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Kvadratne matrice u linearnoj algebri

This document defines matrices and their properties. It introduces matrices as arrays of numbers and defines their dimensions, types (square, diagonal, triangular), and operations like transposition. It provides examples of identity, zero, symmetric and antisymmetric matrices. The document also defines vectors as special cases of matrices with one row or column and concludes with exercises asking the reader to determine transposes and fill in missing elements to make matrices symmetric or antisymmetric.

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David Buday
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90 views5 pages

Kvadratne matrice u linearnoj algebri

This document defines matrices and their properties. It introduces matrices as arrays of numbers and defines their dimensions, types (square, diagonal, triangular), and operations like transposition. It provides examples of identity, zero, symmetric and antisymmetric matrices. The document also defines vectors as special cases of matrices with one row or column and concludes with exercises asking the reader to determine transposes and fill in missing elements to make matrices symmetric or antisymmetric.

Uploaded by

David Buday
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

IV.

Matrice i determinante
52

IV.1. POJAM MATRICE


Neka su n i m prirodni brojevi. Svaku familiju A
aij (i = 1,2,..., m; j = 1,2,..., n ) realnih ili kompleksnih
brojeva zapisujemo u obliku sheme
a11
a
21
A=

am1

a12
a22

am2

a1n
a2 n

amn

(1)

i zovemo matrica.
LINEARNA ALGEBRA

IV. Matrice i determinante


53

Matrica (1) ima m redaka i n stupaca i kaemo da je


tipa mn.
Oznaka: A = (aij )m ,n ili Amn = (aij ) .
(1) je kvadratna matrica n-tog reda ako je m=n.

a11
a
21
A=

an1

a12 a1n
a22 a2n

an2 ann
LINEARNA ALGEBRA

(2)

IV. Matrice i determinante


54

Elementi a11 , a22 ,, ann matrice (2) ine glavnu


dijagonalu matrice A.
Trag matrice A je zbroj elemenata na glavnoj
dijagonali: trA = a11 + a22 + + ann .
Kvadratna matrica A je dijagonalna ako su svi
elementi, koji nisu na glavnoj dijagonali, jednaki
nuli.
1 0 0

5 0

A = 0 2 0 , B =
0 0

0 0 17
LINEARNA ALGEBRA

IV. Matrice i determinante


55

Skalarna matrica je dijagonalna matrica kojoj su


svi elementi na glavnoj dijagonali jednaki.
3 0 0
A = 0 3 0
0 0 3

Jedinina matrica je skalarna matrica kod koje je


a11 = a22 = = ann = 1

Nul-matrica je matrica u kojoj su svi elementi


jednaki nuli.
LINEARNA ALGEBRA

IV. Matrice i determinante


56

Kvadratna matrica A je
gornja trokutasta ako su
joj svi elementi ispod
glavne dijagonale
jednaki nuli.

Kvadratna matrica A je
donja trokutasta ako su
joj svi elementi iznad
glavne dijagonale
jednaki nuli.
0 0
1
3 4 0
A=
8 12 7

3 0
2

2 4 3
A = 0 7 5
0 0 1

0
0

LINEARNA ALGEBRA

IV. Matrice i determinante


57

Ako matrici A = (aij ) tipa mn, zamijenimo retke i


stupce, dobit emo matricu B = (bij ) tipa nm pri
emu vrijedi b ji = aij . Matricu B zovemo
transponirana matrica matrice A i piemo B = AT .
Simetrina matrica je kvadratna matrica koja je
simetrina s obzirom na glavnu dijagonalu, tj. vrijedi
a ji = aij , i , j {1, , n}.

Za simetrinu matricu A vrijedi: AT = A .

LINEARNA ALGEBRA

IV. Matrice i determinante


58

Kvadratna matrica A = (aij ) je antisimetrina ako


vrijedi: a ji = aij , i , j {1, , n} , tj. AT = A .
T
ZADATAK 1. Odredite AT , (AT ) ako je
2 3 0
A=
.
1 5 4

ZADATAK 2. Napiite elemente koji nedostaju u


matrici A, tako da matrica A bude simetrina.
3
2

A = 1 7

4 5
LINEARNA ALGEBRA

IV. Matrice i determinante


59

ZADATAK 3. Napiite elemente koji nedostaju u


matrici A, tako da matrica A bude antisimetrina.
2
A =

5 4

LINEARNA ALGEBRA

IV. Matrice i determinante


60

Jednoredna matrica
ili vektor redak
a = [a1 , a2 , , an ]

Jednostupana
matrica ili vektor
stupac
b1
b
2
b=


bm

a = (a1 , a2 ,, an )





a = a1e1 + a2e2 + + an en





b = b1e1 + b2 e2 + + bm em
LINEARNA ALGEBRA

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