltage position.

7.

Now decrease the Reflector voltage to minimum position.

8.

Now observe the square wave form in CRO by varying either reflector

voltage or adjusting the amplitude knob of AM.

9. Connect the slotted section output to detector mount , now measure the power
(or) voltage using CRO (or) power meter .
10. Now measure the detector mount from slotted section connect the H Plane Tee
Port1 to slotted section. Terminate the Port 3, with matched termination.
11. Now measure the power or voltage at Port 2 (P2) using CRO (or) power meter.
12. Then remove the detector mount from Port 2, and connect to port 3, terminate
the port 2, with matched termination.
13. Now measure the power or voltage at Port 3(P3) using CRO (or) power meter.
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EC2405- OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

TABULATION:

PORT1

PORT2

PORT 3

RESULT:

EX.NO: 7B

DATE:

S MATRIX CHARACTERIZATION OF MAGIC TEE

AIM:
To determine the S Matrix Characterization of Magic Tee.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Klystron power supply
Klystron Tube
Klystron Mount
Isolator
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EC2405- OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

Frequency Meter
Variable Attenuator
Slotted section
Detector Mount
Wave guide Stands
VSWR Meter
BNC Cable
CRO
Magic Tee

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

KLYSTRON
MOUNT

ISOLATOR

KLYSTRON
POWER
SUPPLY

CRO

VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR

FREQUENCY
METER

SLOTTED
SECTION

DETECTOR
MOUNT

Fig 1: For Input Power Measurement

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EC2405- OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

KLYSTRON
POWER
SUPPLY

KLYSTRON
MOUNT

ISOLATOR

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

VARIABLE
ATTENUATOR

CRO

FREQUENCY
METER

SLOTTED
SECTION

MAGIC
TEE

DETECTOR
MOUNT

Fig 2: For Coupled /Isolated Power Measurement

PROCEDURE:
1.
2.

3.

Connect the components and equipment as shown in fig. 2

Keep the control knob of klystron power supply as below:
Modulation selection

: AM

Beam voltage knob

: Fully anti-clockwise

Reflector voltage knob

: Fully clockwise

Selector switch

: Beam voltage

Keep the AM modulation control knob of amplitude &frequency at

mid position.
4.

Switch on the klystron power supply.

5.

Now vary the Beam voltage knob to 295V. Next change the selector

knob

to Beam Current. Observe the BEAM CURRENT. [The beam current should not
be more than 30 m amps].
6.

Now change the selector switch to Reflector voltage position.

7.

Now decrease the Reflector voltage to minimum position.

8.

Now observe the square wave form in CRO by varying either reflector

voltage or adjusting the amplitude knob of AM.

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EC2405- OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

9.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

Connect the slotted section output to detector mount now measure the power
from the detector mount P1 (or) voltage using CRO or power meter.

10. Remove the detector mount from the slotted section then connect the magic
tee collinear arm 1 to slotted section output connect the detector mount
to collinear arm 2. Terminate the port 4 and port 3 with matched
termination.
11. Now measure the power or voltage at port 2 using CRO or power meter.
12. Now remove the detector mount from the collinear arm 2 connect the detector
mount to port 3 terminate the collinear arm 2 and port 4 with matched
termination.
13. Now measure the power or voltage at port 3(P3) using CRO or power meter.
14. Now remove the detector mount from the port3, and connect to port 4 then
terminate the collinear arm and port 3, with matched termination.
15. Now measure the power (or) voltage port (P4) using CRO or power meter.

FORMULA:

C o u p lin g ( d B ) 1 0 lo g

P1
P2
1 0 lo g
P3
P3

Is o la tio n ( d B ) 1 0 lo g

P3
P4

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EC2405- OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

TABULATION:

PORT1

PORT2

PORT 3

PORT 4

RESULT:

EX.NO: 8

DATE:
RADIATION PATTERN OF ANTENNA

AIM:
To measure the radiation pattern of the given antenna.

