_ Changing sentence structure © 72 Changing word order © In English, we can change the normal word order of a sentence (subject - verb = object - complement) for emphasis. @ We can begin the sentence with the object or complement. This is more common in spoken English: ! enjoyed his first film. | didn’t like his second film at all. -> J enjoyed his first film. His second film | didn’t like at all. © We can begin the sentence with an adverbial: I’ve been doing this boring job fora year. > Fora year I've been doing this boring job. We often go to the cinema at the weekend. > Often, we go to the cinema at the weekend. > For position of words ina sentence, see Unit 36. © We can also begin a sentence with a negative expression or adverb: hardly... when, little, never, no sooner ... than, not once/only/since, only after/then/later, rarely, seldom, under no circumstances. We invert the subject and verb: He had no sooner left than the phone rang. > No sooner had he left than the phone rang. She was rarely seen in public. -> Rarely was she seen in public. I won't change my mind under any circumstances. > Under no circumstances will | change my mind. PRACTICE 72a Re-write the sentences. © The disease is hardly ever fatal. Hardly ever .i5 the disease fatal 1 Ihave not often heard such an inspiring speech. Seldom. 2 Almost immediately after | had started my lunch, a client arrived to see me. No sooner. ‘ é 3. Her words didn’t seem important at the time but they did seem important later. only 4 Ihave never been so confused by a lecture before. Never. : 5. She didn't ask me once how | felt about the accident. Not once 6 You shouldn't sign those papers under any circumstances. Under no circumstances 7 | didn’t know that | would be facing such big changes at work. Little 8 My parents hardly ever argue about anything. Rarely .. 15872b Complete the conversations. Use the sentences in brackets and change the word order to make them more emphatic. © A: How old do you think Mr Roberts is? Thirty? B: He's at least forty. .. (He isn’t thirty) 4A: What kind of films do you like? B: Well, | don’t like action films .» (Ido like comedies.) 2. A: Have you always driven a Ford? B: No, | used to drive a Fiat. (That was my first car.) 3. A: When did your parents arrive? Last night or this morning? B: .. (They arrived this morning.) 4 A: We'd better hurry. . (itll be dark soon.) B: Of course. | know you don’t like travelling at night. 5 A: How long would you like the report to be? B: | don’t care about the details. . (But | do want the gist.) 73 > The passive (1) @ Inan active sentence the subject is the ‘doer’ and performs the action of the verb. Ina passive sentence the object of the active verb becomes the subject: ‘have delayed ourflight. /Ourflight hasbeendelayed, © We use the passive: ~ to focus on the action rather than the doer (the agent) of the action: President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in 1963. — to avoid using a vague subject like they or someone: My watch has been stolen! ~ when the doer of the action is obvious: He was arrested last night. (I's clear who arrested him: the police.) — to avoid saying who was responsible for something: Your parcel has been lost. ~ inwritten reports, signs and notices, and to describe processes: Shoplifters will be prosecuted. The fruit is treated with wax and then stored. ‘© If we want to mention the agent, we use by. We use with to mention the tool or instrument that was used: St Paul’s Cathedral was built by Sir Christopher Wren. He was killed with a knife. © We form the passive with an appropriate form of be + past participle: They feed the animals. > The animals are fed. They are feeding the animals. > The animals are being fed. They fed the animals. > The animals were fed. They should feed the animals. -> The animals should be fed. ad If the verb is followed by a preposition or particle, we don’t omit it in the passive sentence: They closed the cinema down. > The cinema was closed down. © We can use get in place of be in informal English: We often get asked this question. (© We are often asked this question.) 159PRACTICE 73a Re-write the sentences. Use the passive. © They should have finished the project ages ago. 1 No one has cleaned the windows for weeks. 2 His company made him redundant a year ago. 3 The pressures of work were affecting her health. 4 The fire fighters put out the fire before it did much damage. 5 Ifit hadn't rained so much, we would have finished the job on time. 6 The people at the garage are repairing our car. 7 Someone hit him on the head with a heavy instrument. 