Addition

Sequence

Consequence

Contrast

Certainty

Furthermore
Moreover
Incidentally
Additionally
In addition
Besides
(this/that)
As well (as)
Similarly =
like(wise),
equally
(important)
correspondingl
y
Not only..but
Not.but
Even
Equally
important

To begin with
Initially
First(ly)
Second(ly)
etc.
First of all
In the first
place
In the second
place
Then(ce)
Next
Latter
Earlier/later
After
(this/that)
Afterwards
Following
(this/that)
Subsequently

Hence(forth)
Consequently
As a consequence
As a result
Therefore
Thus
So
Thereby
Eventually
In this/that case
Admittedly
It follows that

However
(On the one
hand)
On the other
hand
On the
contrary
In spite of
(the fact that)
Despite (the
fact that)
(al)though
Even though
albeit
But
Otherwise
Yet
Instead of
Rather
Whereas
While
Nonetheless
Nevertheless
Compared to
In comparison
In/by contrast
Conversely
Only except
Except for the
fact that
Vice versa
Regardless
(of)

Obviously
Clearly
Certainly
Plainly
Explicitly
Evidently
Apparently
Of course
For sure
Surely
Undoubtedly
Without a
doubt
It
appears/see
ms (that)

Speaking
What is more
Also = too, as
well
And (then)
In the same
way
(important)
By the way
Not to mention
To top it all off
on top of it all
(inf)
FYI (for your
information)
And/or
whatever
Again
(For) more
information
(about)
What Im

The opposite/
counter
argument is
that
Speaking
But for all

talking about is
Etc. et cetera
And so on (and
so forth)

Condition
If
In case
Provided that
Providing that
whether
unless
for
so that
depending on
on condition
that
assuming /
supposing
(that)

According to
Depend on
Be up to
Be dependent
on
Hinge on
It depends

Definition
Is
Refers
Means
That is (to
say)
Thus
Consists of
constitutes

Example
For example
For instance
One example
Just as
In particular
Such as
Namely
To illustrate
e.g. = example
gratia
etc. = et cetera
and so on (and so
forth)
just to reiterate
including
a good illustration
of this is
to exemplify
to name but a few
cite
as an example
if we take an
example
evidence for this is
provided by
we can see this/ it
can be seen when
by a good/typical/
obvious/ classic

that apart
from sth,
aside from
sth
(e.g. Julia was
badtempered,
impatient and
careless, but
for all that
she was a
lovable
person)
Reason
Since
As
Because (of)
Due (to) (the
fact (that))
On account of
Owing to
Thanks to

Purpose
In order to
So as to
On purpose
Deliberately

Be contingent
upon
Be based on
Rumo(u)r has it
There is talk
People say
It has been
reported (that)
Be rumored
Apparently
Supposedly
Seemingly
Presumably
Assumedly
Blatantly
Plainly
Explicitly
Evidently
Appearing/see
ming that
Conspicuously
Ostensibly
Remarkably
Outstandingly
Summary
In conclusion
To conclude
(with)
In summary
To summarize
(UK to
summarise)
Overall (esp. in
Task 1 of
Academic
IELTS)
Lastly finally
Last but not
least
To sum up
To recapitulate
In short =

example of sth
be a case in point
give the example
of sth
give sth as an
example

Time

Your opinion

Importance

Structures

At the same
time
Simultaneous
ly
In, on, at
Before after
During
over
Until = till
Meanwhile
At the
moment
When(ever)
As soon as
Just as

In my opinion/
(point) of
view/viewpoint/poi
nt/ angle/
perspective/standp
oint/ vintage point
From sbs (my)
point of view

It is very/
extremely/
highlyimporta
nt/
significant/vit
al/ essential/
necessary/
critical/
crucial/
prominent/
notable/
noteworthy/
influential

Bothand
Not
only...but
also
Eitheror
Neither
nor
The more
the more.