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Vi Institute of Technology

SEM / YEAR : VII / IV

EC2405- OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Klystron Power Supply
Klystron Mount
Isolator
Variable Attenuator
Slotted Section
Detector Mount
Standard Gain Horn
VSWR Meter
CRO
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the tuner and crystal detector assembly to the slotted line.
2. Switch ON the fan and then the power supply and obtain the oscillations of
klystron.
3. Set the variable attenuator to get convenient reading in the VSWR Meter.
4. Maximize the crystal detector power supply and the detector with the help of
the tuner.
5. Disconnect the tuner and detector assembly, connect horn (h1) to the slotted
line and another horn (h2) to the tuner and the detector assembly. Put the
second horn in-front of the first.
6. The distance between horns should be about one.
7. Repeat the same experiment for different values of separation between the
horns.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

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EC2405- OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

TABULATION:
E - SECTORAL HORN
Angel in
Degrees

Clockwise Direction

Anti-Clockwise Direction

H - SECTORAL HORN
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Vi Institute of Technology

SEM / YEAR : VII / IV

EC2405- OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

Angel in
Degrees

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

Clockwise Direction

Anti-Clockwise Direction

PYRAMIDAL HORN
Angel in
Degrees

Clockwise Direction

Anti-Clockwise Direction

RESULT:

EX.NO: 9

DATE:
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SEM / YEAR : VII / IV

EC2405- OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

ANTENNA GAIN MEASUREMENT

AIM:
To measure the gain of the given antenna.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
Klystron Power Supply
Klystron Mount
Isolator
Variable Attenuator
Slotted Section
Detector Mount
Standard Gain Horn
VSWR Meter
CRO
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the tuner and crystal detector assembly to the slotted line.
2. Switch ON the fan and then the power supply and obtain the oscillations of
klystron.
3. Set the variable attenuator to get convenient reading in the VSWR Meter.
4. Maximize the crystal detector power supply and the detector with the help of
the tuner.
5. Set a convenient reading in the indicator.
6. Disconnect the tuner and detector assembly, connect horn (h1) to the slotted
line and another horn (h2) to the tuner and the detector assembly. Put the
second horn in-front of the first.
7. The distance between horns should be about one.
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

8. Read the VSWR meter and note the difference in two readings and measure
between the two horns.
9. Repeat the same experiment for different values of separation between the
horns.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:

TABULATION:
S.No

Distance (cm)

Vo (Volts)

RESULT:

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EC2405- OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

OPTICAL
EXPERIMENTS

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EC2405- OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

EX.NO:1A

DATE:
DC CHARACTERISTICS OF LED

AIM:
To study the V-I characteristics of LED.
EQIPMENTS REQUIRED:
1. VOFT-07A Trainer - 01
2. Digital Multimeter - 02
PROCEDURE:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Construct the equipment as shown in above figure.

Switch ON the power supply using IR switch.
Set the SPDT switch (Source Switch) in OFF position.
Turn the POT 1 to minimum level.
Now measure the diode series resistance at P1 and P3 (Terminal protective
resistance 660 ohms). Diode series resistance R= Total resistance 660
ohms.
6. Switch ON the SPDT switch and measure series voltage across resistor (VR) at
P1 and P3.
7. Calculate the diode current I = VR/R.
8. Measure the voltage across diode.
9. Now step by step vary the POT 1 minimum level to maximum level and note
down the corresponding readings.
10.Now plot the graph for voltage across diode VD VS current.
TABULATION:
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Vi Institute of Technology

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EC2405- OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

Resistor Across Voltage

(VR)

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

Diode Across Voltage

(VPD)

I = VR/R

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:
Thus the output was measured and verified by the V-I characteristics of
the LED.

EX NO: 1B

DATE:

DC CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOTODIODE
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EC2405- OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

AIM:
To study the forward and reversed biasing characteristic of photo diode.
REQUIREMENTS:
1. VOFT -07A Trainer.
2. VOFT -07B Trainer.
3. Multimeter.
PROCEDURE:
FORWARD BIAS:
1. Construct the equipment as shown in figure.

