Angles Properties in Circles
Learning Objectives
The students should be able to:
recognize various parts of a circle.
state the properties of chords of a circle.
state and apply the property of angles at the centre.
state and apply the property of angles in the same segment.
recognize the property of angles in a semi-circle.
explain the meaning of the concyclic points.
state the properties of angles in a cyclic quadrilateral.
state the definition of a tangent to a circle.
recognize the properties of the tangents to a circle.
state and apply the alternate segment theorem.
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Circles
1.
Parts of a circle
A circle is a closed curve in a plane such that all points on the
curve are equidistant from a fixed point.
centre
The given distance is called the radius of the circle.
radius
A chord is a line segment with its end points on the circle and
a diameter is a chord passing through the centre.
chord
diameter
An arc is a part of the circle.
major arc
A segment is the region bounded by a chord and an arc of
the circle.
major segment
minor segment
minor arc
A sector is the region bounded by two radii and an arc.
sector
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2.
Chords of a circle
Following are properties on chords of a circle. All these facts can be proved by the properties of
congruent triangles.
Theorem
Example
O is the centre of the circle. Find the unknown in
each of the following figures.
Theorem 1
The line joining the centre to the midpoint of a
chord is perpendicular to the chord.
1.1
i.e. If OM AB
then MA = MB
4 cm
1.2
x = ________
x =_________
O
x
Q
Ref.: line from centre chord bisects chord
1.3
Theorem 2
The line joining the centre of a circle and the
mid-point of a chord is perpendicular to the
chord.
6 cm
i.e. If MA = MB
then OM AB
r = ______
1.4
O
O
A
3 cm
Ref.: line joining centre to mid-pt. of chord
chord
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M
8 cm
x2 =_________
x
Q
x= _________
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Theorem
Example 2
Theorem 3
O is the centre of the circle. Find the unknown(s)
in each of the following figures.
Equal chords are equidistant from the centre of a
circle.
2.1
i.e. If
then
AB = CD,
OM = ON
4 cm
P
2 cm
O
x cm
x = __________
N
O
S
4 cmF
N
D
2.2
R
Ref.: equal chords, equidistant from center
2cm
5 cm
Theorem 4
O
2 cm
P
S
y cm
Chords which are equidistant from the centre of a
circle are equal.
i.e. If
then
OM = ON,
AB = CD
y = __________
2.3
5 cm
z
w cm
O
5 cm
3 cm
R
D
Ref.: chords equidistant from centre are eqaul
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w = __________
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z = __________
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3.
Angles in a circle
C
As shown in the figure, AOB
is the angle at the centre
subtended by the arc ACB.
O
O
A
ADB is the angle at the
circumference subtended by
the arc ACB
D
B
A
A
B
C
D
ADB is also called the
angle in the segment ADB.
A
A
B
Example 3.1
In each of the following figures, find the angles marked:a)
b)
67
O
A
78
Solution
a)
OA = OB
b)
Join CO and product to D
From a), y =
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Theorem
Example 4
Theorem 5 (Angle at the centre theorem)
4.1
Q
The angle that an arc of a circle subtends at the
centre is twice the angle that it subtends at any
point on the remaining part of the circumference.
i.e.
If
40 O
x = ______
O is the centre of the circle,
then AOB = 2ACB
Q
4.2
C
R
O
210
4.3
A
D
110
O
Ref.: at centre twice at ce
4.4
R
180
4.5
C
x
92
B
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Theorem
Example 5
O is the centre of the circle. Find the unknown(s)
(Angles in a semi-circle theorem) in each of the following figures.
Theorem 6
The angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.
5.1
i.e. If AB is a diameter,
then ACB=90.
O
C
84
x = __________
5.2
Ref.: in semi-circle
39
46
O
Theorem 7 (Angle in the same segment theorem)
__________
y=
__________
Angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.
i.e.
x=
If ADB and ACB are
in the same segment ABDC,
ADB = ACB
then
5.3
D
x
O
38
O
y
20
Ref.: s in the same segment
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4. Cyclic quadrilaterals
4.1
Concyclic points
Points are concyclic if they all lie on a circle, i.e. a circle can be drawn to pass through all of
them.
An infinite number of circles can be drawn to pass through any two points.
If three points are not collinear, then one and only one circle can be drawn to pass through
them.
If four points are concyclic, a circle can be drawn, but if they are not concyclic, no circle can
be drawn to pass through all of them.
concyclic points
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non-concyclic points
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4.2
Cyclic quadrilateral
There are two important facts about a cyclic quadrilateral:
i) A quadrilateral is called cyclic if a circle can be drawn to pass through all the four
vertices.
ii) All triangles are cyclic, but it is not true for quadrilateral..
Theorem
Example 6
Theorem 8
The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are
supplementary.
i.e. If
P, Q, R, S are concyclic,
then
P + R = 180,
and
S + Q = 180
O is the centre of the circle. Find the unknown(s)
in each of the following figures
6.1
y
O
85
110
x = __________
y = __________
R
S
6.2
Ref.: opp. s , cyclic quad.
Theorem 9
70
x = __________
y = __________
If one side of a cyclic quadrilateral is extended,
the exterior angle equals the interior opposite
angle.
i.e. If PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral
and PS is extended to T,
then RST = PQR.
6.3
x
120
R
82
x = __________
P
y = __________
Ref.: ext. , cyclic quad.
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5. Tangents to a circle
5.1. Definition of a tangent to a circle
Figure 5.1 shows the three possibilities that a straight line
(i)
does not intersect a circle;
(ii)
intersects a circle at two points;
(iii)
touches a circle (i.e. intersects at one and only point).
Fig. 5.1
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
When a straight line touches a circle, it is called a tangent to the circle at that point. The following
theorem states a basic property of a tangent to a circle.
Example 7
AB is the tangent to the circle at T. Find the
unknown
Theorem 10
The tangent to a circle at a point is perpendicular 7.1
to the radius at that point.
O
25
i.e. If
TAB is a tangent at A,
then OA TA
a
A
7.2
70
OTC =
O
T
c
A
Ref.: tangent radius
7.3
OC = OT
O
46
b
A
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5.2. Tangents from an external point to a circle
Example 8
Theorem 11
If two tangents are drawn to a circle from an
external point,
a)
the tangents are equal;
b)
the tangents subtend equal angles at the
centre;
c)
the line joining the external point to the
centre bisects the angle between the
tangents.
TA and TB are tangents to the circle at points A
and B respectively. Find the unknowns.
8.1
A
5 cm
O
b
30
TA = a
=
b=
a
B
i.e. If
TA, TB are tangents from T,
then TA = TB;
and
TOA = TOB;
ATO = BTO
8.2
and
O
B
42
TA = TB
c=
d=
T
T
8.3
A
240
O
TOB =
Ref.: tangent properties
B
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5.3. Alternate Segment Theorem
Theorem 12 (Alternate segment theorem)
The angles between a tangent and a chord
through the point of contact are equal
respectively to the angles in the alternate
segment.
Example 9
TB is a tangent to the circle at points A. Find the
unknowns in each of the following figures.
9.1
46
i.e. If
TAB is a tangent at A,
b = _______
TAD = ACD; and
BAC = ADC
then
a =________
50
O
9.2
c
D
C
O
d = _______
45
Ref.: in alt. Segment
c =________
9.3
35
O
x
B
9.4
Z=
O
30
z
B
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