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ID:
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Homework 7 of Math 200 due on 23-28, November 2009.
If the surface is given by the graph = (, ), where (, ) lies in the domain
of
2 , i.e. = { (, , (, )) (, ) }, then the surface area element

5. Find the area of the surface that is the graph of = + 2 for 0 1, 0 2.

Solution.

1 + 2 + 2 , the surface integral

(, , ) =

(, , (, )) 1 + 2 + 2 .

On the other hand, if is given by parametric form

6. Find the area of that part of the surface of problem 5 that lies above the triangle
in the -plane with vertices at (0, 0), (0, 1) and (1, 1).
Solution.

r(, ) = (, )i + (, )j + (, )k,
where (, ) lies in the domain of of -plane.
The
by 

parametric surface is given
surface integralfor
 r
r 
(, , ) =
((, ), (, ), (, )) 

j
k
i

=
((, ), (, ), (, ))

((, ), (, ), (, )) ( )2 + ( )2 + ( )2 .

14.8 Problems: 3,4,5,6, 21

3. Find the area of the part of the paraboloid : = 9 2 2 that lies above the
plane = 5.
Solution. For any point (, , 9 2 2 ) of the graph lying above the plane
= 5, we have 9 2 2 5, so its projection point (, ) on -plane
satises 2 + 2 22 . Since = 9 2 2 , so = 2, and = 2, hence
2
2+ 2 = 4(2 +
It follows the surface area
).
of is
1 =
1 + 2 + 2 =
1 + 4(2 + 2 )

2
0

2
0

2 + 2 22

1 + 42

2 + 2 22

4. Find the area of the part of the surface 2 = 2 that lies directly above the triangle
in the -plane with vertices at (0, 0), (1, 0) and (1, 1).
2
Solution. The surface
= and = 0. The
is a graph (, ) =
/2,
then

surface area is
1 + 2 + 2 =
1 + 2

21. The surface of revolution obtained when we revolve the curve = () for
[, ], around the -axis is parametrized in terms of [0, 2] and [, ]
by (, ) = () cos , (, ) = () sin , (, ) = . Prove that the surface
2

area of is given by
() 1 + ()2 .
0

Solution. = () cos , = () sin ,

= () sin , = () cos ,
of , in parametric form, is given by

(, ) = 1;
(, ) = 0. so the surface area

15.1 The divergence divF of vector eld F = (, , )i + (, , )j + (, , )k is

given by

F(, , ) = divF(, , ) =
+
+
,

which is a scalar function depending on (, , ).

The curl of vector eld F = (,, )i + (, , )j + (, , )k is given
by



i
j
k




curlF(, , ) = F(, , ) = 


 (, , ) (, , ) (, , ) 
)
(
)
(
)
(

( ) i+

j+

k,
=

which is vector-valued function, i.e. curlF is again a vector eld.

15.1 Illustrate the given vector eld F by sketching several typical vectors in the eld.
2. F(, ) = 3i 2j

5. F(, ) = (2 + 2 )1/2 (i + j)

Let r(, , ) = i + j + k, be the position vector, and r =

length of the vector r. Prove that

15.1 Calculate the divergence and curl of the given vector eld F
17. F(, , ) = i + j + k
div F(, , ) = F(, , )
=

curlF(, , ) = (, , )
=

35. r =

)+

 i
j


r = 

( )
(

37.
18. F(, , ) = 2 i + 2 j + 2 k
div F(, , ) = F(, , )
=

) +
( ) = ; and

)
(
(
k 


()

(
)
i
+
(
=



)
) k = 0.

r
=
3

curlF(, , ) = (, , )
=

19. F(, , ) = 2 i + 2 j + 2 k
div F(, , ) = F(, , )
curlF(, , ) = (, , )
=
=

22. F(, , ) = sin j + cos k

div F(, , ) = F(, , )
curlF(, , ) = (, , )
=
=

Extra problem: Prove the following formulas:

(11) ( G) = ( G) + ( ) G.

(15) ( G) = ( )( G) + ( ) G.


 i

r
38. 3 = 

2 + 2 + 2 be the


)
k  (
1
1

=

(
)

(
)
i+

3
3

3

)
) j+

15.2 In the following 2 exercises, we evaluate the line integral

F T =
F r () =
( (r()) () + (r()) () + (r()) () ),

17. (, , ) = 2 + 9, and is the curve r() = (, 2 , 3 ).