2. Vary the POT to maximum level (i.e.) high intensity in LED (VOFT -07A).
3. Check the input voltage across R1 at pin P1 & P2.
4. Now find the current flowing through photo diode by
I = Voltage across points P1 & P2
1 K
5. Now step by step reduce the bias control voltage in -0.6 to -0.1V.
6. Note down the photodiode across voltage VPD.
7. Plot the graph in photo diode across voltage VPD VS current.
TABULATION:
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EC2405- OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

Resistor across Voltage

(VR)

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

Diode across Voltage

(VPD)

I = VR/R

MODEL GRAPH:

REVERSE BIAS:
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EC2405- OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

1. Construct the fig as shown in the diagram

2.
3.
4.
5.

Vary the POT to maximum level (i.e) hight intensity in LED (VOFT 07A).
Connect the fiber cable between light emitting diode and pin photo diode.
Check the input voltage across R1 at pin P1 & P2.
5. Now find the current flowing through photo diode by
I = Voltage across points P1 & P2/1000.

6. Now step by step increase the Bias control voltage in 1.28V to 5V.
7. Note down photo diode across voltage VPD.
8. Plot the graph in photo diode across voltage VPD VS I (current).

TABULATION:
Resistor Across Voltage
(VR)

Diode Across Voltage

(VPD)

I = VR/R

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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:
Thus the experiment is verified by the forward and reverse biased
characteristics of the photodiode.

EX.NO:2

DATE:
MODE CHARACTERISTICS OF FIBER

AIM:
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Vi Institute of Technology

SEM / YEAR : VII / IV

EC2405- OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

To Study the and find V-number (or) mode number of a multimode glass fiber.
EQUIPEMENTS REQUIRED:
1. VLT Module
2. NA setup
3. 3mST end multimode glass fiber
4. Fiber coupling metal posts
5. Power supply, power cord, cable.
PROCEDURE:
1. Construct the setup as in experimental setup diagram.
2. Insert the free end of glass fiber into the numerical aperture setup. Adjust the
collimated lens, distance between VLT-01 and fiber coupling setup to make a red
color spot on NA graph sheet,
3. 3. Measure the circle spot in horizontally and vertically and find out mean radius
of circle Spot as R = (DE+BC)/4
4. Find out the numerical aperture for a distance as,
NA = r/ r + d
5. Now find out the V-number (or) mode number by substituting d = 9um and =659
nm as Follows,
Where:
V= is the mode number
= is the laser wavelength
D= is the distance of the core

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EC2405- OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

RESULT:
Thus the mode characteristics of the fiber was verified successfully.

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SEM / YEAR : VII / IV

EC2405- OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

EX.NO:3

DATE:

MEASUREMENT OF BENDING AND CONNETOR LOSS

AIM:
To measure bending loss and coupling loss between fiber cables.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

VOFT-02-A1, VOFT-02-B1.
Function generator 1Hz-2MHz
Two channel 20MHz oscilloscope
1m & 3m plastic fiber cable
Coupling setup

PROCEDURE:
BENDING LOSS MEASUREMENT:
1. Establish the analog link and set the input sine wave amplitude and frequency
to 1Vpp and 10KHz respectively, connect the output of VOFT-02-B1(test point
P1) with the oscilloscope using BNC-SP7 cable.
2. Keep fiber cable length of 1m between transmitter and receiver, turn receiver
gain control POT and the output amplitude level to 5Vpp. Now bend the 1m
fiber cable to 5cm of diameter as suggest in figure., note down output signal
amplitude level for 5cm of fiber bending.
3. Reduce the bending diameter in steps of 1cm from 5cm and note down
corresponding signal amplitude level for all bending diameter and tabulate.
4. Draw a graph for bending diameter Vs gain.