8 | hope they'll choose me for the basketball team. 73b Complete the article. Use the passive form of the verbs in the box. allow call can/understand define determine fight may/divide rear_weite Thousands of books (0) .../tave been written shout the territorial instinct of animals. Humans are territorial too and when we understand this, some kinds of aggressive behaviour (1) .. more easily. Every country is a territory with boundaries which (2) . ..- usually clearly -Within each country there are smaller territories: counties and cities. Throughout history wars (3) .. by people protecting the territory in which they live. However, there are other kinds of territory as well. One such territory (4). ‘personal space’. For animals, the size of this space depends on the conditions in which the animal (5) .. whether in the wild or in a zoo. For humans, it depends on the density of the population in the place where they grew up. To some extent, the size of an individual's personal space (6) «0. ... by their culture. Personal space (7) .. .. into four zones: the intimate, personal, social and public zones. The intimate zone extends fifteen to forty-five centimetres from the body. Only close friends and relatives (8) to enter the intimate zone. If a stranger enters it, the individual becomes anxious and may feel threatened. eee74 The passive (2) @ When an active verb has two objects, a direct object and an indirect object, it is more common for the indirect object to become the subject of the passive sentence: @ Some verbs (e.g. hear, help, make, see) are followed by the infinitive without to when they are active and by to-infinitive when they are passive: / heard her criticise him. > She was heard to criticise him. They made me stay at home. > | was made to stay at home. @ We can’t use /et + infinitive without to in the passive; we use allow + to-infinitive instead: They didn’t let me go out. > | wasn’t allowed to go out. @ Need doing and need to be done have a passive meaning: The house needs painting. (= The house needs to be painted.) Does this shirt need to be ironed? ee eS 74a Re-write the underlined parts of the sentences. Use the passive. Do not include the agent unless it is necessary. © My new digital camera was faulty so the shop gave me a full refund. My new digital camera was faulty so .. ll refund, 4 The children have to be in bed by ten and their parents don’t let them use the computer after eight. The children have to be in bed by ten and 2 The caris very dirty and we need to was! The car is very dirty and 3 We're travelling by coach and a local guide will show us the sights when we get there. We're travelling by coach and .. 4 | felt so ill that | took a taxi to the hospital but thieviade ‘nis wait far hous to! see a doctor. | felt so ill that | took a taxi to the hospital but 5 She attended the party but they saw her leave shortly after her arrival. She attended the party but ... 6 He's getting a pay rise and the company has also promised him a bonus. He's getting a pay rise and... 7 My grandfather has difficulty walking but a kind passer-by helped him cross the street. My grandfather has difficulty walking but .. This information is important and you must hand it out to all employees. This information is important and ... ©162 74D Re-write the sentences. Use the passive. © Britain's banks lent nearly £12 billion to successful applicants last year. ai Nearly £12 billion fo successful Applicants by Britain's banks last year. 1 Unfortunately, banks let many people borrow more money than they can repay. Unfortunately, many people more money than they can repay. 2 Some banks lent people a sum that was more than their annual income. People .. . that was more than their annual income. 3. They gave other loans to people who had no source of income. Other loans . .. who had no source of income. 4 Consumer groups say that both banks and borrowers need to face the problem. Consumer groups say that the problem .. by both banks and borrowers. 