Solution.

where F(, , ) = (, , )i + (, , )j + (, , )k,

and : r() = ()i + ()j + ()k, for [, ].
12. F(, , ) = i + j + k and is the straight line segment from (2, 1, 3) to
(4, 2, 1).

Solution. The segment can be parametrized as follows r() = (1 ) + =
(4 + 2(1 ))i + (2 (1 ))j + ( + 3(1 ))k = (2 + 2)i + (3 1)j + (4 + 3)k

for [0, 1], which is called the convex combination of and , i.e.
() = 2 + 2, () = 3 1, () = 4 + 3, and r () = 2i + 2j 4k. Hence
F(r()) = ()()i + ()()j + ()()k
= (3 1)(4 + 3)i + (2 + 2)(4 + 3)j + (2 + 2)(3 1)k
=
F(r()) r () =
=

=
Then

F T =

15.2 In the following 2 exercises, we evaluate the line integral

(, , ) =
(r())r () =
((), (), ()) ()2 + ()2 + ()2 .

16. (, , ) = , and is the straight line segment from (1, 1, 2) to (3, 2, 5).

Solution.
By means of convex combination, we have r() = + =
(1, 1, 2) + (3 1, 2 (1), 5 2) = (1 +2, 1 + 3, 2 + 3)for [0, 1], and
hence r () = (2, 3, 3). Then = r () = 22 + 32 + 32 = 22 . Hence, we

1
have
(, , ) =
=
()()()r () =

+ =

( )

4. (, ) = 2 2 , (, ) = , where is the boundary of the triangle with

vertices (0, 0), (1, 1) and (2, 0).

13. F(, , ) = i j + k and r() = ()i + ()j + ()k = sin i + cos j + 2k,
where [0, ].
Solution. F(r()) r () = (()i ()j + ()k) ( ()i + ()j + ()k)
= () () () () + () ()

Then
F T =
F(r()) r () =

Remark. There is another way to evaluate the integral by observing that

F(r()) r () = ()()() + () ()() + ()() () =

( ()()() ).

1
1

Then
F T =
F(r()) r () =
( ()()() )

0
0
1
= [ ()()() ]0 = (1)(1)(1) (0)((0)(0)
= 4 2 (1) 2 (1) 3 = 8 + 6 = 2.

15.4 Problems: 4,5,18,19

Apply the Greens theorem
to evaluate the integral (, ) + (, )

5. (, ) = 2 +exp( ), (, ) = tan2 , where is the boundary of the region

bounded by triangle with vertices (0, 0), (1, 1) and (2, 0).

Let r() = ()i + ()j + ()k ( ) be a parametrization of , and F(, , ) =

(, , )i + (, , )j + (, , )k be a vector eld dened in a region containing
the curve .
1. r = ( ()i + ()j + ()j) ,
()i + ()j + ()j
2. T =
is the unit tangent vector of at r(), and
()2 + ()2 + ()2
3. =

()2 + ()2 + ()2 is the arc-length element of .

4. T = r.

path .
Proof. Let be the curve from to with the direction reversed. Dene : q() =
1 ()i + 1 ()j + 1 ()k = ( + )i + ( + )j + ( + )k ( ). We
are going to prove that

F q =

F r.

F q =
( (q()) 1 () + (q()) 1 () + (q()) 1 () )
In fact,

=

=
[ (r( + )) ( ( + )) + (r( + )) ( + )

+ (r( + )) ( ( + )) ]

[ (r()) () + (r()) () + (r()) () ]

( (r()) = (r()) = (f ()) (r()) = () ().

(ii)
F T = () () = 0, as the two end-points and of coincide.

Denition (Independence of Path) The line integral =

F r is called inde

pendent of path in the region , if the integral does not change when the path
varies with the end-points of are kept xed.
In this case, one can write the common value of as

F r,
F r =

5. F r = F T = ( (r()) () + (r()) () + (r()) () ).

The line integral

F r will change by a minus sign if we reverse the direction of the

by replacing = + , =

[ (r()) () + (r()) () + (r()) () ] =

F r.

by reversing the upper and lower limits, and replace by

(Fundamental Theorem of Line Integrals) If F(, , ) = (, , ) for some
dierentiable function in 3 , and
is a smooth curve from the starting
point to the
end point in 3 , prove that (i)

F r = () (); and (ii)

F r = 0 if the

path is closed, i.e. = .