COUPLING LOSS MEASUREMENT:

1. Gap.

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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

2. Connect one end of 3cm fiber cable into transmitter source, connect one end of
1m fiber cable into receiver board, and insert free ends of 1m and 3m fiber
cable into fiber-fiber connector as close as possible.
3. Note d own the output signal amplitude level in oscilloscope and find out
coupling loss as follows,
couple= -10 log (Vout/Vin)-lm(L3m + L1m)
where, 1m is the attenuation in dB/m and couple loss in dB.

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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

TABULATION:
Bending Diameter
(cm)

O/P Voltage
(volts)

Gain = -10log(Vo/Vin)(dB)

MODEL GRAPH:
Gain

diameter
Coupling loss calculation:
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

RESULT

EXP.NO: 4A

DATE:
FIBER OPTIC ANALOG LINK

AIM:
To study an analog link establishment using plastic fiber cable.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

VOFT-02-A1,VOFT-02-B1
Function generator 1hz-3mhz
Two channel 20mhz oscilloscope
1m plastic fiber cable
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

THEORY:
This experiment has been provided to familiarize the users with this trainer kit.
The basic analog link can be established by 660nm wavelength source, the input to
the analog transmitter may be a sinusoidal, or AM signal with the maximum
amplitude level of 1 Vpp.
The analog optical transmitter section converts the electrical signal into the
optical signal. The analog optical receiver section has a current to voltage converter
and amplifier to convert the optical signal back into electrical signal.
PROCEDURE:
1. Make initial connections on VOFT-02 as follows,
a. Connect a function generator with the VOFT-02 transmitter (test point p2)
board using BNC to SP7 cable.
b. Connect an oscilloscope with the VOFT-02 receiver (test point P1)board
using BNC to SP7 cable.
c. Slightly unscrew the LED Tx cap, insert one end of 1m fiber cable and
screw tightly. Similarly connect other end of 1m fiber to the receiver end
photo diode by unscrew and screw the RxPD cab.
2. Set the input sine wave frequency to 10 KHz and amplitude of 1Vpp on function
generator.
3. Switch ON the trainer(switch provided in back side of the power supply unit).
4. Observer the sine waveform on oscilloscope, turn gain control POT in clockwise
direction and observe the sine waveform with necessary amplitude level, analog link
have been established.
5. Reduce the input signal amplitude to 0.2Vpp say it Vin, set the output sinewave
amplitude to 1Vpp, say it Vout. Note down Vin and Vout,increase input signal
amplitude in steps of 0.2Vpp and note down corresponding output signal amplitude
without altering gain control POT. Tabulate the readings.plot the graph for VoutVs
Vin.

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EC2405- OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

TABULATION:
Input voltage
Vin (volts)

Output voltage
Vo (volts)

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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

RESULT:
Thus the study of an analog link establishment using plastic fiber cable was verified.

EX.NO:4B

DATE:

FIBER OPTIC DIGITAL LINK FOR TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL

SIGNALS
AIM:
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Vi Institute of Technology

SEM / YEAR : VII / IV

EC2405- OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

To study a fiber optic digital link and the relation between the input signals and
received signals.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
1. DL-01 transmitter & receiver.
2. power supply.
3. 20MHz dual channel oscilloscope
4. 1MHz function cable
5. 1 meter fiber cable
EXPERIMENTAL SET UP:

THEORY:
Optical fibers may be produced with good stable transmission characteristics in
long lengths at a minimum cost and with maximum reproducibility. A range of optical
fiber types with regard to size, refractive indices and index profiles, operating wave
lengths, materials, etc. be available in order to fulfill many different system
applications.
The fibers may be converted into practical cables which can be handled in a
similar manner to conventional electrical transmission cables without problems
associated with the degradation of their characteristics or damage. The fibers and
fiber cables may be terminated and connected together without excessive practical
difficulties and in ways which limit the effect of this process on the fiber transmission
characteristics to keep them within acceptable operating levels
It is important that these jointing techniques may be applied with ease in the field
location where cable connection takes place.
PROCEDURE:
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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