5. They argue that banks should not give loans to people who can’t afford them. They argue that loans... . who can’t afford them. 75 The passive (3) © We can use the passive with verbs such as believe, claim, expect, know, report, say, think, understand, etc. to report an event or to talk about an opinion held by some people/a lot of people/people in general/experts, etc. The following patterns can be used: — it + passive + that clause: It is understood that the Queen approves of the decision. ~ subject + passive + to-infinitive: The Queen is understood to approve of the decision. @ Note the form of the verbs: Itis said that he is one of the richest men in the world. He is said to be one of the richest men in the world. Itis expected that he will hand over the business to his daughter. He is expected to hand over the business to his daughter. Itis reported that he is buying a private istand. He is reported to be buying a private island. It is believed that he has invested much of his money in property. He is believed to have invested much of his money in property. It is thought that he made a billion pounds last year. He is thought to have made a billion pounds last year.PRACTICE 75a Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first, using the 75) co word in bold. Use between two and five words. © They believe that skin cancer will cause more deaths in the coming years. believed It....dS believed that skin cancer wit\ cause more deaths in the coming years. 4 People think that he is living in South America. be He in South America. 2 They expect that the repairs will take three to five weeks. that It the repairs will take three to five weeks. 3 People say that she left the country months ago. have She... the country months ago. 4 They think that the manager will resign. is It the manager will resign. 5 Experts believe that the house was built in 1735. been The house .. . built in 1735. 6 The accidentis reported to have been caused by human error. that Itis reported . by human error. Re-write the sentences in two ways. Put the underlined parts in the passive. © They say that a fire has completely destroyed the Royal Hotel. it iS Said that the Royal Hotel has been completely destroyed by a fire. The Royal Hotel 1 They say that the fire is still burning. 2 They think that the fire started in the kitchen. Ite. The fire .. 3. They believe that ambulances have taken fifteen people to hospital. It Fifteen people .. 4 They report that seven people are in a serious condition. Ra. Seven people 5. They believe that a cigarette started the fire. BE cere The fire . 6 They expect that the police will investigate the cause of the blaze. It The cause of the blaze . 163 |76 The causative: have/get something done © We use the causative form (subject + have/get + object + past participle) when we don’t do something ourselves but arrange for someone else to do it for us: We had the windows cleaned. (= We arranged for someone to clean the windows.) © Have something done and get something done are often interchangeable but there are some differences. = We use have something done to talk about something unpleasant: / had my bag stolen last week. (Not-+get-my bag-stolentastweek,) ~ We also use have something done when we are concerned with the process itself and not the preparatory arrangements: / ove having my hair done. — We use get something done to emphasise that we have to make an effort in order for something to be done. Compare: She has her car serviced every six months. (=Amechanic services her car every six months.) She gets her car serviced every six months. (= She goes to the trouble of taking her car to the garage, where a mechanic services it.) © All tenses and modal verbs are possible with have something done: We're having our flat decorated. We should have our flat decorated. © We don’t use get something done in the present perfect or past perfect: You've had your hair cut! (Not You've got your-hair-cut.) AX Wecaniuse get something done to say that we do something ourselves. It suggests that there is a lot to be done or that it is difficult but that we manage to finish it: / got the entire report written yesterday. AF See: 76 Complete the conversations. Use have or get something done and the words in brackets, © A: What shall we do to celebrate our anniversary? Why don’t we ave our photograph taken » (our photograph / take) What happened to Ash? He looks terrible. I think he ina fight. (his nose / break) How does that feel? Wonderful. | love . What have you done so far today? Well, 've managed to. send out) What time is it? : I don't know. My watch is broken and | . (it / not repair) 5 A: The car isn’t running very well. B: I know. |. (it / should / service) 6 A: That wasps’ nest is dangerous. You must do something about it. B: | know. | .. as soon as possible. (it / remove) . (my shoulders / massage) ” PROrore ... (the invitations / 5 SP yet. last week but | didn’t have time. 164,77 there is/are or it is/they