The Enthalpy-Concentration Method
Ponchon-Savarit Graphical Method
1. [ H i , hi xi , yi ] The Enthalpy-Concentration diagram
The Enthalpy-Concentration Diagram
Bubble point curve
Dew point curve
Tie lines
Superheated vapor
Sub cooled liquid
Two phase region
2. Drawing of saturated liquid enthalpy curve
Enthalpies of i , j at their boiling points T i ,T j
hi mi c pi (Ti Tref )
h j m j c pj (T j Tref )
Enthalpy of liquid mixture:
hmix xic pi (T Tref ) (1 xi )c pj (T Tref ) H sol
3. Drawing of saturated vapor enthalpy curve
Vapour Enthalpies of i , j at their boiling points T i ,T j
H i hi i
H j h j j
Enthalpy of vapour mixture
H mix y i [i c pyi (T T ref )] (1 y i )[ j c pyj (T T ref )]
4. Drawing of Tie Lines
RECTIFICATION SECTION
3
Material balance:
V n 1 L n D
V n 1 y n 1 L n x n Dx D
(L n D ) y n 1 L n x n Dx D
L n x D y n 1
D
y n 1 x n
Energy balance:
V n 1H n 1 L n hn DhD Qc
(L n D )H n 1 L n hn D (hD
Ln
Qc
)
D
Qc
) H n 1
D
H n 1 hn
(hD
Combining by equating the reflux ratio
Ln
expressions:
D
x D y n 1
y n 1 x n
Qc
) H n 1
D
H n 1 hn
(hD
= (Q' - HG1) / (HG1 - HL0)
The equation represents three relationships for stages
:
n and n 1
Qc
x
,
(
h
) , y n 1 , H n 1 , x n , hn ,
D
D
The point x D , (hD c ) has a constant value.
D
The equation represents a set (family) of straight lines on the
Q
[H , h x i , y i ] diagram all out of the point x D , (hD c ) represented
D
by symbol
O D referred to as the UPPER OPERATING POINT.
Ponchon-Savarit Graphical method
1. Locate
x D , x x D , y1 x D .
2. Read the enthalpies of distillate
hD
and
HD
D H D hD
3. Draw
O D at x D , (h D
Qc
Q
) , notice that O D lies a distance c
D
D
above hD .
4. For a total condenser :
Qc DV 1 D D (R 1)
Qc
D R D
D
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5. Notice that O D lies a distance R D above H D
Construction procedure:
Equilibrium tie-line from y 1 locates x 1 .
O D locates y 2 ( operating relationship,
x 1 joined to
straight line O D x 1 fixes position of
y2)
Equilibrium tie-line from y2 locates x2 .
x2 joined to
O D locates
y3 ( operating relationship,
straight line OD x 2 fixes position of y3 ).
and so on .. y n locates
straight
line
O D x n locates y n 1
by
the
operating
relationship.
..this continues until a tie-line falls on or passes x F the
feed composition.
.. in this way the equilibrium stages are determined (each
tie line represent an equilibrium stage).
x n by
equilibrium and the
Ponchon-Savarit Graphical method
STRIPPING SECTION
Material balance:
V m 1 L m W
V m 1 y m 1 L m x m W x w
(L m W ) y m 1 L m x m W x w
L m y m 1 x w
W
y m 1 x m
Energy balance:
V m 1H m 1 L m hm Whw Qb
(L m W )H n 1 L m hm W (hw
Lm
W
Qb
W
H m 1 (hw
Qb
)
W
Qb
)
W
H m 1 hm
Energy added to the reboiler per unit bottoms product
Combining by equating the ratio
Lm
expressions:
W
9
y m 1 x w
y m 1 x m
H m 1 (hw
Qb
)
W
H m 1 h m
The equation represents three relationships for all values of m and
m 1 :
Qb
x
,
(
h
)
w
w
y m 1 , H m 1
x m , hm
The point x w ,( hw b ) has a constant value.
W
The equation represents a set (family) of straight lines on the
[H , h x i , y i ]
diagram
all
represented by the symbol
out
of
the
point x w ,( hw
Qb
)
W
OW referred to as the LOWER
OPERATING POINT.
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Construction procedure:
1. Locate
xw at intersection of
x xw and the bubble point
curve.
2. The reboiler N 1 is an equilibrium stage, hence x w and y N 1
are in equilibrium. The tie lie from x w locates. y N 1 .
3. Straight line joining y N 1 with the lower operating point
OW
locates x N on the saturated liquid bubble point curve.
4. xN locates yN by equilibrium tie line relationship.
5. Straight line joining y N to the operating point OW locates x N 1 .
6. and so on using tie line and operating point relationships
for number of equilibrium stages until x F is reached or
crossed by a tie line.
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Ponchon-Savarit Graphical method
THE FRACTIONATOR
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Material balance:
Material balance
F D W
FxF DxD Wxw
( D W ) xF DxD Wxw
W x D xF
D xF xw
F H F Qb Qc DhD Whw
( D W ) H F Qb Qc DhD Whw
DH F W H F D (hD
Qc
Q
) W (hw b )
D
W
Qc
)HF
W
D
D H (h Qb )
F
w
W
( hD
Combining by equating the ratio
W
expressions
D
13
Qc
)H F
D
Q
H F (hw b )
W
xD xF
x F xw
(hD
Here a relationship between three points:
Qb
x
,
(
h
)
w
w
W
x F , H F
Qc
x
,
(
h
D D D ) , x F , H F
is the feed point represented by the symbol F .
The equation, thus, represent a straight line OW FO D joining the
operating points F , OW , O D . By drawing the line OW FO D from any two of
the three operating points the third will be located.
The equilibrium stages for the whole fractionator will be determined as shown in
the following steps:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Locate x iD and extend upwards
Calculate D (H D hD )
Locate O D at a distance R D above H D
Fix the feed point F from knowledge of x iF and H F
extend the line O D F to intersect the vertical line x x iw at OW
Start construction of equilibrium stages starting from y 1
using tie lines and upper operating point O D one after the
other until the feed point F is passed.
7. After that the lower operating point OW is used with x to give
y , followed by tie line from y to give x , then x with OW to
give y and so on .
8. Construction stops when x iw is reached or passed.
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![The Enthalpy-Concentration Method
Ponchon-Savarit Graphical Method
1. [
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The Enthalpy-Concentration d](https://screenshots.scribd.com/Scribd/252_100_85/326/317692855/1.jpeg)