1. Slightly unscrew the cap of SFH 756v(660). Do not remove the cap from the
connector. Once the cap is loosened, insert the fiber into the cap. Now tight
the cap by screwing it back.
2. Connect the power supply cables with proper polarity to kit. While
connecting the ensure that the power supply is OFF. Now switch ON the power
supply.
3. Feed the TTL signal of about 1KHz square wave, to IN post of buffer
section.
4. Connect the other end of fiber to detector SFH 551v very carefully as per
the instructions in step 1.
5. Observe the received signal on CRO as o/p post.
6. To measure the digital bandwidth of the link, vary the frequency of the
input from 100Hz on wards and observe the effect on received signal.
MODEL GRAPH:
TRANSMITTER Input=5v

RECEIVER
Input=5v

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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

RESULT:
Thus the output and measured fiber optic digital link for transmission of
digital signals was verified successfully.

EX.NO:5

DATE:
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EC2405- OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

NUMERICAL APERTURE DETERMINATION FOR FIBER

AIM:
To measure the numerical aperture or light collecting capability(NA) of a multimode plastic fiber.

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
1. VOFT-02-A1
2. 1m plastic fiber cable
3. Numerical aperture setup
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect a 1m fiber cable connector between optical transmitter and NA setup as
shown in fig
2. Insert the fiber cable in numerical aperture setup as follows,
a. Unscrew the topside screw of NA setup.
b. Insert the fiber through topside hole.
c. Make the fiber cable end to 0.2 cm above from the base of NA setup
3. Now a circular red colour spot is shown in graph attached with the base of NA
setup.Measure the circle in horizontally &vertically and find out mean radius of
circle spot as,
r = (DE+BC)/4
4. Find out the numerical aperture for distance as
NA = r / r 2+ d 2
Where , d is the distance in cm,r is the mean radius of circle spot.
5. Measure the NA for other distances of 0.4 cm,0.6cm,0.8cm and 2cm, finally take
an average for all readings of NA which is the numerical aperture for the plastic
fiber.

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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

TABULATION:
DISTANCE(d MEAN RADIUS(r) IN CM
)
in cm

NUMERICAL APERTURE

AVERAGE N.A=

RESULT:
Thus to measure the numerical aperture or light collecting capability(NA)of a
multimode plastic fiber was verified.

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DEPARTMENT OF ECE

EX.NO:6

DATE:

ATTENATION MEASUREMENT IN OPTICAL FIBER

AIM:
To measure the attenuation factor in optical fiber.
EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:
1.
2.
3.
4.

VOFT -02 A1, VOFT -02 B1

Function generator 1Hz 2MHz
Two channel 20MHz oscilloscope
1m & 3m plastic fiber cable.

PROCEDURE:
1. Establish the analog link and set the input signal amplitude and frequency of 1Vpp and 1
KHz respectively.
2. Connect the output of VOFT -02-B1 (Test Point P1) to the channel 1 of oscilloscope using
BNC SP7 cable and keep fiber cable length of 1m between transmitter and receiver.
3. Turn the gain control POT at the receiver and set output amplitude level to 5Vpp, let us say
it V1. Now replace 1m fiber cable by 3m fiber cable without altering any other settings
(receiver gain (or) input voltage). Measure the output voltage level for 3m fiber cable, let us
say it V2. The difference between the two readings is the extra loss in lost one due to the
extra length of the fiber.
4. Determine the attenuation loss for 1m fiber in dB/m,
= - 10 log10 (V 2 V 1)

73
Vi Institute of Technology

SEM / YEAR : VII / IV

EC2405- OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

74
Vi Institute of Technology

SEM / YEAR : VII / IV

EC2405- OPTICAL AND MICROWAVE LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

TABULATION:
LENGTH

I/P VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

O/P VOLTAGE

RESULT:
Thus the measurement of attenuation factor in optical fiber was verified.

75
Vi Institute of Technology

SEM / YEAR : VII / IV