Speaking
I (personally)
think/believe/guess
I am of the opinion
that
What I think about
it is (simply/exactly

Take priority
Take
precedence

shortly
In brief =
briefly
In sum
(all) in a word
(bir sozle)
(To put it) in a
nutshell
On balance
(make a) long
story short
To put it (quite)
simply
Overview
Outline
synopsis
cut to the
chase
get down to
brass tacks
cut sth short
come/jump to
the conclusion
reach the
conclusion
lead to the
conclusion
infer
deduce
short =
concise, brief,
to the point,
succinct

Final point
Finally/ lastly/
last but not
the least/ all
in all/ at last/
at the end/ at
long
last/eventuall
y/
Ultimately
In the end
After all
Above all
At the end of
the day
(idiom)
When all is
said and
done

Eventually =
One day
Some time
Sooner or
later
In due time

Truth
Probability
To be honest/
frank
Honestly/
frankly

(un)likely
Be a strong
possibility

the same/
generally)
My personal view is
that
My subjective
feeling/thought
To my way of
thinking
If I had to choose
Well, if you ask me
When it comes to
me
Its my
opinion/idea that
It seems/appears
to me
Im inclined to
believe that
Lets look at the
problem from
another angle
The way I look at it
My attitude
towards/to sth is
I take the attitude
that
As far as I
know/remember
Some people may
disagree with me
but as far as Im
concerned
One of the best
thing about
You know
The chances are
Its probably/
possibly/ likely
As I was saying
Speaking of
That reminds me
If worse comes to
worst in the
worst-case

over
It is of great
importance/
significance
Play a key/
vital/
important/
significant/
crucial/
critical
role/part in
Be in
prominent
Figure
prominently
in
Be the driving
force
Be
instrumental
in + verb +
ing
Have a
great/huge/
vast/ massive
effect/
impact/
influence on
sth
(Most)
importantly
Above all
Primarily/
chiefly/
essentially/
principally/
fundamentall
y/ basically/
mostly/
mainly/
especially/
foremost/
largely/ by

(speaking)
To tell the truth
Im going to be
honest with
you

Reality
Really
Indeed
In fact
Actually
Truly
As a matter of
fact
In reality

I wouldnt be
surprised if
Theres a
strong
probability/
possibility/
likelihood
Almost
certain
In all
probability
Be more than
likely
Would
probably
May
conceivably
Might
possibly
Could
potentially
I guess/think/
suppose/assu
me
Possible but
not very
likely =
unlike,
improbable,
doubtful
Have/stand a
little chance/
hope/
prospect
Outside
chance
No chance
impossible

scenario
From what I gather
As I mentioned
earlier
As its mentioned
earlier/ previously
Above-mentioned
Personally
speaking

and large/ as
a rule/ to a
great extent/
on the whole/
for the most
part/ in the
main/ preeminently/
predominantl
y/
Less
important
To a lesser
degree
Firstly/ in the
first place/
first of all/ at
first
Initially / to
begin with/ to
start with/
originally/ in
the beginning
First and
foremost
First and
most
importantly
Speaking
Be/mean
everything to
sb
Be at the top
of the agenda
Be a matter
of life and
death
Be sbs
(whole) life
Be not the be
all and end
all

Going to
university,
isnt the be
all and end
all, you know
Verbs
Doubtful verbs

Neutral verbs

Certain verbs

Allege
Assume presume,
guess, surmise,
(pre)suppose
Believe consider,
reckon, deem, regard
Claim
Doubt - suspect
Imply infer
Predict expect,
speculate, forecast,
project, anticipate
profess
Propose - put forward,
postulate, propound,
posit, theorize,
hypothesize
Suggest

Indicate illustrate,
describe, depict,
demonstrate, reveal, show
Mention point out, allude
to, hint at, indicate
Note - notify
Observe - notice
State = say, remark,
express, articulate, present,
expound, propound, touch
upon, utter, enunciate,
comment, opine, inform,
narrate, divulge, aver (say
sth very firmly that sth is
true)
Refer to