are? © We can use there/t + be as a preparatory subject in a sentence. The real subject of the sentence comes after there/it + be. © Weuse there + be + noun: = to say that something exists: There is a lot of traffic in the mornings. There weren’t many people at the meeting. = to refer to something for the first time. We use it or they when we refer to it again: There will be a concert on Friday. It will be held in the town hall. © Weuse there with: ~ all tenses of be: There will be a meeting tonight. _ Has there been a mistake? — modal verbs: There must be something wrong. There could be an explanation. ~ seems/appears + to-infinitive: There seems to be a problem. @ We can use it + be to avoid long and complex subjects: = it + be + adjective/noun + to-infinitive: To take a day off work (subject) is a luxury. > It’s a luxury to take a day off work. ~ it + be + adjective/noun + -ing form: Seeing you in person (subject) is nicer than writing to you. > It’s nicer seeing you in person than writing to you. ~ it+ be + adjective/noun + clause: That he didn’t accept the job (subject) is a pity. > It's a pity that he didn’t accept the job. How he did it (subject) isn’t clear. > Itisn’t clear how he did it. >» For uses of to-infinitive, see Unit 44. For verb + -ing forms, see Unit 45. © Weuse it + be to talk about the time, weather and distance: It's ten o'clock. Is it still raining? It’s ten miles from here to my place. © We can also use it + take + time reference + to-infinitive to talk about a period of time: It took hours to get there by bus. PRACTILECE 77@ Complete the conversation. Use there or it. It A: Hi. How are you? (0) . ’s been ages since | saw you. B: | know. (2) ’s a shame we haven't kept in touch. Is (2). . true that you’re about to move overseas? A: Yes, next month, in fact - to Istanbul. (3) .. re a lot of opportunities if you're prepared to travel. (4) . ‘s likely that we'll be there for a couple of years. Listen, (5) .. are a few people coming round tomorrow evening. Are you free to join us? B: I'd love to. Oh, is (6) .. an Underground station near your place? My car is in the garage. A: Barking is the nearest. (7) . .. takes ten minutes to walk from there to our place. I'l e-mail you a map with directions.166 77 Complete the sentences. Use there, it or they and the correct form of an appropriate verb. © renal t00K .... mea day to fill in the forms but I finished them. 4 Ithink. anice day tomorrow. 2 any more bread? I'm still hungry! 3 How long 0 travel from here to London? far? 4 to be a lack of communication between them. 5 wonderful to see you all. Thank you so much for coming. 6 ... some stains on the tablecloth. | think .. coffee stains. TTC Re-write the sentences. © Concentrating in this heat is hard. it hard concentrating in this heat 4 Saying goodbye after all this time isn’t easy. fh 2 That we should be there when he arrives is important. a 3 When exactly they'll be sending us the papers to sign isn't clear. It 4 That you still remember me is amazing. It 5 Contacting her by phone was difficult so | sent an e-mail. It 6 How they committed the crime is not known. i 78 Emphasis: it was... that, What, All To emphasise information, we can begin a sentence with it, what (= the thing that) or all (= the only thing). We can use: — a cleft sentence with it: t+ be + emphasised word/phrase + clause: Kirsten told me the bad news last night. > It was Kirsten who/that told me the bad news last night. (not another person) It was last night that Kirsten told me the bad news. (not today) dt was bad news that Kirsten told me last night. (not good news) ~ what + verb + be + emphasised word/phrase: His tone of voice surprised me. > What surprised me was his tone of voice. ~ all (+ that) + verb/clause + be + emphasised word/phrase: Your safety matters. > All that matters is your safety. We can use what/all with do/did to emphasise the actions or events in a sentence: What he did was make a terrible mistake. All he did was tell her the truth.PRACTICE 78a Complete the article. Use one word in each gap. 007 Creator's Home was For His Eves ONLY Fans of James Bond will know that (0) sesret....ee Was the Jamaican istand retreat of Goldeneye (1) .. was the secret home of Bond's creator, writer Ian Fleming. (2) ... . they may not know: (3ys... that Fleming also owned another tropical paradise in the West Indies = Goat Island. (4) . was on Goat Island (5) ... wrote many of his books. In fact, it (6)... while he was reading a book about West Indies birdlife written by a