Proof. (i) Let r() = ()i + ()j + ()k ( ) be a parametrization of , then
= r(), and = r(). Then it follows from chain rule that
)

F T =
(r())i +
(r())j +
(r())k ( ()i + ()j + ()k)

)
(

=
(r())
+
(r())
+
(r())

where the lower and upper limits are the starting and nal points of the path .
Theorem of Independence of Path
Let F be a continuous vector eld dened in the region ( , = 2 or 3) Then
The line integral =

F r is independent of the path inside the region if and

only if F = for some dierentiable function dened on .

Remark. This proof is technical but the idea is innovative. Suppose that the line
integral of F is independent of the choice of the path, one can dene (, , ) =
(,,)
F r for any point (, , ) in which can be connected to by a path. Then

the most dicult part is to verify that = F for all the points in . However, nding
out the partial derivatives of is only local calculation, which can be done by choosing
path along the coordinate axes.
Denition. A vector eld F dened on is called conservative if one can nd a scalar
dierentiable function on such that F = holds for all the points of . In this
case, is called a potential function of the vector eld F.
Remark. In general, it is dicult to nd out a potential function of F. It is due to
the fact, one needs to use integration to nd such function .
Example. Determine if the 2-dimensional vector eld F(, ) = (2 + 2 )i + 2j is
conservative.
Solution. F is conservative on -plane, since we can nd a potential function (, )
such that = F, i.e. (, ) = 2 + 2 , and (, ) = 2.

3
1. We integrate (, ) with respect to , i.e. (, ) = (, ) = 3 + 2 +
(), where () is a constant depending on the value , i.e. () is a function of
only..
3

2. Then we compare 2 = (, ) =
( 3 + 2 +() ) = 2+ (), so () = 0,
and hence () is really a constant independent of .
3

3. At last, (, ) = 3 + 2 + for some constant , and hence this method determine

all the potential function of on 2 .
Denition. A curve in parametric form r(), , is closed if r() = r().
A curve in parametric form r(), , is simple if r() = r() then = , i.e.
the curve does not passes the same point more than once.

Remark. If is continuous, simple closed curve, then will be the boundary of a

bounded region . In fact, it is a consequence of an important theorem in topology,
called Jordan Curve Theorem. Then one can walk around the boundary curve in one
direction such that the region is always on the left-hand side of the path C. Here, we
are assuming that one is standing on the -plane with the head point upward (like the
one positive -axis.) In this case, with the direction taken as above, then the boundary
curve is said to be positive oriented or sometimes, called in counterclockwise direction.
Greens Theorem. Let be a positive oriented, piece-wise smooth, simple close curve
that bounds a region in the plane. Suppose that the rst order partial derivatives of
(, ) and (, ) are continuous in the region . Then
)

(

(, ) + (, ) =

Application of Greens theorem. Let be the curve satisfying the condition of

Greens theorem. Then the area of the region bounded by the curve is given by

1
+ .
=
=
=
2

2 2
Example. Let be the region bounded by the ellipse : 2 + 2 = 1. Find the area

of .
Solution. Let r() = cos i + sin j be a parametrization of , then it follows from

1
1 2
Greens theorem that the area of =
+ =
[( sin ) ( sin ) +
2
2 0
2

(cos2 + sin2 ) = .
( cos ) ( cos )] =
2 0

Example. Let (, ) = 2
, and (, ) = 2
. Let : 2 + 2 = 1 be
2
+
+ 2
a unit
circle parametrized by () = cos , and () = sin (0 2). Prove that

(i)
(, ) + (, ) = 1; and (ii)

= 0.

Proof. (i)
(, ) + (, )
]
2 [
()
()

=
1
() +
()
()2 + ()2
()2 + ()2
0 2
=
[ ( cos ) ( cos ) + (sin ) (sin ) ] = 2.
0
(
)

1 (2 + 2 ) 2()
2 2

=
=
= 2
, and
(ii)
2
2
2
2

+
+ 2
( + )

1 (2 + 2 ) 2()
2 2

=
=
=
. The result follows.

2 + 2
2 + 2
2 + 2
Remark. At the rst look, it seems that the result of Greens theorem does not hold.
In fact, the condition that (, ) and (, ) are not continuous at (0, 0), so Greens
theorem does not apply, it follows that the calculation shows that the equality does
not hold.