Advance
Affirm acknowledge,
attest, confirm, verify,
contend, consent,
accede, accept, admit,
assent, acquiesce,
comply, concede, certify,
prove
Argue, discuss
Assert hold, maintain
Conclude deduce,
judge, derive
Discover = find(out)
Emphasize=highlight
insist
Identify= determine,
define, pinpoint,
diagnose, detect,
ascertain, link, connect,
associate, locate, specify,
detail, stipulate,
distinguish, discriminate,
discern, differentiate
Categorize - characterize,
typify, specify
Proclaim = declare,
promulgate, announce,
herald, indicate, make
known, publish, disclose,
report, broadcast,
exclaim, disseminate,
spread
Hold forth speak

Problem

Completely

Difficulty
Trouble
Ups and downs
Setback
Stumbling block
Pitfall
Hurdle
Hindrance
fuss
problematic

Totally
Entirely
Fully
Absolutely
Through and through
Utterly
Thoroughly
Wholly
En every way/ respect/
aspect/ sense
Extremely/very/highly/quite/
rather

Complicated problem =
dilemma, catch-22, nowin situation, vicious
circle
Have a problem/
difficulty/ trouble
Be up against
Be confronted/faced with
Be in a fix/ mess/ tight
spot
Be in a difficult/ awkward
position
Be in dire straits

Replacement
(or) alternatively
Rather
The alternative is
On the other hand
Another possibility would be

The problem (here) is

that
The rub is that (US)
The thing is
The trouble is

Agreement

Disagreement

confidently about sth

Understand figure out,
comprehend, perceive,
conceive, fathom, grasp,
see (infl), get (infl),
decode, decipher, follow,
catch/get the drift of
Point out
Find out
Figure out
Pinpoint determine,
define
Apposition (used to
refer back to previous
sentences or to
parallel/related
references )
Explaining
Paraphrase = restate,
rephrase, state with other
words
In other words
To put it differently
To put it simply
To illustrate
To explain/ clarify/ shed
the light on/ exemplify
That is (to say)
I mean
i.e., or, mostly (of)
vis.
Namely
as follows
Inference
If so
That implies/hints
In that case
Otherwise
Or else
Transition

Certainly/ absolutely/ no
doubt/ definitely/ totally/
surely/ for sure/ without a
doubt/ undoubtedly
Add to include more
evidence
Affirm maintain to be
true
Agree with have the
same opinion
Concur with
Confirm establish that
sth is true
Corroborate show the
same evidence
Prove show that sth is
true
Provide an example of
give an illustration
Provide evidence for
give proof
Reinforce make
stronger
Support/ endorse/ back
maintain a position
Validate show the facts
Verify show the truth
Assent/ acquiesce/
comply/ consent/ be of
the same opinion/ see
eye to eye

Cast doubt on show an

uncertainty
Contradict maintain the
opposite
Contrast with show
difference
Counter show the opposite
Differ from - show difference
Disagree with give a
different opinion
Discredit show that sth
isnt true
Disprove establish that sth
isnt true
Dispute argue that sth is
wrong
Oppose argue the opposite
Provide an alternative to
give a different option

Now
With reference/regard/
respect to
Regarding
Let us (now) turn to

Argue/ conflict/ diverge

Dissent/ be dissimilar
Object/ run counter to/ vary
Take issue with
Deny/ refute/ renounce/
disclaim/ repudiate
Demur take exception
Refuse
Disapprove remonstrate
Gainsay/ contravene/
controvert/ rebut = deny
Raise an objection

(to introduce a
digression)

As for/ as to (often used

when discussing sth
briefly)

Speaking
(indicates a digression
and an afterthought)
Incidentally
By the way
Come to think of it

Talking/speaking of (infl)
Apropos of (formal)
That reminds me

Agreement

Secondary source

Disagreement

Secondary Source

Primary Source

Example/ case
study
Research study/
proof
Characteristics
Effect/result
(outcome)
Solution