Terence James Bond (7) ... he got the name of his secret agent hero. Local historian Edward Hernandez points out that very little is known about people who went to the island. (8) .. visitors wanted (9) .. . privacy — and they found it. 78b Re-write the sentences. Use emphatic forms. © Jane paid for the meal last night, not me. ip as Jane who paid for the meal last night 4 Children need love and affection, not toys. What... 2 The way he keeps changing his mind worries me. It 3. The only thing I'm asking foris a little respect. All 4 [really hate getting up when it’s still dark. What... 5 [need a hammer and some nails ~ nothing else. All... 6 You should be talking to me, not them. Hes 7 We should ring someone for help. What 8 The thing they want more than anything is a less stressful life. ee 167Check 14 Changing sentence structure 41 Re-write the sentences. Use the passive. 4 They made me wait for hours at the hospital. 2 Rene’s colleague helped him finish the report. 3 My boss never lets me leave work early. 4 They should have called the police when the accident happened. 5 Many people believe that he lied about the scandal. (Begin: He ...) 15 2 Rewrite the sentences. 6 As soon as she left, I realised she had taken my car keys by mistake, No. 7 I've never felt so confused before. Never 8 They think that Gulay is selling the company. Gulay 9 The result of the match What... 40 They say that the new plane is fuel-efficient. The new plane .. 41 Everyone believes that the butler inherited her money. The butler 42 Someone must be at the door, There . 43 We'll leave them a note so they don’t worry. Wha 44 We need twenty hours to fly to New Zealand. It.. 45 I heard the news report only a few minutes ago. It. /10 168 3 Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first, using the word in bold. Use between two and five words. 36 You should be talking to Franco. is It. be talking to. 47 The windows are dirty and someone needs to clean them at once. cleaned The windows are dirty and i at once. 48 Many people believe that the government has made a mess of things. i The government mess of things, 49 They consider that Erin is the best musician in the group. considered Erin. musician in the group. 20 Renata seldom eats athome. eat Seldom . at home, 21 You are not to go out under any circumstances. no .. the best Under go out. 22 The only thing | care about is your safety, matters All your safety, 23 The dentist hasn’t checked my teeth this year. had checked this year. Cie]4 Complete the article. Use one word each gap. Animals on the Roads The number of vehicles on our roads is going up every year so it is not surprising that the number of wild animals that are (24) ............... killed is also increasing. Roads often cross the routes that ala: .. taken by animals when they are migrating, breeding or feeding. As a result, each year (26) . are thousands of animals, including toads, badgers, hedgehogs and even birds, that fall victim to the motor vehicle. Can anything (27) ... . done fo protect them? In 1969 a road tunnel for use by wildlife Rai built in Switzerland and was ‘a great success. Since then, many other tunnels have (29) ... .. constructed across Europe. In Florida, where the rare Florida panther lives, authorities decided that steps needed to (30) . . taken to protect the animals. (31) ............--. only were tunnels, built under the highway (32) .... fencing was put up to guide the animals safely into the underpasses. Road signs warning drivers to look out for particular animals (33) .. offen seen in the US and (34) .. is hoped that they will become a common sight on the roads of Europe. (35) . isdlearis that we can and should act to minimise the dangers we pose to wildlife. OO ee 32 5 Complete the conversations. Use have or get something done and the words in brackets. ‘A; haven't seen you for days. Have you been away? B: No, but 've been busy writing an essay. | managed to (36). (it / finish) yesterday, just in time. A: | thought you (37) .. (your hair / cut) this morning. B: | was, but I've had to cancel the appointment. 18) Gust / my wallet / steal). ‘A: Oh, dear. Is there anything | can do? A: The car isn’t running very well, is it? B: No.1 (39) (anew engine / should / put in) but | can’t afford it. I've got a terrible headache. :: (40) your eyes / test) recently? 15 SRN Puede ce Ao 6, 7, 20, 24, 31, Exercise 72 32 4,37, 28,25, 27, Exercise 73 Exercise 74 Exercise 75 5, 8, 10, 11, 18, Exercise 76 4 Exercise 9,13, 15, 36, 22, Exercise 78 35 Dee aes 169