CHAPTER 3 | DIGITAL / ANALOG SIGNALS

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Analog
Signal
Waves
Representat
ion
Example
Technology
Data
Transmissio
ns
Response to
Noise
Flexibility
Uses
Applications
Bandwidth

Digital

Analog signal is a continuous signal which

represents physical measurements
Denoted by sine waves
Uses continuous range of values to
represent information
Human voice in air, analog electronic
devices
Analog technology records waveforms as
they are
Subjected to deterioration by noise during
transmission and write/read cycle

Digital signals are discrete time signals

generated by digital modulation
Denoted by square waves
Uses discrete or discontinuous values to
represent information
Computers, CDs, DVDs, and other digital
electronic devices
Samples analog waveforms into a limited
set of numbers and records them
Can be noise-immune without
deterioration during transmission and
write/read cycle

More likely to get affected reducing

accuracy
Less affected since noise response are
analog in nature
Can be used in analog devices only. Best
suited for audio and video transmission.
Thermometers
Analog signal processing can be done in
real time and consumes less bandwidth

Less affected since noise response are

analog in nature
Digital hardware is flexible in
implementation
Best suited for Computing and digital
electronics.
PCs, PDAs
There is no guarantee that digital signal
processing can be done in real time and
consumes more bandwidth to carry out
the same information.
Stored in the form of binary bit
Digital instrument draws only negligible
power
Cost is high and not easily portable
High order of 100 mega ohm
Digital instruments are free from
observational errors like parallax and
approximation errors

Memory
Power

Stored in the form of wave signal

Analog instrument draws large power

Power
Cost
Errors

Low cost and portable

Low
Analog instruments usually have a scale
which is cramped at lower end and give
considerable observational errors.

CHAPTER 2 |INTRODUCTION TO DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

Digital Signal Processing
Digital Signal Processing uses unique data of
type i.e. signal, for processing
Signals
- refers to any continuous function of
one or more variables such as time, space,
frequency, etc. e.g.
Voltage across a resistor
Velocity of a vehicle
Light intensity of an image
Temperature, pressure inside a system
Signal Processing
- Signal Processing refers to the science
of analyzing time-varying physical process
2 Category of Signal Processing:
1) Analog Signal Processing used to
describe a waveform that is continuous
in time and can take a continuous
range of amplitude values. It will be
more correct to say continuous signal
processing
2) Digital Signal Processing - A digital
signal, which is discrete-time-signal, is
not represented by a continuous
waveform and the discrete-time signal
quantities. The amplitude that we know
one amplitude value of signal at
discrete instants in time.
Signal Processing
Humans are the most advanced signal
processors
speech and pattern recognition, speech
synthesis,
We encounter many types of signals in
various applications
Electrical signals: voltage, current, magnetic
and electric fields,
Mechanical signals: velocity, force,
displacement,
Acoustic signals: sound, vibration,
Other signals: pressure, temperature,
Most real-world signals are analog
They are continuous in time and amplitude
Convert to voltage or currents using sensors
and transducers
Analog circuits process these signals using
Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, Amplifiers,

Analog signal processing examples

Audio processing in FM radios

Video processing in traditional TV sets
Digital Signal Processing
Signal to be converted to a form that can be
processed by a digital System.

Limitations of Analog Signal Processing

Accuracy limitations due to
Component tolerances
Undesired nonlinearities
Limited repeatability due to
Tolerances
Changes in environmental conditions
Temperature
Vibration
Sensitivity to electrical noise
Limited dynamic range for voltage and
currents
Inflexibility to changes
Difficulty of implementing certain
operations
Nonlinear operations
Time-varying operations
Difficulty of storing information
Digital Signal Processing
Represent signals by a sequence of
numbers
Sampling or analog-to-digital conversions
Perform processing on these numbers with a
digital processor
Digital signal processing
Reconstruct analog signal from processed
numbers
Reconstruction or digital-to-analog
conversion
4

Analog input analog output

Digital recording of music
Analog input digital output
Touch tone phone dialing
Digital input analog output
Text to speech
Digital input digital output

 Compression of a file on computer

DSP Application
Pros and Cons of Digital Signal
Processing
Pros
Accuracy can be controlled by choosing
word length
Repeatable
Sensitivity to electrical noise is minimal
Dynamic range can be controlled using
floating point numbers
Flexibility can be achieved with software
implementations
Non-linear and time-varying operations are
easier to implement
Digital storage is cheap
Digital information can be encrypted for
security
Price/performance and reduced time-tomarket
Cons
Sampling causes loss of information
A/D and D/A requires mixed-signal hardware
Limited speed of processors
Quantization and round-off errors
Benefits: Digital Signal Processing
Flexibility of the system offered by the
software component
Better control of accuracy requirements
Ease of storage and offline processing
Lower cost of processors
Compression and coding techniques are
efficient to implement
Limitations
Speed of operation of digital processors
Noise due to quantization and switching
DSP Study Related with Technical Disciplines
Science, Engineering and Mathematics

DSP Technology
DSP technology is with its own mathematics,
algorithms and the techniques that are used
to manipulate the signals in digital form. DSP
technology is nowadays commonplace in such
devices as mobile phones, multimedia
computers, video recorders, CD players, hard
disc drive controllers and modems, and will
soon replace analog circuitry in TV sets and
telephones.
Telecommunication
Multiplexing
Compression
Echo Control
Audio Processing
Music
Speech generation
Speech recognition
Echo Location
Sonar
Radar
Reflection Seismology
Image Processing
Medical
Digital Filter
Filters
Filters are signal conditioners
Filter functions by accepting an input signal,
blocking prespecified frequency components
and passing the original signal minus those
components to the output.
Filter Types

Lowpass- Allows only low frequency signals

to its outputs.
Highpass-Allows only high frequency signals
to its outputs.
Bandpass-Allows only output signals within
its narrow, government-authorized range of
frequency spectrum.
Bandstop-Allows both low and high
frequencies, but blocks a predefined range of
frequencies.
DSP Filtering Procedures
DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform)
DTFT (Discrete Time Fourier Transform)
DTFS (Discrete Time Fourier Series)
FFT (Fast Fourier Transform)
Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)
Powerful procedures for digital signal
processing.
It enables us to analyze, manipulate, and
synthesize signals in ways not possible with
continuous signal processing.

A mathematical procedure used to

determine the harmonic, or frequency,
content of a discrete signal sequence.
DFT defined as the discrete frequencydomain sequence X(m) as:

Where,
x(n) is a discrete sequence of time-domain
sampled values of the continuous variable
x(t).
j = -1
m= the index of the DFT output in the
frequency domain. M=0,1,2,3,.,N-1
n= the time-domain index of the input
samples, n=0,1,2,3,,N-1
N=the number of samples of the input
sequence and the number of frequency points
in o/p.