Primary Source

Comparison/
contrast
Contrasting opinion
disadvantages

Concept
Theory
Definition
Cause
Problem
Issue, situation,

Definition/explanati
on
Issue/situation
Opinion
advantages

circumstance

explanation

In the meaning of NOW, the following expressions may be used (from less academic
to more academic):
-

Nowadays
These days
In todays world
At present
Recently
In recent times (months/years)
For the time being
In the present climate

General opening statements

There is/has been a general trend/tendency/leaning (a movement to a certain
direction) among (st) scholars/teachers, etc. + time expression + place expression
+ that ...
There is a widespread opinion/belief (in the world/ in Europe) that
There is a doom-laden estimate that
From a number of recent/current studies, it has become clear/obvious that
Scientific research has been providing evidence that
A recent study has found that (women who carry a little extra weight usually live
longer than the men (those) who continuously mention it)
The advocates of this view argue that . Others, however, disagree.
On the one hand, those in favor of doing sth (Verb + ing) On the other hand,
There is a widespread concern over the issue that

either. Or

Neither nor
Both and
Not only but also
The more the more
Common Words
But
wait

More Academic
While, whilst
await

Among
Behold

Amongst
See

after

Thats why

should

Afterwards,
subsequently,
then(ce)
For this reason,
as a result
as a consequence,
consequently,
hence,
henceforth
Would rather,
ought to

In the middle of

Properly

Put an end

Amid, amidst,
between,
surrounded by
Accordingly
Appropriately
Relatively
Respectively

Bar, prohibit,
abolish, forbid, ban

Academic sample sentences

Besides blatant sth,
Does not impose much restrictions on sth
Oneof the few affiliate networks that supports/endorses recurring payment and as
a result,can pay you recurring commissions.
You are free to use email marketing, review websites, paid ad traffic and other
methods not usually loved/enjoyed/adored/fancied by affiliate networks.
You can even get away with bidding on the product name keywords on Google
AdWords.
However, Clickbank has also alarming disadvantages/drawbacks.
Most affiliates never find out about them, so read these
carefully/meticulously/fastidiously/ conscientiously about/on/regarding/relating to
my Clickbank review
Affiliates are allowed and encouraged/inspired/aspired to buy with their own
affiliate links. Thus/ This means that you are losing a great deal ofyour
commissions.
A portion = a part/ section/ chapter/ division/ share/ amount/ quantity
Measure = evaluate/ assess/ gauge/ gage
Split = divide, separate, divvy (up), allocate, allot, assort
Letdown = disappointment, disillusion,

And this may possibly explain/clarify/ shed light on aforementioned issue which is
still in question
In question = uncertain, unsure, dubious, dubitable, up in the air, yet to be decided,
unresolved, questionable, indecisive, undecided, debatable, arguable, unsettled,
vague, ambiguous, unclear, unknown, not exactly known, at issue, puzzling,
baffling, enigmatic, obscure, cryptic, doubtful, in hand, open to doubt and suspicion,
in dispute, before us, before the house, disputable, deniable, controversial, under
(active) consideration, under discussion, under examination. Under investigation/
surveillance, in dispute, moot, on the agenda, open for discussion, open to
question/doubt, refutable
There is no question about the validity of the enterprise. Her integrity is beyond
question.
The question of whether a new school should be built
Researchers are still questioning which of the methods will work
Regarding the matter in hand = about the questionable issue
With the exception of SellHealth and some newer networks, the only way affiliates
can track conversions is by using tracking IDs TIDs.
It is commonly known as
It is not uncommon to observe
It is a commonly used method of converting your traffic into sales and build up your
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Differentiate = differ, diversify, discern, discriminate, distinguish, segregate,
separate

Adverse impacts on Chernobyl disaster again is back in the spotlight. gets a

great deal of public attention
New amendments to the existing immigration law of the government will come
under the spotlight at 8 oclock in prime news, so stay with us. = be thoroughly
examined, especially by journalists and the public